Efficient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) segmentation, which is helpful for treatment planning, is essential for identifying brain tumors from detailed images. In recent years, various convolutional neural network (CNN) structures have been introduced for brain tumor segmentation tasks and have performed well. However, the downsampling blocks of most existing methods are typically used only for processing the variation in image sizes and lack sufficient capacity for further extraction features. We, therefore, propose SARFNet, a method based on UNet architecture, which consists of the proposed SL_iRF module and advanced AAM module. The SL_iRF downsampling module can extract feature information and prevent the loss of important information while reducing the image size. The AAM block, incorporated into the bottleneck layer, captures more contextual information. The Channel Attention Module (CAM) is introduced into skip connections to enhance the connections between channel features to improve accuracy and produce better feature expression. Ultimately, deep supervision is utilized in the decoder layer to avoid vanishing gradients and generate better feature representations. Many experiments were performed to validate the effectiveness of our model on the BraTS2018 dataset. SARFNet achieved Dice coefficient scores of 90.40, 85.54, and 82.15 for the whole tumor (WT), tumor core (TC), and enhancing tumor (ET), respectively. The results show that the proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance compared with twelve or more benchmarks. Full article

The accurate identification of target imagery in the presence of sea fog is essential for the precise detection and comprehension of targets situated at sea. To overcome the issues encountered when applying traditional polarimetric dehazing methods to sea fog imagery, this paper proposes an improved polarimetric dehazing method. Initially, the methodology employs quartile-based selection on polarization difference images to ascertain atmospheric light at an infinite distance. Subsequently, the study describes a segmentation approach for sea–sky background images based on the degree of polarization. The results show that the image information entropy of the segmentation process improves by more than 6% compared to that of alternative methodologies, and the local contrast of the image is increased by more than 30% compared to that of the original foggy image. These outcomes confirm the effectiveness of the proposed dehazing methodology in addressing the challenges associated with sea fog imagery. Full article

Fog in mine air intake roadways is a non-negligible disaster that seriously reduces the visibility of the roadway, affects vehicle transportation and the safe passage of personnel, and jeopardizes the safe production of the mine. This paper applies both field testing and numerical simulation to explore fog formation conditions and the effects of inlet air temperature and humidity on the fog zone length within the Wangjialing Mine’s air intake roadway in Shanxi, China. First, based on the consideration of the relationship between the moisture gain of surrounding rock and the temperature with humidity of the air flow, the fog generation and distribution law model of the air intake roadway was established. Based on this model, the critical inlet air temperature and the critical inlet air relative humidity for fogging in the Wangjialing Mine air intake roadway were determined. In addition, we found that the fogging point inside the roadway shifted forward continuously with the increase in inlet air temperature and inlet air relative humidity, and the length of the fog zone expands parabolically in response to these rising conditions. Full article

In an attempt to reduce such decay induced by pathogenic causes, several studies investigated the effectiveness of nanoparticles (NPs) that play a vital role in saving food products, especially fruits. Current research delves into biogenic silver nanoparticles (using marine alga Turbinaria turbinata (Tt/Ag-NPs) and their characterization using FT-IR, TEM, EDS, and zeta potential. Some pathogenic fungi, which cause fruit spoilage, were isolated. We studied the impact of using Tt/Ag-NPs to protect against isolated fungi in vitro, and the influence of Tt/Ag-NPs as a coating of tomato fruit to protect against blue mold caused by Penicillium italicum (OR770486) over 17 days of storage time. Five treatments were examined: T1, healthy fruits were used as the positive control; T2, healthy fruits sprayed with Tt/Ag-NPs; T3, fruits infected with P. italicum followed by coating with Tt/Ag-NPs (pre-coating); T4, fruits coated with Tt/Ag-NPs followed by infection by P. italicum (post-coating); and T5, the negative control, fruits infected by P. italicum. The results displayed that Tt/Ag-NPs are crystalline, spherical in shape, with size ranges between 14.5 and 39.85 nm, and negative charges. Different concentrations of Tt/Ag-NPs possessed antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Penicillium expansum, Alternaria alternate, and Stemphylium vesicarium. After two days of tomatoes being infected with P. italicum, 55% of the fruits were spoilage. The tomato fruit coated with Tt/Ag-NPs delayed weight loss, increased titratable acidity (TA%), antioxidant%, and polyphenol contents, and decreased pH and total soluble solids (TSSs). There were no significant results between pre-coating and post-coating except in phenol contents increased in pre-coating. A particular focus is placed on the novel and promising approach of utilizing nanoparticles to combat foodborne pathogens and preserve commodities, with a spotlight on the application of nanoparticles in safeguarding tomatoes from decay. Full article

Transport is a high-risk time for sheep, especially if the distances are long and sheep are fasted for a long time beforehand. Two experiments were conducted to compare transport durations of 1 hour (1 h) and 3 hours (3 h) and the effects of feeding before transport using Dorper × Mongolian sheep, which are typical of the region and may be tolerant of the high temperatures in the Inner Mongolian summer. Thirty 4-month-old male sheep were randomly divided into two treatment groups, with 15 sheep/treatment in each experiment, to evaluate the effects on blood biochemical indicators, stress hormone levels, rectal temperatures, and antioxidant status of lambs in summer. In Experiment 1, the levels of triglycerides and free fatty acids after 3 h transport were significantly lower than after 1 h transport (p < 0.05). The levels of thyroxine and malondialdehyde in blood were greater after 3 h transport than 1 h transport (p < 0.05). Creatine kinase levels after 3 h transport tended to be lower than after 1 h transport (p = 0.051). In Experiment 2, the levels of urea and superoxide dismutase in the group fasted pre-transport was significantly lower than those of the group fed pre-transport (p < 0.05). The serum cortisol level in the pre-transport fed group was higher compared to the group fed pre-transport (p = 0.04). Total antioxidant capacity in the pre-transport fasted group tended to be lower compared to that in the pre-transport fed group (p < 0.0001). We conclude that the reduction in nutritional status of sheep transported for longer and without feed pre-transport suggests that transporting sheep in hot conditions in northern China after fasting for a long period should be restricted. However, a decrease in the stress induced by transport following fasting is worthy of further study. Full article

Control design for the nonlinear cascaded system is challenging due to its complicated system dynamics and system uncertainty, both of which can be considered some kind of system nonlinearity. In this paper, we propose a novel nonlinearity approximation scheme with a simplified structure, where the system nonlinearity is approximated by a steady component and an alternating component using only local tracking errors. The nonlinearity of each subsystem is estimated independently. On this basis, a model-free adaptive control for a class of nonlinear cascaded systems is proposed. A squared-error correction procedure is introduced to regulate the weight coefficients of the approximation components, which makes the whole adaptive system stable even with the unmodeled uncertainties. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is validated on a flexible joint system through numerical simulations and experiments. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller can achieve better control performance than the radial basis function network control. Due to its simplicity and robustness, this method is suitable for engineering applications. Full article

Lignanoids are an active ingredient exerting powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in the treatment of many diseases. In order to improve the efficiency of the resource utilization of traditional Chinese medicine waste, Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson residue (MOR) waste biomass was used as raw material in this study, and a series of deep eutectic solvents (ChUre, ChAce, ChPro, ChCit, ChOxa, ChMal, ChLac, ChLev, ChGly and ChEG) were selected to evaluate the extraction efficiency of lignanoids from MORs. The results showed that the best conditions for lignanoid extraction were a liquid–solid ratio of 40.50 mL/g, an HBD-HBA ratio of 2.06, a water percentage of 29.3%, an extract temperature of 337.65 K, and a time of 107 min. Under these conditions, the maximum lignanoid amount was 39.18 mg/g. In addition, the kinetics of the extraction process were investigated by mathematic modeling. In our antioxidant activity study, high antioxidant activity of the lignanoid extract was shown in scavenging four different types of free radicals (DPPH, ·OH, ABTS, and superoxide anions). At a concentration of 3 mg/mL, the total antioxidant capacity of the lignanoid extract was 1.795 U/mL, which was equal to 0.12 mg/mL of V_c solution. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity study found that the lignanoid extract exhibited good antibacterial effects against six tested pathogens. Among them, Staphylococcus aureus exerted the strongest antibacterial activity. Eventually, the correlation of the lignanoid extract with the biological activity and physicochemical properties of DESs is described using a heatmap, along with the evaluation of the in vitro hypoglycemic, in vitro hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activity of the lignanoid extract. These findings can provide a theoretical foundation for the extraction of high-value components from waste biomass by deep eutectic solvents, as well as highlighting its specific significance in natural product development and utilization. Full article

The aim of the work was to determine important parameters of the course of π-A isotherms, which can determine the HLB (hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) value of surfactant mixtures with selected structural features, such as a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain and a double bond, using RSM (response surface methodology) computational methods. Mixtures of surfactants derived from fatty acids and sorbitan with specific HLB values were evaluated by Langmuir trough. The resulting elasticity modules (ELM) and molecules surfaces (SAM) were evaluated via response surface methodology and respective equations were calculated. The π-A isotherm determined in a Langmuir trough and the ELM and SAM parameters determined on the basis of this isotherm may be useful for determining the HLB of a fixed surfactant mixture. The RSM method used, in which ELM and SAM were assumed as two independent variables, can be a useful technique for tracking the influence of individual molecular characteristics on the hydrophilic-lipophilic properties of mixtures of surfactant compounds. Changes in HLB as a dependent variable can be described as a function of ELM and SAM. Full article

Pulmonary oncological pathologies are an important public health problem and the association with other pulmonary lesions may pose difficulties in diagnosis and staging or require different treatment options. To address this complexity, we conducted a retrospective observational study at the Marius Nasta Institute of Pneumophthisiology, Bucharest, Romania. Our study focused on patients admitted in 2019 with non-small-cell lung carcinoma and associated pulmonary lesions identified through surgical resection specimens. Among the 314 included patients, multiple pulmonary nodules were observed on macroscopic examination, with 12% (N = 37) exhibiting nonmalignant etiologies upon microscopic examination. These findings underscore the challenge of preoperative staging. Patients with coexisting nonmalignant lesions were similar in age, smoking habits, and professional or environmental exposure by comparison with those who presented only malignant lesions. The presentation of coexisting malignant and nonmalignant lesions may pose difficulties in diagnosing and staging pulmonary cancer. Full article

This paper proposes a prescribed performance fault-tolerant control based on a fixed-time extended state observer (FXTESO) for a carrier-based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). First, the attitude motion model of the UAV is introduced. Secondly, the proposed FXTESO is designed to estimate the total disturbances including coupling, actuator faults and external disturbances. By using the barrier Lyapunov function (BLF), it is proved that under prescribed performance control (PPC), the attitude tracking error is stable within the prescribed range. The simulation results for tracking the desired attitude angle show that the average overshoot and stabilization time of PPC-FXTESO is $0.00455\mathrm{rad}$ and $6.2\mathrm{s}$. Comparatively, the average overshoots of BSC-ESO and BSC-FTESO are $0.035\mathrm{rad}$ and $0.027\mathrm{rad}$, with stabilization times of $14.97\mathrm{s}$ and $12.56\mathrm{s}$, respectively. Therefore, the control scheme proposed in this paper outperforms other control schemes. Full article

In emerging countries like Romania, research on food loss and waste remains relatively scarce. This is mainly because the phenomenon, along with its repercussions and ramifications, is inadequately understood by all stakeholders within the agri-food chain. Consumer behaviour, with a specific focus on sustainability and waste reduction, has undergone a noticeable transformation on a global scale. Researchers have been emphasising the imperative for effective awareness and education strategies in this respect. Diverse studies contribute valuable insights into household food behaviour, identifying possible drivers and suggesting counteractive techniques. This study poses inquiries about consumer feelings regarding the food waste phenomenon and perceptions of the Romanian agri-food chain, as well as the influence of education on their awareness and adoption of sustainable eating habits. The paper delineates the semi-structured interview-based methodology, shows results through word-cloud and sentiment analysis, and engages in discussions on consumer behaviour through four distinct clusters, concluding with limitations, managerial implications and outlining future research directions. The findings underscore the relevance of emotions and sentiments in understanding consumer behaviour, shedding light on the nuanced factors influencing food waste. Notably, the accuracy of interpretation is higher when drawn from interviews rather than online comments or reviews made by unknown individuals. This distinction increases the credibility of the insights gained from the qualitative study. By analysing consumer sentiments, the study aids in implementing strategies to improve customer satisfaction and reduce food waste, fostering a more sustainable and consumer-centric approach in the agri-food sector worldwide. Full article

Micron-scale zero-valent iron (ZVI)-based material has been applied for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) decontamination in wastewater treatment and groundwater remediation, but the passivation problem has limited its field application. In this study, we combined aluminum chloride solution with ZVI (pcZVI-AlCl₃) to enhance Cr(VI) removal behavior under aerobic conditions. The optimal pre-corrosion conditions were found to be 2.5 g/L ZVI, 0.5 mM AlCl₃, and a 4 h preconditioning period. Different kinds of techniques were applied to detect the properties of preconditioned ZVI and corrosion products. The ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectra showed that proportions of ZVI, Fe₃O₄, and FeOOH in pcZVI-AlCl₃ were 49.22%, 34.03%, and 16.76%, respectively. The formation of Al(OH)₃ in the corrosion products improved its pH_pzc (point of zero charge) for Cr(VI) adsorption. Continuous-flow experiments showed its great potential for Cr(VI) removal in field applications. The ZVI and corrosion products showed a synergistic effect in enhancing electron transfer for Cr(VI) removal. The mechanisms underlying Cr(VI) removal by pcZVI-AlCl₃ included adsorption, reduction, and precipitation, and the contribution of adsorption was less. This work provides a new strategy for ZVI pre-corrosion to improve its longevity and enhance Cr(VI) removal. Full article

Geopolymer materials, considered to be an alternative to Portland cement-based concretes, can be produced from various types of waste aluminosilicate raw materials. This article presents the results of research related to the use of diatomite as an additive in geopolymers. The results of testing geopolymer composites with 1%, 3%, and 5% additions of diatomite with a grain size of 0–0.063 mm after and without thermal treatment were presented. This article presents the physical properties of the diatomite additive, the morphology of diatomite particles SEMs, thermal analysis, and compressive strength test results. In this research, diatomite was treated as a substitute for both fly ash and metakaolin (replaced in amounts of 1 and 3%) and as a substitute for sand introduced as a filler (in this case, 5% of diatomite was added). As a result of this research, it was found that the addition of diatomite instead of the main geopolymerization precursors in amounts of 1 and 3% had a negative impact on the strength properties of geopolymers, as the compressive strength was reduced by up to 28%. The introduction of crushed diatomite instead of sand in an amount of 5% contributed to an increase in strength of up to 24%. Full article

Background: Individuals with metabolic syndrome exhibit simultaneously pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory conditions which more probably can lead to cardiovascular diseases progression, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and some types of cancer. The present scoping review is aimed at highlighting the association between cancer risk, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome. Methods: A search strategy was performed, mixing keywords and MeSH terms, such as “Cancer Risk”, “Inflammation”, “Metabolic Syndrome”, “Oncogenesis”, and “Oxidative Stress”, and matching them through Boolean operators. A total of 20 manuscripts were screened for the present study. Among the selected papers, we identified some associations with breast cancer, colorectal cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and cancer in general. Conclusions: Cancer and its related progression may also depend also on a latent chronic inflammatory condition associated with other concomitant conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. Therefore, prevention may potentially help individuals to protect themselves from cancer. Full article

 Educational institutions and educators are significant in children’s lives, and they have a crucial role in implementing policies, practices, and sexual education to enhance children’s safety. Such policies and practices should be based on the voices of CSA survivors. This study explored child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors’ viewpoints on their past experiences with educators and the educational system. A qualitative thematic approach was used to analyze 61 written testimonies collected in 2020–2021 by the Israeli Independent Public Inquiry on CSA. Two interrelated themes arose: 1) CSA survivors’ retrospective perspectives of educators and the educational system’s responses to signs of their CSA, described as ranging from abusive to life-saving. Specifically, they shared three types of responses: a) harmful and hurtful; b) dismissive and ignoring; and c) accepting and attending. 2) The second theme described the survivors’ messages to educators to promote constructive change. The survivors conveyed expectations that educators should play a central role in CSA prevention, detection, and intervention and, specifically, the need for educators to receive professional training, provide beneficial sexual education, and identify and respond to CSA. The findings promoted moving beyond individual-level interventions to focus on improving educational institutional and organizational cultures related to CSA in both national and international contexts. Full article

Information on the financial toxicity experienced by Japanese patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is lacking, even though Japan has its own unique public health insurance system. Thus, a web-based survey was conducted to evaluate the financial toxicity experienced by Japanese mRCC patients using the COmprehensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST) tool. This study enrolled Japanese patients who underwent, or were undergoing, systemic therapy for mRCC. The outcomes evaluated were the distribution of COST scores, the correlation between COST and quality of life (QOL) assessed by the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) scale, and demographic factors associated with financial toxicity. The median (range) COST score was 19.0 (3.0–36.0). The Pearson correlation coefficient for COST and FACT-G total scores was 0.40. Univariate analysis revealed that not having private health insurance and lower household income per year were significantly associated with lower COST scores. Multivariate analyses showed that age < 65 years and not having private health insurance were significantly associated with lower COST scores. This study revealed that Japanese mRCC patients experience adverse financial impacts even under the universal health insurance coverage system available in Japan, and financial toxicity negatively affects their QOL. Full article

Electronic waste grows globally at a rate of 5% annually, which makes electronic waste recycling (WEEE recycling) an urgent task aimed at achieving (i) environmental protection and (ii) the preservation of mineral resources through the re-introduction of strategic metals into the market. As it turns out, WEEE recycling produces further waste, called WEEE secondary waste, which still contains valuable metals such as gold, silver, and copper. This study assessed the economic viability of recovering these metals and identified the most promising targets and approaches. WEEE secondary waste produced at a plant in southern Europe was sampled and examined for this purpose. The study methods included an ANOVA (analysis of variance) and an OCCP (orthogonal central composition plan). Over 90% gold, silver, and copper extraction was achieved with hydrochloric acid leaching in sodium hypochlorite with sodium chlorite as an oxidizing agent at 60 °C. The significance of the variation in the response for each factor, calculated using the Yates algorithm, demonstrates that by excluding sodium chloride and optimizing the doses of hydrochloric acid and sodium hypochlorite, gold can be selectively recovered through the leaching process. The scenario of HCl (2.5M)/NaClO (5%) leaching results in the maximum extraction effect of Au (91.6%) at the lowest concentrations of Ag and Cu (37–44%). Full article

Prions are proteinaceous pathogens responsible for a variety of devastating diseases in mammals, including scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease in cervids, and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. They are characterized by their exceptional persistence to common inactivation procedures. This applies to all possible sources of prion contamination as prions may be present in the tissues and biological fluids of infected individuals. Hence, efficient prion inactivation procedures are still being sought to minimize the risk of intra- or inter-species transmission. In the past, photocatalytic treatment has been proven to be capable of efficiently oxidizing and inactivating prions. In the present study, the efficacy of homogeneous photo-Fenton-based photocatalysis as well as heterogeneous photocatalysis with TiO₂ in reducing RML mouse scrapie infectivity was evaluated. Prion inactivation was assessed by means of a bioassay, and the results were confirmed by in vitro experiments. While the prion infectivity of the RML mouse scrapie was reduced after treatment with the photo-Fenton reagent, the heterogeneous photocatalytic treatment of the same prion strain completely eliminated prion infectivity. Full article

To enhance the oxygen guarantee capacity in high altitude areas and address the challenges of traditional pressure swing adsorption oxygen generation fixed equipment with large volume and multiple device modules, a novel single-reversible-pump single-bed vacuum pressure swing adsorption (VPSA) oxygen generation process was proposed and simulated. This study investigated the effects of purge on oxygen productivity, purity, recovery, and energy consumption, determining that the optimum ratio of total oxygen in the purge gas to the total oxygen in the feed gas (P/F) was 0.176. A set of principle prototypes was developed and validated in plains. The process performance was then simulated and studied at altitudes of 3000 m, 4000 m, and 5000 m. Finally, the optimization was carried out by adjusting the product flow rate and feed flow rate, revealing that the best performance can be achieved when the oxygen purity exceeded 90% with lower energy consumption or larger productivity than the optimization goal. This study serves as a valuable reference for the optimization of the VPSA oxygen generation process in a plateau environment. Full article

Introduction: Modern endodontics aims to decrease the bacterial load from the complex endodontic space. Over the years, improvements in the operative phases have led to a considerable increase in the success rate of endodontic treatments. The shaping phase has seen the development of new techniques supported by technological innovations that have led to higher treatment predictability. Endodontic instruments have experienced a series of changes that have led to modifications in their design, surface treatments, and heat treatments. The clinical use of rotating nickel–titanium instruments has become widespread and consolidated, a success due primarily to the alloy’s mechanical characteristics, which are superior to steel ones, but also to innovations in instrument design. The advent of the Ni-Ti alloy has kept the concepts and requirements of shaping the same but has modified its implementation in endodontics. Aim: The following review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol. The research question focused on Ni-Ti endodontic instruments whose cyclic fatigue was evaluated by analyzing cyclic fatigue strength and the incidence of fracture. Results: At the end of the research, 10 systematic reviews and 1 randomized controlled trial were included in this comprehensive review. The most frequently analysed alloys were M-wire, conventional Ni-Ti, and CM-wire. In seven articles, instruments made of M-wire alloy were used; in eight articles, instruments made of conventional Ni-Ti; and in seven articles, instruments made of CM-wire alloy. Conclusions: The technological evolution of Ni-Ti alloys has led to the development of increasingly high-performance endodontic files that are resistant to cyclic fatigue during clinical practice and have greater resistance to sterilisation practices, making treatment easier and more predictable over time. In particular, heat-treated nickel-titanium root canal instruments present greater resistance to cyclic fatigue than untreated ones and those used with reciprocating kinematics concerning continuous rotation. Full article

The main purpose of the present paper is to prove the existence of periodic solutions of the three-body problem in the 3D Kepler formulation. We have solved the same problem in the case when the three particles are considered in an external inertial system. We start with the three-body equations of motion, which are a subset of the equations of motion (previously derived by us) for any number of bodies. In the Minkowski space, there are 12 equations of motion. It is proved that three of them are consequences of the other nine, so their number becomes nine, as much as the unknown trajectories are. The Kepler formulation assumes that one particle (the nucleus) is placed at the coordinate origin. The motion of the other two particles is described by a neutral system with respect to the unknown velocities. The state-dependent delays arise as a consequence of the finite vacuum speed of light. We obtain the equations of motion in spherical coordinates and split them into two groups. In the first group all arguments of the unknown functions are delays. We take their solutions as initial functions. Then, the equations of motion for the remaining two particles must be solved to the right of the initial point. To prove the existence–uniqueness of a periodic solution, we choose a space consisting of periodic infinitely smooth functions satisfying some supplementary conditions. Then, we use a suitable operator which acts on these spaces and whose fixed points are periodic solutions. We apply the fixed point theorem for the operators acting on the spaces of periodic functions. In this manner, we show the stability of the He atom in the frame of classical electrodynamics. In a previous paper of ours, we proved the existence of spin functions for plane motion. Thus, we confirm the Bohr and Sommerfeld’s hypothesis for the He atom. Full article

A Fe-Co dual-metal co-doped N containing the carbon composite (FeCo-HNC) was prepared by adjusting the ratio of iron to cobalt as well as the pyrolysis temperature with the assistance of functionalized silica template. Fe₁Co-HNC, which was formed with 1D carbon nanotubes and 2D carbon nanosheets including a rich mesoporous structure, exhibited outstanding oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalytic activities. The ORR half-wave potential is 0.86 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), and the OER overpotential is 0.76 V at 10 mA cm⁻² with the Fe₁Co-HNC catalyst. It also displayed superior performance in zinc–air batteries. This method provides a promising strategy for the fabrication of efficient transition metal-based carbon catalysts. Full article