Photocatalysis is a fascinating process in which a photocatalyst plays a pivotal role in driving a chemical reaction when exposed to light. Its capacity to harness light energy triggers a cascade of reactions that lead to the formation of intermediate compounds, culminating in the desired final product(s). The essence of this process is the interaction between the photocatalyst’s excited state and its specific interactions with reactants, resulting in the creation of intermediates. The process’s appeal is further enhanced by its cyclic nature—the photocatalyst is rejuvenated after each cycle, ensuring ongoing and sustainable catalytic action. Nevertheless, comprehending the photocatalytic process through the modeling of photoactive materials and molecular devices demands advanced computational techniques founded on effective quantum chemistry methods, multiscale modeling, and machine learning. This review analyzes contemporary theoretical methods, spanning a range of lengths and accuracy scales, and assesses the strengths and limitations of these methods. It also explores the future challenges in modeling complex nano-photocatalysts, underscoring the necessity of integrating various methods hierarchically to optimize resource distribution across different scales. Additionally, the discussion includes the role of excited state chemistry, a crucial element in understanding photocatalysis. Full article

The effects of initial small-scale material nonlinearity on the pre-yield and pre-buckling response of externally pressurized metallic (plane strain) perfect rings (very long cylindrical shells) is investigated. The cylindrically curved 16-node element, based on an assumed quadratic displacement field (in surface-parallel coordinates) and the assumption of linear distribution of displacements through thickness (LDT), is employed to obtain the discretized system equations. The effect of initial small-scale material nonlinearity (assumed hypo-elastic) on the deformation and stress in the pre-yield and pre-buckling regime of a very long relatively thin metallic cylindrical shell (plane strain ring) is numerically investigated. These numerical results demonstrate that the enhanced responses for metallic rings due to initial small-scale nonlinearity are significant enough to not miss attentions from designers and operators of submersibles alike. Full article

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tools for intercellular communication, mediating molecular transport processes. Emerging studies have revealed that EVs are significantly involved in immune processes, including sepsis. Sepsis, a dysregulated immune response to infection, triggers systemic inflammation and multi-organ dysfunction, posing a life-threatening condition. Although extensive research has been conducted on animals, the complex inflammatory mechanisms that cause sepsis-induced organ failure in humans are still not fully understood. Recent studies have focused on secreted exosomes, which are small extracellular vesicles from various body cells, and have shed light on their involvement in the pathophysiology of sepsis. During sepsis, exosomes undergo changes in content, concentration, and function, which significantly affect the metabolism of endothelia, cardiovascular functions, and coagulation. Investigating the role of exosome content in the pathogenesis of sepsis shows promise for understanding the molecular basis of human sepsis. This review explores the contributions of activated immune cells and diverse body cells’ secreted exosomes to vital organ dysfunction in sepsis, providing insights into potential molecular biomarkers for predicting organ failure in septic shock. Full article

Cyber–physical systems involve the creation, continuous updating, and monitoring of virtual replicas that closely mirror their physical counterparts. These virtual representations are fed by real-time data from sensors, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and other sources, enabling a dynamic and accurate reflection of the state of the physical system. This emphasizes the importance of data synchronization, visualization, and interaction within virtual environments as a means to improve decision-making, training, maintenance, and overall operational efficiency. This paper presents a novel approach to a cyber–physical system that integrates virtual reality (VR)-based digital twins and 3D SCADA in the context of Industry 4.0 for the monitoring and optimization of an olive mill. The methodology leverages virtual reality to create a digital twin that enables immersive data-driven simulations for olive mill monitoring. The proposed CPS takes data from the physical environment through the existing sensors and measurement elements in the olive mill, concentrates them, and exposes them to the virtual environment through the Open Platform Communication United Architecture (OPC-UA) protocol, thus establishing bidirectional and real-time communication. Furthermore, in the proposed virtual environment, the digital twin is interfaced with the 3D SCADA system, allowing it to create virtual models of the process. This innovative approach has the potential to revolutionize the olive oil industry by improving operational efficiency, product quality, and sustainability while optimizing maintenance practices. Full article

This study employs an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to identify critical success factors (CSFs) crucial for the success of pavement construction projects. Challenges such as construction cost delays, budget overruns, disputes, claims, and productivity losses underscore the need for effective project management in pavement projects. In contemporary construction management, additional performance criteria play a vital role in influencing the performance and success of pavement projects during construction operations. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by comprehensively identifying a multidimensional set of critical success performance factors that impact pavement and utility project management. A rigorous literature review and consultations with pavement experts identified sixty CSFs, categorized into seven groups. The relative importance of each element and group is determined through the input of 287 pavement construction specialists who participated in an online questionnaire. Subsequently, the collected data undergo thorough checks for normality, dependability, and independence before undergoing analysis using the relative importance index (RII). An ANFIS is developed to quantitatively model critical success factors and assess the implementation performance of construction operations management (COM) in the construction industry, considering aspects such as clustering input/output datasets, fuzziness degree, and optimizing five Gaussian membership functions. The study confirms the significance of three primary CSFs (financial, bureaucratic, and governmental) and communication-related variables through a qualitative structural and behavioral validation process, specifically k-fold cross-validation. The outcomes of this research hold practical implications for the management and assessment of overall performance indices in pavement construction projects. The ANFIS model, validated through robust testing methodologies, provides a valuable tool for industry professionals seeking to enhance the success and efficiency of pavement construction endeavors. Full article

The building and construction sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), experiencing rapid growth, is in the early stages of embracing sustainability measures. In the years ahead, the booming building sector in business-as-usual scenarios may pose serious energy and environmental challenges for the Kingdom. This situation will require the Saudi building sector to adopt robust sustainability measures. Embedding life cycle assessment (LCA) as a standard practice can be a useful strategy for improving the energy and environmental footprint of buildings. This paper proposes a theoretical framework within which to promote LCA in the Saudi Arabian construction industry. This framework comprises three pillars: policy, social, and technical. The framework covers the role of the Saudi building sector’s stakeholders such as policy makers, building industry professionals, representatives of relevant governmental bodies, and academics. Adaptation of this LCA framework can help substantially improve the energy and environmental performance of buildings. The proposed LCA framework is aligned with the international as well as the Saudi government’s drive for sustainability in the building sector. Full article

Background and Objectives: Transurethral urologic surgeries frequently lead to hypothermia due to bladder irrigation. Prewarming in the preoperative holding area can reduce the risk of hypothermia but disrupts surgical workflow, preventing it from being of practical use. This study explored whether early intraoperative warming during induction of anesthesia, known as peri-induction warming, using a forced-air warming device combined with warmed intravenous fluid could prevent intraoperative hypothermia. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients scheduled for transurethral resection of the bladder (TURB) or prostate (TURP) were enrolled and were randomly allocated to either the peri-induction warming or control group. The peri-induction warming group underwent whole-body warming during anesthesia induction using a forced-air warming device and was administered warmed intravenous fluid during surgery. In contrast, the control group was covered with a cotton blanket during anesthesia induction and received room-temperature intravenous fluid during surgery. Core temperature was measured upon entrance to the operating room (T₀), immediately after induction of anesthesia (T₁), and in 10 min intervals until the end of the operation (T_end). The incidence of intraoperative hypothermia, change in core temperature (T₀–T_end), core temperature drop rate (T₀–T_end/[duration of anesthesia]), postoperative shivering, and postoperative thermal comfort were assessed. Results: The incidence of intraoperative hypothermia did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, the peri-induction warming group exhibited significantly less change in core temperature (0.61 ± 0.3 °C vs. 0.93 ± 0.4 °C, p = 0.002) and a slower core temperature drop rate (0.009 ± 0.005 °C/min vs. 0.013 ± 0.004 °C/min, p = 0.013) than the control group. The peri-induction warming group also reported higher thermal comfort scores (p = 0.041) and less need for postoperative warming (p = 0.034) compared to the control group. Conclusions: Brief peri-induction warming combined with warmed intravenous fluid was insufficient to prevent intraoperative hypothermia in patients undergoing urologic surgery. However, it improved patient thermal comfort and mitigated the absolute amount and rate of temperature drop. Full article

Organic amendment is an effective method to reclaim salt-affected soil. However, in coastal land with shallow saline groundwater, it is limited known about the mechanism of organic amendment on soil desalinization. Thus, to examine the effect of topsoil organic matter content on soil water/salt transport and distribution, two-year field observations in Bohai coastal land, North China, and soil column experiments simulating salt accumulation and salt leaching were conducted, respectively. There were different organic fertilizer amendment rates in 0–20 cm topsoil, 0% (CK), 50% (OA 0.5), and 100% (OA 1.0) (w/w) for soil column experiments. Field observation showed that after organic amendment (OA), the soil’s physical structure was improved, and less of the increase in topsoil salt content was observed, with more salt accumulated in deep soil layers during the dry season. In addition, OA greatly promoted salt leaching during the rainy seasons. The results of the soil column tests further indicated that OA treatments significantly inhibited soil evaporation, with less salt accumulated in the topsoil. Although there was no difference in soil water distribution between the CK and OA 0.5 treatment, the topsoil EC for the OA 0.5 treatment was significantly lower than that for CK. During soil water infiltration, the OA 0.5 and OA 1.0 treatments significantly increased the infiltration rates, enhanced the wetting front, and promoted salt leaching to deeper soil layers, compared with CK. The improvement of soil organic amounts could make the soil more self-resistant to the coastal salinization. The findings of this study provide some insights into soil water/salt regulation in heterogeneous soil masses and on the permanent management of coastal saline farmland. Full article

The optimal PMU placement problem is placing the minimum number of PMUs in the network to ensure complete network observability. It is an NP-complete optimization problem. PMU placement based on cost and critical nodes is solved separately in the literature. This paper proposes a novel approach, a degree of centrality in the objective function, to combine the effect of both strategies to place PMUs in the power network optimally. The contingency analysis and the effect of zero-injection buses are solved to ensure the reliability of network monitoring and attain a minimum number of PMUs. Integer linear programming is used on the IEEE 7-bus, IEEE 14-bus, IEEE 30-bus, New England 39-bus, IEEE 57-bus, and IEEE 118-bus systems to solve this problem. The results are evaluated based on two performance measures: the bus observability index (BOI) and the sum of redundancy index (SORI). On comparison, it is found that the proposed methodology has significantly improved results, i.e., a reduced number of PMUs and increased network overall observability (SORI). This methodology is more practical for implementation as it focuses on critical nodes. Along with improvement in the results, the limitations of existing indices are also discussed for future work. Full article

This study focused on downy mildew in hop caused by the pathogen Pseudoperonospora humuli. A systematic literature review was conducted using bibliometric analysis to explore trends in publishing, prominent research themes, and where research is being conducted on hop downy mildew. The databases Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect were used to identify publications spanning from 1928 to 2023. The analysis yielded 54 publications, with the most cited studies primarily focusing on disease management and host resistance. Additionally, these studies explored the genetic and pathogenic relationship between P. cubensis and P. humuli. A word co-occurrence map revealed that the main themes addressed in the publications included “hop”, “disease”, “downy”, “humuli”, “mildew”, and “Pseudoperonospora”. Notably, there was a particular emphasis on subtopics such as disease management, the disease reaction of hop cultivars, and the influence of weather factors on hop downy mildew. Notably, there was limited knowledge about the disease in regions with tropical climates. This study provides valuable information that can support and guide future research endeavors concerning downy mildew in hop cultivation. Full article

This study extensively examines the estimation of irrigation water requirements using different methodologies based on Earth Observation data. Specifically, two distinct methods inspired by recent remote sensing and satellite technology developments are examined and compared. The first methodology, as outlined by Maselli et al. (2020), focuses on using Sentinel-2 MSI data and a water stress scalar to estimate the levels of actual evapotranspiration and net irrigation water (NIW). The second methodology derives from the work of D’Urso et al. (2021), which includes the application of the Penman–Monteith equation in conjunction with Sentinel-2 data for estimating key parameters, such as crop evapotranspiration and NIW. In the context of the Bekaa Valley in Lebanon, this study explores the suitability of both methodologies for irrigated potato crops (nine potato fields for the early season and eight for the late season). The obtained NIW value was compared with measured field data, and the root mean square errors were calculated. The results of the comparison showed that the effectiveness of these methods varies depending on the growing season. Notably, the Maselli method exhibited better performance during the late season, while the D’Urso method proved more accurate during the early season. This comparative assessment provided valuable insights for effective agricultural water management in the Bekaa Valley when estimating NIW in potato cultivation. Full article

This research assesses the impact of ownership structure on financial sustainability. Panel data from 102 Saudi non-financial listed firms covering 2013 to 2022 were analysed using OLS and fixed effects methods. Further, the GMM was employed to check for robustness. The research outcomes reveal the strong and positive effects of institutional ownership and family shareholding on financial sustainability. This positive impact implies that robust and stringent monitoring of family shareholding and institutional investors may neutralise managerial entrenchment, reduce agency costs and pave the way for financial sustainability. However, government ownership appears insignificant, while managerial ownership exerts a strong negative influence on financial sustainability. The negative effect suggests that managerial shareholding may be counterproductive to organisational efficiency. Importantly, the outcomes look consistent using several econometric models. Therefore, the research findings may further shape policymakers’ understanding of how the diverse monitoring strategies of ownership structure influence financial sustainability. Also, the results may serve as an incentive for managers and standard setters to support firms in embracing institutional and family shareholding. The presence of these shareholders may minimise agency conflicts and maximise firm value for sustainable profitability. Full article

Background: The effect of COVID-19 infection versus the indirect effect of the pandemic on body composition remains unclear. This study investigates the long-term changes in body composition in COVID-19 survivors compared to a contemporary control group. Method: This is a prospective study involving adults who underwent a pre-pandemic whole-body DXA scan (DXA#1) between 2017 and 2019. Participants were asked to return for a repeat whole-body DXA scan (DXA#2) after the pandemic. Detailed data were collected including their medical and COVID-19 history. Inflammation markers and fasting lipids were measured. For those participants who experienced a COVID-19 infection between the two DXAs, DXA#2 was acquired at least one year after COVID-19 infection. Results: Overall, 160 adults were enrolled; 32.5% females, 51.8% non-white, with mean age of 43.2 years. Half (n = 80) of the participants experienced a COVID-19 infection between their two DXA scans (COVID-19+ group), and the other half had never had COVID-19. COVID-19-negative participants displayed an increase in annualized trunk fat (g) [922.5 vs. 159.7; p = 0.01], total fat (g) [1564.3 vs. 199.9; p = 0.2], and LBM (g) [974.9 vs. −64.5; p = 0.0002] when compared to the COVID-19+ group. However, among the COVID-19+ group, no differences were seen in annualized trunk fat, total fat mass, or LBM between those with PASC and without (p > 0.05). Conclusion: During the pandemic, both the COVID-19 survivors and the COVID-19-negative group exhibited increases in weight, total fat, and trunk fat, likely associated with pandemic-linked lifestyle modifications. However, only COVID-19 survivors displayed a decline in lean body mass over the same period, regardless of PASC symptoms. Full article

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the joint modelling of compound extreme events such as high temperatures and low rainfall. The increase in the frequency of occurrence of these events in many regions has necessitated the development of models for estimating the concurrent probabilities of such compound extreme events. The current study discusses an application of copula models in predicting the concurrent probabilities of compound low rainfall and high-temperature events using data from the Lowveld region of the Limpopo province in South Africa. The second stage discussed two indicators for monitoring compound high temperature and low rainfall events. Empirical results from the study show that elevations ranging from 100–350 m, 350–700 m and 700–1200 m exhibit varying probabilities of experiencing drought, with mild droughts having approximately 64%, 66%, and 65% chances, moderate droughts around 36%, 39%, and 38%, and severe droughts at approximately 16%, 19%, and 18%, respectively. Furthermore, the logistic regression models incorporating the southern oscillation index as a covariate yielded comparable results of copula-based models. The methodology discussed in this paper is robust and can be applied to similar datasets in any regional setting globally. These findings could be useful to disaster management decision makers, helping them formulate effective mitigation strategies and emergency response plans. Full article

Cancer poses significant emotional challenges for children and adolescents, despite improvements in survival rates due to new therapies. However, there is growing concern about the long-term effects, including fertility issues. This review examines recent advancements and future directions in fertility preservation within a pediatric population subjected to oncological therapies. Worldwide, there is variability in the availability of fertility preservation methods, influenced by factors like development status and governmental support. The decision to pursue preservation depends on the risk of gonadotoxicity, alongside factors such as diagnosis, treatment, clinical status, and prognosis. Currently, options for preserving fertility in prepubertal boys are limited compared to girls, who increasingly have access to ovarian tissue preservation. Adolescents and adults have more options available, but ethical considerations remain complex and diverse. Full article

Several adverse maternal outcomes have been linked to the excessive consumption of caffeine during pregnancy. Tea is an important source of caffeine. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are common pregnancy complications with unfavorable maternal and fetal complications. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between antenatal tea drinking and HDP using a meta-analysis of available evidence. We systematically retrieved eligible studies before computing the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of HDP for women who reported the highest versus the lowest frequencies of antenatal tea drinking. We used the I² statistic to measure heterogeneity across studies and the test for funnel plot asymmetry to evaluate publication bias. The results showed that the highest frequencies of antenatal tea drinking were associated with increased odds of HDP (pooled OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.33). We identified no signs of heterogeneity across studies (I² = 0.0% and p-heterogeneity = 0.498) or publication bias (z = 0.791 and p-publication bias = 0.429). When the outcome was limited to (pre-)eclampsia, the association became statistically non-significant (pooled OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 0.86, 1.89, I² = 0.0%, and p-heterogeneity = 0.751). In conclusion, our results indicated that the highest frequency of antenatal tea drinking was positively associated with HDP. Pregnant women should be advised against excessive tea consumption. Still, future prospective cohort studies, considering the effects of different tea types and caffeine content, are needed to confirm our conclusions. Full article

Background: The aim of this study was to propose a new 3D printing method for attachment production and compare the reproduction accuracy of traditional attachments with the proposed 3D-printed attachments. Methods: A standardized 3D model attachment was created with the dimensions of 3, 2, and 2 mm for the apico-coronal, mesio-distal, and vestibulo-lingual dimensions, respectively. A 3D ideal model of the maxillary arch was used to apply four standardized attachments on the vestibular surface of selected teeth. The obtained model with placed attachments was used to reproduce composite attachments via the conventional method. A transfer template was used to bond with the flow composite resin 3D-printed attachment on a new arch model without attachments. The models with traditional attachments and 3D-printed attachments were scanned and overlapped with the original CAD model with attachments. To assess the attachment precision, vertical and horizontal cutting planes were used on the overlapped models. The outcome selection focused on puff analysis (excess composite material evaluation) and shape analysis (attachment accuracy evaluation). Results: The results indicated that the 3D-printed attachments showed significant differences (p < 0.05) compared to the traditional attachments. The descriptive statistics showed the higher discrepancies compared to the CAD model of the traditionally created attachments in the shape (0.85 mm) and puff dimension (1.02 mm). Conclusion: Custom 3D-printed attachment production is an effective method for achieving greater attachment precision. Full article

This study aims to empirically examine the relationship between cryptocurrency and various facets of the financial system. It seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of how cryptocurrencies interact with, and influence, the stock market, the U.S. dollar’s strength, inflation rates, and traditional banking operations. This is carried out using linear regression models, Granger causality tests, case studies, including the collapse of the Futures Exchange (FTX), and the successful integration of Binance. The study unveiled a strong positive correlation between cryptocurrency market capitalization and key financial indicators like the Dow Jones Industrial Average, Consumer Price Index, and traditional banking operations. This indicates the growing significance of cryptocurrencies within the global financial landscape. However, a mild association was found with the U.S. dollar, suggesting a limited influence of cryptocurrencies on traditional fiat currencies currently. Despite certain limitations such as reliance on secondary data, methodological choices, and geographic focus, this research provides valuable insights for policymakers, financial industry stakeholders, and academic researchers, underlining the necessity for continued study into the complex interplay between cryptocurrencies and financial stability. Full article

The principle of the digital learning ecosystem is the application of the educational process through digital learning environment platforms that help users learn more effectively. Educational institutions, teachers and students must evolve to adapt and be ready for the new world of learning. The individual’s emotional quality can influence their readiness in the digital learning ecosystem. This study aimed to examine whether there is a significant relationship between students’ readiness in the digital learning ecosystem and their emotional intelligence levels. This study utilized a correlational research method and multiple linear regression analysis. For data collection, the primary tools used were Trait Emotional Intelligence Scale-Short Form (TEIS-SF) and the Online Learning Readiness Scale (OLRS). The questionnaires were administered to 103 students enrolled in seven different higher institutions in Brunei. The results of the research showed that there was a link between students’ online learning readiness levels and their emotional intelligence levels. This study found that students with a high well-being sub-dimension of emotional intelligence had high online learning readiness levels. Full article

Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis Blume) is a widespread tree species with high economic and ecological values. Chinese cork oak exhibits epicotyl dormancy, causing emergence heterogeneity and affecting the quality of seedling cultivation. Gibberellic acid-stimulated transcript (GAST) is a plant-specific protein family that plays a crucial regulatory role in plant growth, development, and seed germination. However, their evolution in Chinese cork oak and roles in epicotyl dormancy are still unclear. Here, a genome-wide identification of the GAST gene family was conducted in Chinese cork oak. Ten QvGAST genes were identified, and nine of them were expressed in seed. The physicochemical properties and promoter cis-acting elements of the selected Chinese cork oak GAST family genes indicated that the cis-acting elements in the GAST promoter are involved in plant development, hormone response, and stress response. Germinated seeds were subjected to gibberellins (GAs), abscisic acid (ABA), and fluridone treatments to show their response during epicotyl dormancy release. Significant changes in the expression of certain QvGAST genes were observed under different hormone treatments. QvGAST1, QvGAST2, QvGAST3, and QvGAST6 exhibited upregulation in response to gibberellin. QvGAST2 was markedly upregulated during the release of epicotyl dormancy in response to GA. These findings suggested that QvGAST2 might play an important role in epicotyl dormancy release. This study provides a basis for further analysis of the mechanisms underlying the alleviation of epicotyl dormancy in Chinese cork oak by QvGASTs genes. Full article

(1) Background: Due to the wide application in medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry of flavonoid molecules, which are one of the most famous types of secondary plant metabolites, our work has come within the framework of bio-consulting to help in the identification of the molecule(s) responsible for the antibacterial effect which will be the active principle of a natural antibiotic developed from Algerian fir using bioinformatics tools. (2) Methods: The docking method was used to test the antiviral activity on SARS-CoV-2 virus and the antibacterial activity on Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli of 12 polyphenolic molecules present in the ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts of Numidian fir leaves, and identify the molecules responsible for these specific biological activities. (3) Results: The findings revealed that it is possible that two molecules, hyperoside and quercitrin, have a high capacity to inhibit SARS-CoV-2, and it is important to mention that they are the most quantitatively abundant molecules in the extract. The molecule luteolin-7-glucoside is probably responsible for the antibacterial activity in the extract against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, and the molecule hesperidin is responsible for the antibacterial activity in the extract against Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Full article

The integration of Virtual Reality with radiology is the focus of this study. A narrative review has been proposed to delve into emerging themes within the integration of Virtual Reality in radiology by scrutinizing reviews gathered from PubMed and Scopus. The proposed approach was based on a standard narrative checklist and a qualification process. The selection process identified 20 review studies. Integration of Virtual Reality (VR) in radiology offers potential transformative opportunities also integrated with other emerging technologies. In medical education, VR and AR, using 3D images from radiology, can enhance learning, emphasizing the need for standardized integration. In radiology, VR combined with Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Augmented Reality (AR) shows promising prospectives to give a complimentary contribution to diagnosis, treatment planning, and education. Challenges in clinical integration and User Interface design must be addressed. Innovations in medical education, like 3D modeling and AI, has the potential to enable personalized learning, but face standardization challenges. While robotics play a minor role, advancements and potential perspectives are observed in neurosurgery and endovascular systems. Ongoing research and standardization efforts are crucial for maximizing the potential of these integrative technologies in healthcare. In conclusion, the synthesis of these findings underscores the opportunities for advancements in digital radiology and healthcare through the integration of VR. However, challenges exist, and continuous research, coupled with technological refinements, is imperative to unlock the full potential of these integrative approaches in the dynamic and evolving field of medical imaging. Full article