In this article, we consider a make-to-stock queueing system with retrial customers. Upon their arrival, customers make a decision to either join the system or not based on a reward–cost function. If customers join the retrial queue, they become repeat customers. Each repeat customer repeats their demand after an exponential amount of time until they have been successfully served. We explore the equilibrium strategies of customers in both the almost observable and unobservable cases. Furthermore, we also analyze the expected costs of the entire system based on the customers’ behavior in these two cases. Additionally, we determine the optimal inventory levels in both cases through numerical experiments. Full article

This paper utilizes a meta-analytic approach to examine the correlation between Just-In-Time (JIT) practices and financial performance. The investigation assesses JIT’s influence on key financial metrics, including Return on Investment (ROI), Return on Sales (ROS), Asset Turnover, and Profit Margins. Results indicate a robust positive correlation between JIT implementation and enhanced financial outcomes, demonstrating that JIT significantly contributes to both operational efficiency and financial health. The findings illustrate that JIT’s effectiveness varies by organizational scale and economic context, with larger firms and stable economic conditions seeing the most pronounced benefits. Conversely, smaller firms might face challenges in harnessing JIT’s full financial potential, underscoring the importance of tailored implementation strategies. This study confirms the strategic value of JIT for boosting profitability and efficiency, providing managers with actionable insights to optimize JIT deployment. It also suggests areas for future research to refine understanding of JIT’s variable effects across different operational contexts and explore potential contributions to sustainability initiatives. This contribution enriches the discourse on JIT’s role in enhancing corporate financial performance and opens the door to examining its broader impacts on sustainable business practices. Full article

This article examines aspects of the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI) and religion, challenging Western Christian perspectives that warn against playing God and ascribing human and God-like characteristics to AI. Instead of a theistic emphasis, East Asian religious perspectives emphasize concern for the potential implications of AI on communities and relationships. This article argues for the inclusion of perspectives from Chinese and Korean traditions in the growing discourse on AI and religion to adequately address the potential social impacts of AI technologies. First, we describe some of the questions and concerns being posed regarding AI and consider how certain normative interpretations of Western Christianity may influence some of these issues. Second, we discuss the contributions of Asian philosophies and religious traditions, which emphasize relationality and fluidity, to provide alternative approaches to AI. Third, we outline the discussion of AI from Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist traditions, which see the cosmos as an interwoven whole and both humans and the cosmos as evolving. Lastly, we introduce the example of digital resurrection (e.g., deadbots) and consider how the philosophical and theological Korean concept of Jeong might refocus our understanding of the potential impacts of this AI technology. Full article

Recently, significant attention has been paid to the large-scale use of renewable energy through high-voltage direct current (HVDC) because of its economic feasibility. At the same time, the growing demand for electricity and the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources have prompted the electric power industry to explore methods to optimize the use of the existing grid infrastructure. Dynamic thermal line rating (DTLR) is a technique that allows transmission lines to operate at their maximum capacity, considering their real-time operating conditions. The majority of existing research on this topic has focused predominantly on employing DTLR in alternating current systems and exploring their applications. This study presents a novel approach by applying DTLR to HVDC transmission corridors, with the aim of maximizing the utilization of their capacity and facilitating increased integration of renewable energy. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated by conducting a case study for an HVDC transmission line in Alberta, Canada. On average, the mean increase in ampacity above the static rating is 64% during winter and 34% during summer. This additional capacity can be used to integrate wind energy, replacing coal-fired generation. This leads to a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, also quantified in this contribution. Full article

Noble metals have become a research hotspot for the oxidation of light alkanes due to their low ignition temperature and easy activation of C-H; however, sintering and a high price limit their industrial applications. The preparation of effective and low-noble-metal catalysts still presents profound challenges. Herein, we describe how a Ru@CoMn₂O₄ spinel catalyst was synthesized via Ru in situ doping to promote the activity of propane oxidation. Ru@CoMn₂O₄ exhibited much higher catalytic activity than CoMn₂O₄, achieving 90% propane conversion at 217 °C. H₂-TPR, O₂-TPD, and XPS were used to evaluate the catalyst adsorption/lattice oxygen activity and the adsorption and catalytic oxidation capacity of propane. It could be concluded that Ru promoted synergistic interactions between cobalt and manganese, leading to electron transfer from the highly electronegative Ru to Co²⁺ and Mn³⁺. Compared with CoMn₂O₄, 0.1% Ru@CoMn₂O₄, with a higher quantity of lattice oxygen and oxygen mobility, possessed a stronger capability of reducibility, which was the main reason for the significant increase in the activity of Ru@CoMn₂O₄. In addition, intermediates of the reaction between adsorbed propane and lattice oxygen on the catalyst were monitored by in situ DRIFTS. This work highlights a new strategy for the design of a low-noble-metal catalyst for the efficient oxidation of propane. Full article

The exploration of Pb-Zn mineralization in carbonate complexes during field campaign is a challenging process that consumes high expenses and time to discover high prospective zones for a detailed exploration stage. In this study, multi-sensor remote-sensing imagery from Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, and ASTER were utilized for Pb-Zn mineralization prospectivity mapping in the Akhlamad carbonate complex area, Razavi Khorasan, NE Iran. Due to the presence of carbonate formations and various evidence of Pb-Zn mineralization, this area was selected. Band composition, band ratio, principal component analysis (PCA), and SAM techniques for mapping alteration minerals as well as lineament analysis were implemented. Subsequently, a fuzzy logic model for identifying the prospective zones of Pb-Zn mineralization using multi-sensor remote-sensing satellite images was designed. The weight of each exploratory layer was determined using the fuzzy hierarchical method and the integration process of the information layers was performed using fuzzy operators. Finally, the existing mineral indications were used to evaluate and validate the obtained mineral potential map. The outcome of this investigation suggested several high-potential zones for Pb-Zn exploration in the study area. Full article

Snakebite envenoming and its resulting complications are serious threats to the health of vulnerable people living in rural areas of developing countries. The knowledge of the heterogeneity of symptoms associated with snakebite envenoming and their management strategies is vital to treat such life-threatening complications to save lives. Russell’s viper envenomation induces a diverse range of clinical manifestations from commonly recognised haemotoxic and local effects to several rare conditions that are often not reported. The lack of awareness about these unusual manifestations can affect prompt diagnosis, appropriate therapeutic approaches, and positive outcomes for patients. Here, we report pulmonary thromboembolism that developed in three patients following Russell’s viper envenomation and demonstrate their common clinical features and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches used. All patients showed clinical signs of local (oedema) and systemic (blood coagulation disturbances) envenomation, which were treated using polyvalent antivenom. They exhibited elevated heart rates, breathlessness, and reduced oxygen saturation, which are non-specific but core parameters in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. The recognition of pulmonary embolism was also achieved by an electrocardiogram, which showed sinus tachycardia and computed tomography and echocardiogram scans further confirmed this condition. Anti-coagulant treatment using low-molecular-weight heparin offered clinical benefits in these patients. In summary, this report reinforces the broad spectrum of previously unreported consequences of Russell’s viper envenomation. The constant updating of healthcare professionals and the dissemination of major lessons learned in the clinical management of snakebite envenoming through scientific documentation and educational programs are necessary to mitigate the adverse impacts of venomous snakebites in vulnerable communities. Full article

Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is overexpressed in various cancers and is a promising target for cancer diagnosis and therapy. However, the high pancreas uptake and/or metabolic instability observed for most reported GRPR-targeted radioligands might limit their clinical applications. Our group recently reported a GRPR-targeted antagonist tracer, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-TacsBOMB2 ([⁶⁸Ga]Ga-DOTA-Pip-D-Phe⁶-Gln⁷-Trp⁸-Ala⁹-Val¹⁰-Gly¹¹-His¹²-Leu¹³ψThz¹⁴-NH₂), which showed a minimal pancreas uptake in a preclinical mouse model. In this study, we synthesized four derivatives with unnatural amino acid substitutions (Tle¹⁰-derived Ga-LW01158, NMe-His¹²-derived Ga-LW01160, α-Me-Trp⁸- and Tle¹⁰-derived Ga-LW01186, and Tle¹⁰- and N-Me-Gly¹¹-derived Ga-LW02002) and evaluated their potential for detecting GRPR-expressing tumors with positron emission tomography (PET). The binding affinities (K_i(GRPR)) of Ga-LW01158, Ga-LW01160, Ga-LW01186, and Ga-LW02002 were 5.11 ± 0.47, 187 ± 17.8, 6.94 ± 0.95, and 11.0 ± 0.39 nM, respectively. [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-LW01158, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-LW01186, and [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-LW02002 enabled clear visualization of subcutaneously implanted human prostate cancer PC-3 tumor xenografts in mice in PET images. Ex vivo biodistribution studies showed that [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-LW01158 had the highest tumor uptake (11.2 ± 0.65 %ID/g) and good tumor-to-background uptake ratios at 1 h post-injection. Comparable in vivo stabilities were observed for [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-LW01158, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-LW01186, and [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-LW02002 (76.5–80.7% remaining intact in mouse plasma at 15 min post-injection). In summary, the Tle¹⁰ substitution, either alone or combined with α-Me-Trp⁸ or NMe-Gly¹¹ substitution, in Ga-TacsBOMB2 generates derivatives that retained good GRPR binding affinity and in vivo stability. With good tumor uptake and tumor-to-background imaging contrast, [⁶⁸Ga]Ga-LW01158 is promising for detecting GRPR-expressing lesions with PET. Full article

The most common pattern types for anode structuring, in particular the line, grid, and hexagonal-arranged hole pattern were evaluated in a comparable setup in full-cells and symmetrical cells. The cells with structured electrodes were compared to reference cells with unstructured anodes of similar areal capacity (4.3 mAh cm⁻²) and the onset of lithium plating during fast-charging was determined in situ by differential voltage analysis of the voltage relaxation and ex situ by post-mortem analysis. Furthermore, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements on symmetrical cells were used to determine the ionic resistance of structured and unstructured electrodes of similar areal capacity. All cells with structured electrodes showed lower ionic resistances and an onset of lithium plating shifted to higher C-rates compared to cells with unstructured electrodes. The structure patterns with capillary structures, i.e., lines and grids, showed significant reduced lithium plating during fast-charging and a higher rate capability compared to reference cells with unstructured electrodes and cells with hole structured electrodes. The continuous rewetting of the electrode with liquid electrolyte by capillary forces and the reduced ionic resistance of the 3D electrode are identified as key factors in improving overall battery performance. The data of the studied cells were used to calculate the resulting energy and power densities of prospective commercial pouch cells and potential pitfalls in the comparison to cells with unstructured electrodes were identified. Full article

The performance of lithium-ion batteries is greatly influenced by various factors within their operating environment, which can significantly impact their overall efficiency and effectiveness. In this paper, a multi-physics field electrochemical thermal model is established to measure the physical parameters of a battery module during the charge/discharge process. The effects of working temperature, current rate, and convective heat transfer coefficient are investigated by establishing an electrochemical and thermal model. The results are obtained by conducting numerous parameterized scans to analyze the system’s state across various operating conditions, enabling the determination of its temperature and the selection of appropriate cooling measures accordingly. Based on the internal and external conditions of battery operation, parameter selection corresponding to the operating range is divided into several stages, with thermal management strategies provided for each stage. The existing framework facilitates the design of battery packs equipped with efficient thermal management strategies, thereby enhancing the battery systems’ reliability and performance. Furthermore, it aids in establishing optimal operational and safety boundaries for batteries. Full article

Ongoing climate change is having a profound impact on agriculture, which is attracting attention from the scientific community. One of its effects is an increase in average temperature, which is a key factor in grape cultivation. This may increase the popularity of viticulture in central Europe. The aim of this study was to assess the potential for the development of viticulture in central Poland based on SAT changes from 1975 to 2021, in addition to changes in evapotranspiration, occurrence of late spring and early autumn frosts and frosty days in selected years from this period as an important factors relating to climate change. The research utilized data obtained from the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management—National Research Institute. The Bai–Perron test was used to determine the direction of temperature changes. An AR(1) autoregression model was used to predict SAT changes in central Poland for the years 2022–2026, based on the results of the Bai–Perron test. As part of the in-depth research on the SAT index, reference evapotranspiration calculations were also made as a second factor that is considered an important indicator of climate change. The Sum of Active Temperatures from 1975 to 2021 in the provinces of central Poland showed an increasing trend of 0.07% per year. The average SAT in central Poland in 2022–2026 is expected to range from 2700 °C to 2760 °C. Considering the current thermal conditions in central Poland and the forecasts for the coming years, it can be expected that vineyard cultivation will develop in this region. However, the research shows that the observed increasing trend in evapotranspiration, both in total in individual years and in the period of the greatest vegetation, i.e., in the months from May to the end of August, will result in an increasing need in central Poland to ensure adequate irrigation in developing vineyards. Full article

Although information theory resolves the inconsistencies (known in the form of famous enigmas) of the traditional approach of thermostatistics, its place in the corresponding literature is not what it deserves. This article supports the idea that this is mainly due to epistemological rather than scientific reasons: the subjectivity introduced into physics is perceived as a problem. Here is an attempt to expose and clarify where exactly this subjectivity lies: in the representation of reality and in probabilistic inference, two aspects that have been integrated into the practice of science for a long time and which should no longer frighten anyone but have become explicit with information theory. Full article

Maintaining the peak temperature of a battery within limits is a mandate for the safer operation of electric vehicles. In two-wheeler electric vehicles, the options available for the battery thermal management system are minuscule due to the restrictions imposed by factors like weight, cost, availability, performance, and load. In this study, a multi-strategical cooling approach of forced convection and mist cooling over a single-cell 21,700 lithium-ion battery working under the condition of 4C is proposed. The chosen levels for air velocities (10, 15, 20 and 25 m/s) imitate real-world riding conditions, and for mist cooling implementation, injection pressure with three levels (3, 7 and 14 bar) is considered. The ANSYS fluent simulation is carried out using the volume of fluid in the discrete phase modelling transition using water mist as a working fluid. Initial breakup is considered for more accurate calculations. The battery’s state of health (SOH) is determined using PYTHON by adopting the Newton–Raphson estimation. The maximum temperature reduction potential by employing an airflow improviser (AFI) and additives (Tween 80, 1-heptanol, APG0810, Tween 20 and FS3100) is also explored. The simulation results revealed that an additional reduction of about 11% was possible by incorporating additives and AFI in the multi-strategical approach. The corresponding SOH improvement was about 2%. When the electric two-wheeler operated under 4C, the optimal condition (Max. SOH and Min. peak cell temp.) was achieved at an air velocity of 25 m/s, injection pressure of 7 bar with AFI and 3% (by wt.) Tween 80 and a 0.1% deformer. Full article

Background: Clubfoot is a common congenital deformity. The Ponseti technique, involving early corrective manipulations followed by applying long leg casts and Achilles tenotomy, is widely accepted as the preferred treatment. Rapid tendon healing after surgery has been documented, but the aspect regarding long-term tendon structure and properties is not known. Three cases of Achilles tendon rupture in adolescents previously treated for clubfoot have been described in the literature. As rupture is a rare event in this age group, a possible correlation with previous surgery has been hypothesized. The primary aim of the study was to compare the ultrasound findings of the Achilles tendon in patients treated for clubfoot, between patients treated with casting alone and with patients who underwent surgery (percutaneous tenotomy or Z-plasty lengthening). Methods: There were 22 asymptomatic patients (34 feet) with a median age of 12 years, previously treated for clubfoot, that were recruited for this study; the patients underwent an Achilles tendon ultrasound examination during a follow-up outpatient visit. Results: A greater thickness and increased number of structural alterations with the presence of hypoechoic areas of the operated tendons compared with those treated with plaster alone were observed (p-value: 0.0498 and <0.001, respectively). These ultrasound findings were indicative of tendon suffering, as seen in tendinopathies. Conclusions: The presence of ultrasound alterations in asymptomatic patients operated on for clubfoot requires careful control of the extrinsic factors of tendinopathy in order to reduce the risk of subcutaneous rupture. Full article

The effect of microwave treatment on the grinding and flotation performance of a typical copper–nickel sulfide ore was evaluated, based on the determination of its microwave absorption capability, grinding and flotation indexes such as crack percentage, mineral liberation degree, particle size distribution, relative work index (RWI), metal enrichment ratio, and recovery. There were obvious differences between the microwave absorption capabilities of the main minerals in the ore, as demonstrated by their different microwave penetration depths. They also induced temperature differences between sulfide minerals and gangue minerals which could reach 418 °C after microwave treatment for 20 s. It was shown that microwave treatment could effectively improve the grindability of the ore, as proven by the increase in fine particles smaller than 0.074 mm and a decrease in RWI after grinding due to the higher crack percentage and mineral liberation degree. Moreover, microwave treatment affected the ore floatability because of the generation of cuprite, retgersite, and rozenite with poor floatability when the treatment time was extended. By microwave treatment for a proper time, 20 s, an optimal balance between the grindability and flotation performance could be achieved. Compared with the untreated ore, the RWI of the ore decreased by 11.5%. After flotation, the Cu and Ni enrichment ratios of the flotation concentrate increased by 0.3 and 0.2, respectively. Meanwhile, their corresponding recoveries increased by 4.2% and 3.1%. This study provides new insights for the treatment of copper–nickel sulfide ore to enhance the grinding and flotation process. Full article

Goal: This study aimed to examine provincial differences in patient spending for cancer care and reductions in household spending including decisions to forego care in Canada. Methods: Nine-hundred and one patients with cancer, from twenty cancer centers across Canada, completed a self-administered questionnaire (P-SAFE version 7.2.4) (344 breast, 183 colorectal, 158 lung, and 216 prostate) measuring direct and indirect costs and spending changes. Results: Provincial variations showed a high mean out-of-pocket cost (OOPC) of CAD 938 (Alberta) and a low of CAD 280 (Manitoba). Differences were influenced by age and income. Income loss was highest for Alberta (CAD 2399) and lowest for Manitoba (CAD 1126). Travel costs were highest for Alberta (CAD 294) and lowest for British Columbia (CAD 67). Parking costs were highest for Ontario (CAD 103) and lowest for Manitoba (CAD 53). A total of 41% of patients reported reducing spending, but this increased to 52% for families earning <CAD 50,000 per year. The highest national rates of decisions to forego care were in relation to vitamins/supplements, the selection made by 21.3% of those who indicated spending reductions. Reductions for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) were made by 16.3%, and for drugs, by 12.8%. Most cost categories had higher proportions of individuals who decided to forego care when family income was <CAD 50,000 per year and for patients under 65 years of age. Conclusions: Levels of financial burden for patients with cancer in Canada vary provincially, including for OOPC, travel and parking costs, and lost income. Decisions to forego cancer care are highest in relation to vitamins/supplements, CAM, and drugs. Provincial differences suggest that regional health policies and demographics may impact patients’ overall financial burden. Full article

The HMG-domain containing transcription factor Sox10 plays a crucial role in regulating Schwann cell survival and differentiation and is expressed throughout the entire Schwann cell lineage. While its importance in peripheral myelination is well established, little is known about its role in the early stages of Schwann cell development. In a search for direct target genes of Sox10 in Schwann cell precursors, the transcriptional co-repressor Tle4 was identified. At least two regions upstream of the Tle4 gene appear involved in mediating the Sox10-dependent activation. Once induced, Tle4 works in tandem with the bHLH transcriptional repressor Hes1 and exerts a dual inhibitory effect on Sox10 by preventing the Sox10 protein from transcriptionally activating maturation genes and by suppressing Sox10 expression through known enhancers of the gene. This mechanism establishes a regulatory barrier that prevents premature activation of factors involved in differentiation and myelin formation by Sox10 in immature Schwann cells. The identification of Tle4 as a critical downstream target of Sox10 sheds light on the gene regulatory network in the early phases of Schwann cell development. It unravels an elaborate regulatory circuitry that fine-tunes the timing and extent of Schwann cell differentiation and myelin gene expression. Full article

The surge of disinformation in the digital sphere following the COVID-19 pandemic presents a considerable threat to democratic principles in contemporary societies. In response, multiple fact-checking platforms and citizen media literacy initiatives have been promoted. The fact checker has indeed become a new professional profile demanded by the sector. In this context, this research delves into the study of digital skills applied to information verification by journalism students. Adopting a comprehensive understanding of digital skills that extends beyond technical proficiency to encompass a shift in mindset, journalism students’ perceptions of their verification abilities are examined using a quantitative survey technique. This examination is based on an original list of competencies prepared specifically for this study. The results indicate that journalism students demonstrate awareness of the implications of disinformation, exhibiting scepticism towards content from unfamiliar sources or displaying clear signs of deceptive intent. Furthermore, they emphasise the importance of verification and fact-checking practices and express confidence in their proficiency in analysis, critical thinking, and social skills. However, their confidence in handling computer applications for verification and specialisation in data journalism is comparatively lower. Notably, significant gender disparities were observed in these areas, with women exhibiting greater confidence in social skills, collaborative work, and innovation, while men displayed a heightened proficiency in computer applications. Consequently, there is a need for improvements in teaching practices, which could potentially create new job opportunities for journalism students. Full article

The development of sustainable flame retardants is gaining momentum due to their enhanced safety attributes and environmental compatibility. One effective strategy is to use waste materials as a primary source of chemical components, which can help mitigate environmental issues associated with traditional flame retardants. This paper reviews recent research in flame retardancy for waste flame retardants, categorizing them based on waste types like industrial, food, and plant waste. The paper focuses on recent advancements in this area, focusing on their impact on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of polymeric materials. The study also provides a summary of functionalization methodologies used and key factors involved in modifying polymer systems. Finally, their major challenges and prospects for the future are identified. Full article

Breast cancer includes tumor subgroups with morphological, molecular, and clinical differences. Intrinsic heterogeneity especially characterizes breast tumors with a triple negative phenotype, often leading to the failure of even the most advanced therapeutic strategies. To improve breast cancer treatment, the use of natural agents to integrate conventional therapies is the subject of ever-increasing attention. In this context, garlic (Allium sativum) shows anti-cancerous potential, interfering with the proliferation, motility, and malignant progression of both non-invasive and invasive breast tumor cells. As heterogeneity could be at the basis of variable effects, the main objective of our study was to evaluate the anti-tumoral activity of a garlic extract in breast cancer cells with a triple negative phenotype. Established triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines from patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were used, revealing subtype-dependent effects on morphology, cell cycle, and invasive potential, correlated with the peculiar down-modulation of Akt signaling, a crucial regulator in solid tumors. Our results first demonstrate that the effects of garlic on TNBC breast cancer are not unique and suggest that only more precise knowledge of the mechanisms activated by this natural compound in each tumor will allow for the inclusion of garlic in personalized therapeutic approaches to breast cancer. Full article

OpenAI’s ChatGPT (San Francisco, CA, USA) and Google’s Gemini (Mountain View, CA, USA) are two large language models that show promise in improving and expediting medical decision making in hand surgery. Evaluating the applications of these models within the field of hand surgery is warranted. This study aims to evaluate ChatGPT-4 and Gemini in classifying hand injuries and recommending treatment. Methods: Gemini and ChatGPT were given 68 fictionalized clinical vignettes of hand injuries twice. The models were asked to use a specific classification system and recommend surgical or nonsurgical treatment. Classifications were scored based on correctness. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a paired two-tailed t-test, and sensitivity testing. Results: Gemini, correctly classifying 70.6% hand injuries, demonstrated superior classification ability over ChatGPT (mean score 1.46 vs. 0.87, p-value < 0.001). For management, ChatGPT demonstrated higher sensitivity in recommending surgical intervention compared to Gemini (98.0% vs. 88.8%), but lower specificity (68.4% vs. 94.7%). When compared to ChatGPT, Gemini demonstrated greater response replicability. Conclusions: Large language models like ChatGPT and Gemini show promise in assisting medical decision making, particularly in hand surgery, with Gemini generally outperforming ChatGPT. These findings emphasize the importance of considering the strengths and limitations of different models when integrating them into clinical practice. Full article

Cybersecurity is one of the important considerations when adopting IoT devices in smart applications. Even though a huge volume of data is available, data related to attacks are generally in a significantly smaller proportion. Although machine learning models have been successfully applied for detecting security attacks on smart applications, their performance is affected by the problem of such data imbalance. In this case, the prediction model is preferable to the majority class, while the performance for predicting the minority class is poor. To address such problems, we apply two oversampling techniques and two undersampling techniques to balance the data in different categories. To verify their performance, five machine learning models, namely the decision tree, multi-layer perception, random forest, XGBoost, and CatBoost, are used in the experiments based on the grid search with 10-fold cross-validation for parameter tuning. The results show that both the oversampling and undersampling techniques can improve the performance of the prediction models used. Based on the results, the XGBoost model based on the SMOTE has the best performance in terms of accuracy at 75%, weighted average precision at 82%, weighted average recall at 75%, weighted average F1 score at 78%, and Matthews correlation coefficient at 72%. This indicates that this oversampling technique is effective for multi-attack prediction under a data imbalance scenario. Full article