The 2023 MDPI Annual Report has
been released!
 
27 pages, 7263 KiB  
Article
Integrating Explicit and Implicit Fullerene Models into UNRES Force Field for Protein Interaction Studies
by Natalia H. Rogoża, Magdalena A. Krupa, Pawel Krupa and Adam K. Sieradzan
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 1919; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091919 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Fullerenes, particularly C60, exhibit unique properties that make them promising candidates for various applications, including drug delivery and nanomedicine. However, their interactions with biomolecules, especially proteins, remain not fully understood. This study implements both explicit and implicit C60 models into [...] Read more.
Fullerenes, particularly C60, exhibit unique properties that make them promising candidates for various applications, including drug delivery and nanomedicine. However, their interactions with biomolecules, especially proteins, remain not fully understood. This study implements both explicit and implicit C60 models into the UNRES coarse-grained force field, enabling the investigation of fullerene–protein interactions without the need for restraints to stabilize protein structures. The UNRES force field offers computational efficiency, allowing for longer timescale simulations while maintaining accuracy. Five model proteins were studied: FK506 binding protein, HIV-1 protease, intestinal fatty acid binding protein, PCB-binding protein, and hen egg-white lysozyme. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed with and without C60 to assess protein stability and investigate the impact of fullerene interactions. Analysis of contact probabilities reveals distinct interaction patterns for each protein. FK506 binding protein (1FKF) shows specific binding sites, while intestinal fatty acid binding protein (1ICN) and uteroglobin (1UTR) exhibit more generalized interactions. The explicit C60 model shows good agreement with all-atom simulations in predicting protein flexibility, the position of C60 in the binding pocket, and the estimation of effective binding energies. The integration of explicit and implicit C60 models into the UNRES force field, coupled with recent advances in coarse-grained modeling and multiscale approaches, provides a powerful framework for investigating protein–nanoparticle interactions at biologically relevant scales without the need to use restraints stabilizing the protein, thus allowing for large conformational changes to occur. These computational tools, in synergy with experimental techniques, can aid in understanding the mechanisms and consequences of nanoparticle–biomolecule interactions, guiding the design of nanomaterials for biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Modeling: Advancements and Applications II)
18 pages, 1052 KiB  
Article
Study on the Compositional Analysis, Extraction Process, and Hemostatic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC.Cirsium setosum (Willd.) MB Extracts
by Fanyu Kong, Zhongxue Fang, Biyue Cui, Jinshuang Gao, Changhai Sun and Shuting Zhang
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 1918; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091918 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC. (CF) and Cirsium setosum (Willd.) MB (CS) are commonly used clinically to stop bleeding and eliminate carbuncles. Still, CF is mainly used for treating inflammation, while CS favors hemostasis. Therefore, the present study used UHPLC-MS to analyze the [...] Read more.
Cirsium japonicum Fisch. ex DC. (CF) and Cirsium setosum (Willd.) MB (CS) are commonly used clinically to stop bleeding and eliminate carbuncles. Still, CF is mainly used for treating inflammation, while CS favors hemostasis. Therefore, the present study used UHPLC-MS to analyze the main chemical constituents in CF-CS extract. We optimized the extraction process using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. Afterward, the hemostatic and anti-inflammatory effects of CF-CS extract were investigated by determining the clotting time in vitro, the bleeding time of rabbit trauma, and the induction of rabbit inflammation using xylene and lipopolysaccharide. The study of hemostatic and anti-inflammatory effects showed that the CF-CS, CF, and CS extract groups could significantly shorten the coagulation time and bleeding time of rabbits compared with the blank group (p < 0.01); compared with the model group, it could dramatically inhibit xylene-induced ear swelling in rabbits and the content of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the serum of rabbits (p < 0.01). The results showed that combined CF and CS synergistically increased efficacy. CF-CS solved the problem of the single hemostatic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of a single drug, which provided a new idea for the research and development of natural hemostatic and anti-inflammatory medicines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products: Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Activity)
26 pages, 3002 KiB  
Article
Terroir Dynamics: Impact of Vineyard and Canopy Treatment with Chitosan on Anthocyanins, Phenolics, and Volatile and Sensory Profiles of Pinot Noir Wines from South Tyrol
by Prudence Fleur Tchouakeu Betnga, Simone Poggesi, Aakriti Darnal, Edoardo Longo, Elena Rudari and Emanuele Boselli
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 1916; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091916 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
The effects of canopy treatment with chitosan and the effects of the vineyard location on the quality parameters, volatile and non-volatile profiles, and sensory profile of Pinot Noir wines from South Tyrol (Italy) were studied. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to identify the [...] Read more.
The effects of canopy treatment with chitosan and the effects of the vineyard location on the quality parameters, volatile and non-volatile profiles, and sensory profile of Pinot Noir wines from South Tyrol (Italy) were studied. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied to identify the most relevant compounds associated with the variability in phenolics and anthocyanins (analyzed by UHPLC-MS), volatile components (HS-SPME-GCxGC-ToF/MS), and basic enological parameters. A clear separation of low-altitude wines (350 m.a.s.l.), which had a high concentration of most of the identified volatile compounds, compared to high-altitude wines (800 and 1050–1150 m.a.s.l.) was pointed out. Low altitude minimized the concentration of the most significant anthocyanins in wines from a valley bottom, presumably due to reduced sun exposure. Wines obtained from chitosan-treated canopies, and, more particularly, those subjected to multiple treatments per year showed a higher amount of the main non-volatile phenolics and were sensorially described as having “unpleasant flavors” and “odors”, which might suggest that grape metabolism is slightly altered compared to untreated grapevines. Thus, optimization of the treatment with chitosan should be further investigated. Full article
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30 pages, 872 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in the Nickel-Catalyzed Alkylation of C-H Bonds
by Franc Požgan, Uroš Grošelj, Jurij Svete, Bogdan Štefane and Hamad H. Al Mamari
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 1917; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091917 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Functionalization of C-H bonds has emerged as a powerful strategy for converting inert, nonfunctional C-H bonds into their reactive counterparts. A wide range of C-H bond functionalization reactions has become possible by the catalysis of metals, typically from the second row of transition [...] Read more.
Functionalization of C-H bonds has emerged as a powerful strategy for converting inert, nonfunctional C-H bonds into their reactive counterparts. A wide range of C-H bond functionalization reactions has become possible by the catalysis of metals, typically from the second row of transition metals. First-row transition metals can also catalyze C-H functionalization, and they have the merits of greater earth-abundance, lower cost and better environmental friendliness in comparison to their second-row counterparts. C-H bond alkylation is a particularly important C-H functionalization reaction due to its chemical significance and its applications in natural product synthesis. This review covers Ni-catalyzed C-H bond alkylation reactions using alkyl halides and olefins as alkyl sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Applied Chemistry: 3rd Edition)
21 pages, 5231 KiB  
Article
Randomly Methylated β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex with Ketoconazole: Preparation, Characterization, and Improvement of Pharmacological Profiles
by Yili Ding, Shufeng Xu, Charles Ding, Zhiyuan Zhang and Zhe Xu
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 1915; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091915 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
As a powerful imidazole antifungal drug, ketoconazole’s low solubility (0.017 mg/mL), together with its odor and irritation, limited its clinical applications. The inclusion complex of ketoconazole with randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin was prepared by using an aqueous solution method after cyclodextrin selection through [...] Read more.
As a powerful imidazole antifungal drug, ketoconazole’s low solubility (0.017 mg/mL), together with its odor and irritation, limited its clinical applications. The inclusion complex of ketoconazole with randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin was prepared by using an aqueous solution method after cyclodextrin selection through phase solubility studies, complexation methods, and condition selection through single factor and orthogonal strategies. The complex was confirmed by FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), TGA (thermogravimetric analysis), SEM (scanning electron microscope images), and NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance) studies. Through complexation, the water solubility of ketoconazole in the complex was increased 17,000 times compared with that of ketoconazole alone, which is the best result so far for the ketoconazole water solubility study. In in vitro pharmacokinetic studies, ketoconazole in the complex can be 100% released in 75 min, and in in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in dogs, through the complexation, the Cmax was increased from 7.56 μg/mL to 13.58 µg/mL, and the AUC0~72 was increased from 22.69 μgh/mL to 50.19 μgh/mL, indicating that this ketoconazole complex can be used as a more efficient potential new anti-fungal drug. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Drugs—2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 7325 KiB  
Article
Isolation and Structure Analysis of Chitin Obtained from Different Developmental Stages of the Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori)
by Eryk Jędrzejczak, Patrycja Frąckowiak, Teresa Sibillano, Erica Brendler, Cinzia Giannini, Teofil Jesionowski and Marcin Wysokowski
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 1914; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091914 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Chitin, a ubiquitous biopolymer, holds paramount scientific and economic significance. Historically, it has been primarily isolated from marine crustaceans. However, the surge in demand for chitin and the burgeoning interest in biopolymers have necessitated the exploration of alternative sources. Among these methods, the [...] Read more.
Chitin, a ubiquitous biopolymer, holds paramount scientific and economic significance. Historically, it has been primarily isolated from marine crustaceans. However, the surge in demand for chitin and the burgeoning interest in biopolymers have necessitated the exploration of alternative sources. Among these methods, the mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) has emerged as a particularly intriguing prospect. To isolate chitin from Bombyx mori, a chemical extraction methodology was employed. This process involved a series of meticulously orchestrated steps, including Folch extraction, demineralization, deproteinization, and decolorization. The resultant chitin was subjected to comprehensive analysis utilizing techniques such as attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS). The obtained results allow us to conclude that the Bombyx mori represents an attractive alternative source of α-chitin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)
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18 pages, 5699 KiB  
Article
Identifying the Multitarget Pharmacological Mechanism of Action of Genistein on Lung Cancer by Integrating Network Pharmacology and Molecular Dynamic Simulation
by Raju Das and Joohan Woo
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 1913; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091913 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Food supplements have become beneficial as adjuvant therapies for many chronic disorders, including cancer. Genistein, a natural isoflavone enriched in soybeans, has gained potential interest as an anticancer agent for various cancers, primarily by modulating apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting [...] Read more.
Food supplements have become beneficial as adjuvant therapies for many chronic disorders, including cancer. Genistein, a natural isoflavone enriched in soybeans, has gained potential interest as an anticancer agent for various cancers, primarily by modulating apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis. However, in lung cancer, the exact impact and mechanism of action of genistein still require clarification. To provide more insight into the mechanism of action of genistein, network pharmacology was employed to identify the key targets and their roles in lung cancer pathogenesis. Based on the degree score, the hub genes AKT1, CASP3, EGFR, STAT3, ESR1, SRC, PTGS2, MMP9, PRAG, and AR were significantly correlated with genistein treatment. AKT1, EGFR, and STAT3 were enriched in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) pathway according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, indicating a significant connection to lung cancer development. Moreover, the binding affinity of genistein to NSCLC target proteins was further verified by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Genistein exhibited potential binding to AKT1, which is involved in apoptosis, cell migration, and metastasis, thus holding promise for modulating AKT1 function. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of genistein and its therapeutic potential for the treatment of NSCLC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Molecules in Targeted Cancer Therapy)
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22 pages, 9653 KiB  
Article
Quantum Size-Driven Spectral Variations in Pillar[n]arene Systems: A Density Functional Theory and Wave Function Assessment
by Cailian Yao and Tao Wang
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 1912; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091912 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study explores the quantum size effects on the optical properties of pillar[n]arene (n = 5, 6, 7, 8) utilizing density functional theory (DFT) and wave function analysis. The mechanisms of electron transitions in one-photon absorption (OPA) and two-photon absorption (TPA) spectra are [...] Read more.
This study explores the quantum size effects on the optical properties of pillar[n]arene (n = 5, 6, 7, 8) utilizing density functional theory (DFT) and wave function analysis. The mechanisms of electron transitions in one-photon absorption (OPA) and two-photon absorption (TPA) spectra are investigated, alongside the calculation of electron circular dichroism (ECD) for these systems. Transition Density Matrix (TDM) and electron–hole pair density maps are employed to study the electron excitation characteristics, unveiling a notable size dependency. Analysis of the transition electric dipole moment (TEDM) and the transition magnetic dipole moment (TMDM) reveals the electromagnetic interaction mechanism within pillar[n]arene. Raman spectra computations further elucidate vibrational modes, while interactions with external environments are studied using electrostatic potential (ESP) analysis, and electron delocalization is assessed under an external magnetic field, providing insights into the magnetically induced current phenomena within these supramolecular structures. The thermal stability of pillar[n]arene was investigated by ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD). Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Computational Materials Sciences)
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12 pages, 2021 KiB  
Article
Insights on Stability Constants and Structures of Complexes between Coumarin Derivatives and Pb(II) in Aqueous Media
by Emilia Furia, Vincenzo Lettera, Anna Napoli and Donatella Aiello
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 1911; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091911 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
In the frame of a systematic study on the sequestering ability of natural antioxidants towards metal cations, here the complexation of coumarin-3-carboxilic acid (HCCA) with Pb(II) and the overall stability constants of the resulting complexes, at 37 °C and in 0.16 M NaClO [...] Read more.
In the frame of a systematic study on the sequestering ability of natural antioxidants towards metal cations, here the complexation of coumarin-3-carboxilic acid (HCCA) with Pb(II) and the overall stability constants of the resulting complexes, at 37 °C and in 0.16 M NaClO4, are discussed. Reaction of Pb(ClO4)2 with HCCA in an aqueous medium at a pH range from 2 to 6 and various ratios (1:1–1:10) yielded the Pb–CCA complexes, which were characterized spectrometrically by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LD-MS). LD-MS has provided the composition and structure of Pb–CCA species according to the speciation model proposed on the basis of the potentiometric data. The graphic representation of the complex’s concentration curves is given by the distribution diagram, which provides a whole depiction of the species present in the solution at the selected pH ranges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Feature Papers in Physical Chemistry, 2nd Edition)
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10 pages, 1837 KiB  
Communication
Energy-Level Interpretation of Carbazole Derivatives in Self-Assembling Monolayer
by Raitis Grzibovskis, Arturs Aizstrauts, Anna Pidluzhna, Mantas Marcinskas, Artiom Magomedov, Smagul Karazhanov, Tadas Malinauskas, Vytautas Getautis and Aivars Vembris
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 1910; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091910 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Energy-level alignment is a crucial factor in the performance of thin-film devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes and photovoltaics. One way to adjust these energy levels is through chemical modification of the molecules involved. However, this approach may lead to unintended changes in [...] Read more.
Energy-level alignment is a crucial factor in the performance of thin-film devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes and photovoltaics. One way to adjust these energy levels is through chemical modification of the molecules involved. However, this approach may lead to unintended changes in the optical and/or electrical properties of the compound. An alternative method for energy-level adjustment at the interface is the use of self-assembling monolayers (SAMs). Initially, SAMs with passive spacers were employed, creating a surface dipole moment that altered the work function (WF) of the electrode. However, recent advancements have led to the synthesis of SAM molecules with active spacers. This development necessitates considering not only the modification of the electrode’s WF but also the ionization energy (IE) of the molecule itself. To measure both the IE of SAM molecules and their impact on the electrode’s WF, a relatively simple method is photo-electric emission spectroscopy. Solar cell performance parameters have a higher correlation coefficient with the ionization energy of SAM molecules with carbazole derivatives as spacers (up to 0.97) than the work function of the modified electrode (up to 0.88). Consequently, SAMs consisting of molecules with active spacers can be viewed as hole transport layers rather than interface layers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Structure)
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22 pages, 9280 KiB  
Article
In Silico Comparison of Bioactive Compounds Characterized from Azadirachta indica with an FDA-Approved Drug against Schistosomal Agents: New Insight into Schistosomiasis Treatment
by Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye, David Ezekiel Shamaki, Emmanuel Ayodeji Agbebi, Sunday Amos Onikanni, Chukwudi Sunday Ubah, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Tran Nhat Phong Dao, Olutunmise Victoria Owolabi, Olajumoke Tolulope Idowu, Makhosazana Siduduzile Mathenjwa-Goqo, Deborah Tolulope Esan, Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye and Olaposi Idowu Omotuyi
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 1909; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091909 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
The burden of human schistosomiasis, a known but neglected tropical disease in Sub-Saharan Africa, has been worrisome in recent years. It is becoming increasingly difficult to tackle schistosomiasis with praziquantel, a drug known to be effective against all Schistosoma species, due to [...] Read more.
The burden of human schistosomiasis, a known but neglected tropical disease in Sub-Saharan Africa, has been worrisome in recent years. It is becoming increasingly difficult to tackle schistosomiasis with praziquantel, a drug known to be effective against all Schistosoma species, due to reports of reduced efficacy and resistance. Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the antischistosomal potential of phytochemicals from Azadirachta indica against proteins that have been implicated as druggable targets for the treatment of schistosomiasis using computational techniques. In this study, sixty-three (63) previously isolated and characterized phytochemicals from A. indica were identified from the literature and retrieved from the PubChem database. In silico screening was conducted to assess the inhibitory potential of these phytochemicals against three receptors (Schistosoma mansoni Thioredoxin glutathione reductase, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, and Arginase) that may serve as therapeutic targets for schistosomiasis treatment. Molecular docking, ADMET prediction, ligand interaction, MMGBSA, and molecular dynamics simulation of the hit compounds were conducted using the Schrodinger molecular drug discovery suite. The results show that Andrographolide possesses a satisfactory pharmacokinetic profile, does not violate the Lipinski rule of five, binds with favourable affinity with the receptors, and interacts with key amino acids at the active site. Importantly, its interaction with dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme responsible for the catalysis of the de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic pathway rate-limiting step, shows a glide score and MMGBSA of −10.19 and −45.75 Kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, the MD simulation shows its stability at the active site of the receptor. Overall, this study revealed that Andrographolide from Azadirachta indica could serve as a potential lead compound for the development of an anti-schistosomal drug. Full article
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16 pages, 6009 KiB  
Article
Electropositive Citric Acid-Polyethyleneimine Carbon Dots Carrying the PINK1 Gene Regulate ATP-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in APP/PS1-N2a Cells
by Si Yu, Feng Guo, Yuzhen Luo, Xingfang Zhang, Chenyu Wang, Yiheng Liu and Haiying Zhang
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 1907; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091907 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction during the early stage of disease. PINK1 regulates the balance between mitochondrial homeostasis and bioenergy supply and demand via the PINK1/Parkin pathway, Na+/Ca2+ exchange, and [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction during the early stage of disease. PINK1 regulates the balance between mitochondrial homeostasis and bioenergy supply and demand via the PINK1/Parkin pathway, Na+/Ca2+ exchange, and other pathways. (2) Methods: In this study, we synthesized positively charged carbon dots (CA-PEI CDs) using citric acid (CA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) and used them as vectors to express PINK1 genes in the APP/PS1-N2a cell line to determine mitochondrial function, electron transport chain (ETC) activity, and ATP-related metabolomics. (3) Results: Our findings showed that the CA-PEI CDs exhibit the characteristics of photoluminescence, low toxicity, and concentrated DNA. They are ideal biological carriers for gene delivery. PINK1 overexpression significantly increased the mitochondrial membrane potential in APP/PS1-N2a cells and reduced reactive-oxygen-species generation and Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 levels. An increase in the activity of NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I, CI) and cytochrome C oxidase (complex IV, CIV) induces the oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria, increasing ATP generation. (4) Conclusions: These findings indicate that the PINK gene can alleviate AD by increasing bioenergetic metabolism, reducing Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, and increasing ATP production. Full article
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14 pages, 1947 KiB  
Review
Nature-Inspired Micro/Nano-Structured Antibacterial Surfaces
by E Jin, Zhijun Lv, Yinghao Zhu, Hongmei Zhang and He Li
Molecules 2024, 29(9), 1906; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29091906 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
The problem of bacterial resistance has become more and more common with improvements in health care. Worryingly, the misuse of antibiotics leads to an increase in bacterial multidrug resistance and the development of new antibiotics has virtually stalled. These challenges have prompted the [...] Read more.
The problem of bacterial resistance has become more and more common with improvements in health care. Worryingly, the misuse of antibiotics leads to an increase in bacterial multidrug resistance and the development of new antibiotics has virtually stalled. These challenges have prompted the need to combat bacterial infections with the use of radically different approaches. Taking lessons from the exciting properties of micro-/nano-natural-patterned surfaces, which can destroy cellular integrity, the construction of artificial surfaces to mimic natural functions provides new opportunities for the innovation and development of biomedicine. Due to the diversity of natural surfaces, functional surfaces inspired by natural surfaces have a wide range of applications in healthcare. Nature-inspired surface structures have emerged as an effective and durable strategy to prevent bacterial infection, opening a new way to alleviate the problem of bacterial drug resistance. The present situation of bactericidal and antifouling surfaces with natural and biomimetic micro-/nano-structures is briefly reviewed. In addition, these innovative nature-inspired methods are used to manufacture a variety of artificial surfaces to achieve extraordinary antibacterial properties. In particular, the physical antibacterial effect of nature-inspired surfaces and the functional mechanisms of chemical groups, small molecules, and ions are discussed, as well as the wide current and future applications of artificial biomimetic micro-/nano-surfaces. Current challenges and future development directions are also discussed at the end. In the future, controlling the use of micro-/nano-structures and their subsequent functions will lead to biomimetic surfaces offering great potential applications in biomedicine. Full article
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17 pages, 14690 KiB  
Article
Research on Hydrogen-Induced Induced Cracking Sensitivity of X80 Pipeline Steel under Different Heat Treatments
by Chen Wu, Chunyan Yan, Shenglin Zhang, Lingchuan Zhou, Mengdie Shen and Zhanpeng Tian
Materials 2024, 17(9), 1953; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17091953 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
X80 pipeline steel has played a vital role in oil and gas transportation in recent years. However, hydrogen-related issues frequently lead to pipeline failures during service, resulting in significant losses of properties and lives. Three heat treatment processes (furnace cooling (FC), air cooling [...] Read more.
X80 pipeline steel has played a vital role in oil and gas transportation in recent years. However, hydrogen-related issues frequently lead to pipeline failures during service, resulting in significant losses of properties and lives. Three heat treatment processes (furnace cooling (FC), air cooling (AC), and water cooling (WC)) were carried out to investigate the effect of different microstructures on hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) susceptibility of X80 pipeline steel. The WC sample demonstrated the highest hydrogen embrittlement index, registering at 21.9%, while the AC and FC samples exhibited progressively lower values of 15.45% and 10.98%, respectively. Under equivalent hydrogen charging durations, crack dimensions with a maximum length exceeding 30 μm in the WC sample generally exceed those in the FC sample and AC sample. The variation is attributed to the difference in microstructures of the samples, predominantly lath bainite (LB) in water-cooled samples, granular bainite (GB) in air-cooled samples, and ferrite/pearlite (F/P) in FC samples. The research results demonstrate that the sensitivity of lath bainite (LB) to HIC is significantly higher than that of pearlite, ferrite, and granular bainite (GB). The presence of a large amount of martensite/austenite (M/A) constituents within bainite results in a multitude of hydrogen trap sites. HIC cracks in bainite generally propagate along the profiles of M/A constituents, showing both intergranular and transgranular cracking modes. Full article
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10 pages, 1377 KiB  
Communication
Year-Long Stability of Nucleic Acid Bases in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid: Implications for the Persistence of Organic Chemistry in Venus’ Clouds
by Sara Seager, Janusz J. Petkowski, Maxwell D. Seager, John H. Grimes, Jr., Zachary Zinsli, Heidi R. Vollmer-Snarr, Mohamed K. Abd El-Rahman, David S. Wishart, Brian L. Lee, Vasuk Gautam, Lauren Herrington, William Bains and Charles Darrow
Life 2024, 14(5), 538; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050538 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
We show that the nucleic acid bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil, as well as 2,6-diaminopurine, and the “core” nucleic acid bases purine and pyrimidine, are stable for more than one year in concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature and at acid [...] Read more.
We show that the nucleic acid bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil, as well as 2,6-diaminopurine, and the “core” nucleic acid bases purine and pyrimidine, are stable for more than one year in concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature and at acid concentrations relevant for Venus clouds (81% w/w to 98% w/w acid, the rest water). This work builds on our initial stability studies and is the first ever to test the reactivity and structural integrity of organic molecules subjected to extended incubation in concentrated sulfuric acid. The one-year-long stability of nucleic acid bases supports the notion that the Venus cloud environment—composed of concentrated sulfuric acid—may be able to support complex organic chemicals for extended periods of time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Astrobiology)
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18 pages, 1298 KiB  
Article
Non-Coagulant Spinning of High-Strength Fibers from Homоpolymer Polyacrylonitrile Synthesized via Anionic Polymerisation
by Ivan Yu. Skvortsov, Mikhail S. Kuzin, Pavel S. Gerasimenko, Maria V. Mironova, Yaroslav V. Golubev and Valery G. Kulichikhin
Polymers 2024, 16(9), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091185 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
The rheological properties, spinnability, and thermal–oxidative stabilization of high-molecular-weight linear polyacrylonitrile (PAN) homopolymers (molecular weights Mη = 90–500 kg/mol), synthesized via a novel metal-free anionic polymerization method, were investigated to reduce coagulant use, enable solvent recycling, and increase the carbon yield of [...] Read more.
The rheological properties, spinnability, and thermal–oxidative stabilization of high-molecular-weight linear polyacrylonitrile (PAN) homopolymers (molecular weights Mη = 90–500 kg/mol), synthesized via a novel metal-free anionic polymerization method, were investigated to reduce coagulant use, enable solvent recycling, and increase the carbon yield of the resulting carbon fibers. This approach enabled the application of the mechanotropic (non-coagulating) spinning method for homopolymer PAN solutions in a wide range of molecular weights and demonstrated the possibility of achieving a high degree of fiber orientation and reasonable mechanical properties. Rheological analysis revealed a significant increase in solution elasticity (G′) with increasing molecular weight, facilitating the choice of optimal deformation rates for effective chain stretching prior to strain-induced phase separation during the eco-friendly spinning of concentrated solutions without using coagulation baths. The possibility of collecting ~80 wt% of the solvent at the first stage of spinning from the as-spun fibers was shown. Transparent, defect-free fibers with a tensile strength of up to 800 MPa and elongation at break of about 20% were spun. Thermal treatment up to 1500 °C yielded carbon fibers with a carbon residue of ~50 wt%, in contrast to ~35 wt% for industrial radically polymerized PAN carbonized under the same conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Physics and Theory)
16 pages, 5128 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Crystallization Growth Characteristics of Mg(OH)2 Crystals under Unconstrained Conditions
by Yunqing Lv, Limei Bai, Yuxin Ma and Liucheng Zhao
Materials 2024, 17(9), 1956; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17091956 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Utilizing MgO as the precursor and deionized water as the solvent, this study synthesized nanoparticles of Mg(OH)2 via hydrothermal methods, aiming to control its purity, particle size, and morphology by understanding its growth under non-uniform nucleation. Characterization of crystal morphology and structure [...] Read more.
Utilizing MgO as the precursor and deionized water as the solvent, this study synthesized nanoparticles of Mg(OH)2 via hydrothermal methods, aiming to control its purity, particle size, and morphology by understanding its growth under non-uniform nucleation. Characterization of crystal morphology and structure was conducted through scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, while laser particle size detection assessed the secondary particle size distribution. The study focused on how MgO’s hydrothermal process conditions influence Mg(OH)2 crystal growth, particularly through ion concentration and release rate adjustments to direct crystal growth facets. These adjustments shifted the dominant growth plane, enhancing the peak intensity ratio I001/I101 from 1.03 to 2.14, thereby reducing surface polarity and secondary aggregation of crystals. The study of the physicochemical properties of the same sample at different times revealed the pattern of crystal dissolution and recrystallization. A 2 h hydrothermal reaction notably altered the particle size distribution, with a decrease in particles sized 0.2~0.4 μm and an increase in those sized 0.4~0.6 μm, alongside new particles over 1 μm, indicating a shift toward uniformity through dissolution and recrystallization. Optimal conditions (6% magnesium oxide concentration, 160 °C, 2 h) led to the synthesis of highly dispersed, uniformly sized magnesium hydroxide, showcasing a simple, eco-friendly, and high-yield process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology)
25 pages, 4840 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Wound Healing Potential of a Cuscuta chinensis Extract-Loaded Nanoemulsion-Based Gel
by Nichcha Nitthikan, Weeraya Preedalikit, Kanittapon Supadej, Siripat Chaichit, Pimporn Leelapornpisid and Kanokwan Kiattisin
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(5), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050573 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Cuscuta chinensis (C. chinensis) presents many pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic effects, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. However, the wound care properties of this plant have not yet been reported. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial [...] Read more.
Cuscuta chinensis (C. chinensis) presents many pharmacological activities, including antidiabetic effects, and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties. However, the wound care properties of this plant have not yet been reported. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of ethanol and ethyl acetate C. chinensis extracts. The phytochemical markers in the extracts were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Then, the selected C. chinensis extract was developed into a nanoemulsion-based gel for wound care testing in rats. The results showed that both of the C. chinensis extracts exhibited antioxidant activity when tested using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. They reduced the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in RAW264.7 cells induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The ethyl acetate extract also had antibacterial properties. Kaempferol was found in both extracts, whereas hyperoside was found only in the ethanol extract. These compounds were found to be related to the biological activities of the extracts, confirmed via molecular docking. The C. chinensis extract-loaded nanoemulsions had a small particle size, a narrow polydispersity index (PDI), and good stability. Furthermore, the C. chinensis extract-loaded nanoemulsion-based gel had a positive effect on wound healing, presenting a better percentage wound contraction Fucidin cream. In conclusion, this formulation has the potential for use as an alternative wound treatment and warrants further study in clinical trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology)
3 pages, 385 KiB  
Editorial
The Complicated Relationship between Innovation and Sustainability: Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, and Trends
by Maria Elena Nenni, Valentina Di Pasquale and James Boyer
Sustainability 2024, 16(9), 3524; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093524 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Since the announcement of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the UN in 2015, innovation has been recognized as a crucial tool for achieving these goals by 2030 [...] Full article
24 pages, 5310 KiB  
Article
Pathogenicity, Host Resistance, and Genetic Diversity of Fusarium Species under Controlled Conditions from Soybean in Canada
by Longfei Wu, Sheau-Fang Hwang, Stephen E. Strelkov, Rudolph Fredua-Agyeman, Sang-Heon Oh, Richard R. Bélanger, Owen Wally and Yong-Min Kim
J. Fungi 2024, 10(5), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10050303 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Fusarium spp. are commonly associated with the root rot complex of soybean (Glycine max). Previous surveys identified six common Fusarium species from Manitoba, including F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. graminearum, F. solani, F. avenaceum, and F. [...] Read more.
Fusarium spp. are commonly associated with the root rot complex of soybean (Glycine max). Previous surveys identified six common Fusarium species from Manitoba, including F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. graminearum, F. solani, F. avenaceum, and F. acuminatum. This study aimed to determine their pathogenicity, assess host resistance, and evaluate the genetic diversity of Fusarium spp. isolated from Canada. The pathogenicity of these species was tested on two soybean cultivars, ‘Akras’ (moderately resistant) and ‘B150Y1′ (susceptible), under greenhouse conditions. The aggressiveness of the fungal isolates varied, with root rot severities ranging from 1.5 to 3.3 on a 0–4 scale. Subsequently, the six species were used to screen a panel of 20 Canadian soybean cultivars for resistance in a greenhouse. Cluster and principal component analyses were conducted based on the same traits used in the pathogenicity study. Two cultivars, ‘P15T46R2′ and ‘B150Y1′, were consistently found to be tolerant to F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. graminearum, and F. solani. To investigate the incidence and prevalence of Fusarium spp. in Canada, fungi were isolated from 106 soybean fields surveyed across Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, and Quebec. Eighty-three Fusarium isolates were evaluated based on morphology and with multiple PCR primers, and phylogenetic analyses indicated their diversity across the major soybean production regions of Canada. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into host resistance and the pathogenicity and genetic diversity of Fusarium spp. in Canadian soybean fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fusarium spp.: A Trans-Kingdom Fungus)
17 pages, 900 KiB  
Article
ACE Phenotyping in Human Blood and Tissues: Revelation of ACE Outliers and Sex Differences in ACE Sialylation
by Enikő E. Enyedi, Pavel A. Petukhov, Alexander J. Kozuch, Steven M. Dudek, Attila Toth, Miklós Fagyas and Sergei M. Danilov
Biomedicines 2024, 12(5), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12050940 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) metabolizes a number of important peptides participating in blood pressure regulation and vascular remodeling. Elevated ACE expression in tissues (which is generally reflected by blood ACE levels) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Elevated blood ACE is [...] Read more.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) metabolizes a number of important peptides participating in blood pressure regulation and vascular remodeling. Elevated ACE expression in tissues (which is generally reflected by blood ACE levels) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Elevated blood ACE is also a marker for granulomatous diseases. Decreased blood ACE activity is becoming a new risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. We applied our novel approach—ACE phenotyping—to characterize pairs of tissues (lung, heart, lymph nodes) and serum ACE in 50 patients. ACE phenotyping includes (1) measurement of ACE activity with two substrates (ZPHL and HHL); (2) calculation of the ratio of hydrolysis of these substrates (ZPHL/HHL ratio); (3) determination of ACE immunoreactive protein levels using mAbs to ACE; and (4) ACE conformation with a set of mAbs to ACE. The ACE phenotyping approach in screening format with special attention to outliers, combined with analysis of sequencing data, allowed us to identify patient with a unique ACE phenotype related to decreased ability of inhibition of ACE activity by albumin, likely due to competition with high CCL18 in this patient for binding to ACE. We also confirmed recently discovered gender differences in sialylation of some glycosylation sites of ACE. ACE phenotyping is a promising new approach for the identification of ACE phenotype outliers with potential clinical significance, making it useful for screening in a personalized medicine approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)
7 pages, 252 KiB  
Editorial
III-Nitride Materials: Properties, Growth, and Applications
by Yangfeng Li
Crystals 2024, 14(5), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14050390 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
Since the activation of magnesium (Mg) in p-type gallium nitride (GaN) [1,2], striking progress has been made in III-nitride materials in terms of properties, growth, and applications [3]. [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue III-Nitride Materials: Properties, Growth, and Applications)
17 pages, 777 KiB  
Communication
Resilient Event-Based Fuzzy Fault Detection for DC Microgrids in Finite-Frequency Domain against DoS Attacks
by Bowen Ma, Qing Lu and Zhou Gu
Sensors 2024, 24(9), 2677; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24092677 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of fault detection in DC microgrids in the presence of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. To deal with the nonlinear term in DC microgrids, a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) model is employed. In contrast to the conventional approach of utilizing current sampling [...] Read more.
This paper addresses the problem of fault detection in DC microgrids in the presence of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. To deal with the nonlinear term in DC microgrids, a Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) model is employed. In contrast to the conventional approach of utilizing current sampling data in the traditional event-triggered mechanism (ETM), a novel integrated ETM employs historical information from measured data. This innovative strategy mitigates the generation of additional triggering packets resulting from random perturbations, thus reducing redundant transmission data. Under the assumption of faults occurring within a finite-frequency domain, a resilient event-based H/H fault detection filter (FDF) is designed to withstand DoS attacks. The exponential stability conditions are derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities to ensure the performance of fault detected systems. Finally, the simulation results are presented, demonstrating that the designed FDF effectively detects finite-frequency faults in time even under DoS attacks. Furthermore, the FDF exhibits superior fault detection sensitivity compared to the conventional H method, thus confirming the efficacy of the proposed approach. Additionally, it is observed that a trade-off exists between fault detection performance and the data releasing rate (DRR). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Sensing and Control Technologies in Power Electronics)

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