Excluding rough areas with surface rocks and craters is critical for the safety of landing missions, such as China’s Chang’e-7 mission, in the permanently shadowed region (PSR) of the lunar south pole. Binned digital elevation model (DEM) data can describe the undulating surface, but the DEM data can hardly detect surface rocks because of median-averaging. High-resolution images from a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can be used to map discrete rocks and small craters according to their strong backscattering. This study utilizes the You Only Look Once version 7 (YOLOv7) tool to detect varying-sized craters in SAR images. It also employs the Markov random field (MRF) algorithm to identify surface rocks, which are usually difficult to detect in DEM data. The results are validated by optical images and DEM data in non-PSR. With the assistance of the DEM data, regions with slopes larger than 10° are excluded. YOLOv7 and MRF are applied to detect craters and rocky surfaces and exclude regions with steep slopes in the PSRs of craters Shoemaker, Slater, and Shackleton, respectively. This study proves SAR images are feasible in the selection of landing sites in the PSRs for future missions. Full article

The oil pipeline transportation of highly waxy oils when it is cold is accompanied by the deposition of paraffins in the inner surface of the pipeline. This study of the initial properties of the oil; the composition, structure, and nature of the components of normal alkanes in oil; and their influence on the aggregative stability of the resulting system makes it possible to find the best solutions to optimize the conditions of oil transportation with the lowest energy costs. This study shows that, according to the content of solid paraffin (14.0–16.2%), the oils of the Kumkol group of fields in Kazakhstan are highly waxy. They are characterized by high yield loss temperature values (+9–+12 °С), which also correlate with the values of the rheological parameters (t₀ 1.389 Pa, 3.564 Pa). The influence of the temperature and shear rate on the shear stress and effective viscosity of the initial oils was studied. At temperatures below 20 °C, depending on the shear rate, there is an increase in the effective viscosity values (0.020 Pa∙s, 0.351 Pa∙s). The influence of the nature of solid hydrocarbons on the parameters of the paraffinization process and of the intensity of the paraffinization of the metal surfaces was studied. Our study shows that the main share of n-alkanes in the Kumkol and Akshabulak oils falls on paraffins of the C15–C44 group. The greater the temperature difference between the oil and the cold steel surface (≤40 °С), the lesser the amount of asphalt–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) that fall out on the surface of the rod, although the content of long-chain paraffins prevails in these ARPDs. At the same time, the consistency of the released asphalt–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) becomes denser, which makes their mechanical removal more difficult. Furthermore, the results of this study of the cooling rate shows that the rapid cooling of oils leads to the formation of a large number of crystallization centers, which leads to an increase in the values of the yield loss temperature and kinematic viscosity of the oils. Full article

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease characterized by self-immune tolerance breakdown and the production of autoantibodies, causing the deposition of immune complexes and triggering inflammation and immune-mediated damage. SLE pathogenesis involves genetic predisposition and a combination of environmental factors. Clinical manifestations are variable, making an early diagnosis challenging. Heat shock proteins (Hsps), belonging to the chaperone system, interact with the immune system, acting as pro-inflammatory factors, autoantigens, as well as immune tolerance promoters. Increased levels of some Hsps and the production of autoantibodies against them are correlated with SLE onset and progression. The production of these autoantibodies has been attributed to molecular mimicry, occurring upon viral and bacterial infections, since they are evolutionary highly conserved. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with the occurrence and severity of SLE. Numerous findings suggest that proteins and metabolites of commensal bacteria can mimic autoantigens, inducing autoimmunity, because of molecular mimicry. Here, we propose that shared epitopes between human Hsps and those of gut commensal bacteria cause the production of anti-Hsp autoantibodies that cross-react with human molecules, contributing to SLE pathogenesis. Thus, the involvement of the chaperone system, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and molecular mimicry in SLE ought to be coordinately studied. Full article

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major human pathogen and can cause a wide range of diseases, including pneumonia, osteomyelitis, skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), endocarditis, mastitis, bacteremia, and so forth. Rats have been widely used in the field of infectious diseases due to their unique advantages, and the models of S. aureus infections have played a pivotal role in elucidating their pathogenic mechanisms and the effectiveness of therapeutic agents. This review outlined the current application of rat models in S. aureus infections and future prospects for rat models in infectious diseases caused by S. aureus. Full article

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine rotavirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and bovine astrovirus are the most common intestinal pathogenic viruses causing diarrhea in cattle. We collected 1646 bovine fecal samples from January 2020 to August 2023. BCoV was the major pathogen detected, with a positive rate of 34.02% (560/1646). Of the 670 diarrheal samples and 976 asymptomatic samples, 209 and 351 were BCoV-positive, respectively. Studying the relevance of diarrhea associated with BCoV has shown that the onset of diarrheal symptoms post-infection is strongly correlated with the cattle’s age and may also be related to the breed. We amplified and sequenced the hemagglutinin esterase (HE), spike protein, and whole genomes of the partially positive samples and obtained six complete HE sequences, seven complete spike sequences, and six whole genomes. Molecular characterization revealed that six strains were branched Chinese strains, Japanese strains, and partial American strains from the GⅡb subgroup. Strains HBSJZ2202 and JSYZ2209 had four amino acid insertions on HE. We also analyzed ORF1a and found disparities across various regions within GIIb, which were positioned on separate branches within the phylogenetic tree. This work provides data for further investigating the epidemiology of BCoV and for understanding and analyzing BCoV distribution and dynamics. Full article

Growing high-quality crystals with ideal properties is of great importance. The morphology of crystal is one key factor reflecting product quality, as it can affect the performance of products and downstream operations. In this work, the current state of crystal morphology modification is reviewed from different perspectives. First, the most widely used crystal growth models are discussed. Then, a variety of crystal morphology control methods, which include adjustment of crystallization operation parameters, addition of foreign molecules, change of different solvents, membrane assistance, the addition of external physical fields and the use of ball milling are summarized. As for applications, the control of crystal morphology has application potential in pharmaceutical and material fields, for example, energetic materials and semiconductor materials. Finally, the future development direction of crystal morphology regulation is discussed. Full article

This study focuses on the microstructures and soft-magnetic properties of the Al_1.5Fe₃Co₃Cr₁ multi-principal-element alloy (MPEA) in different states. The MPEA was prepared using arc melting and suction-casting, followed by various heat treatments. The crystal structures were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the microstructures were characterized by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results reveal that the MPEA consists mainly of coherent body-centered cubic (BCC) and B2 phases, with a moderate lattice misfit (ε = 0.14~0.21%) between them. The homogenized alloy shows the presence of coarse equiaxed grains and micro-scale cells, and it has good soft-magnetic properties with M_S = 127 emu/g and H_C = 143.3 A/m (1.8 Oe). The thermal stability of the alloy is found to be optimal after aging at 873 K, as there are no significant changes in microstructures and soft-magnetic properties. However, when the aging temperature increases to 973 K, the BCC nanoprecipitates are coarsened, leading to a decrease in the soft-magnetic properties. Full article

Biosensors play a crucial role in detecting cancer signals by orchestrating a series of intricate biological and physical transduction processes. Among various cancers, breast cancer stands out due to its genetic underpinnings, which trigger uncontrolled cell proliferation, predominantly impacting women, and resulting in significant mortality rates. The utilization of biosensors in predicting survival time becomes paramount in formulating an optimal treatment strategy. However, conventional biosensors employing traditional machine learning methods encounter challenges in preprocessing features for the learning task. Despite the potential of deep learning techniques to automatically extract useful features, they often struggle to effectively leverage the intricate relationships between features and instances. To address this challenge, our study proposes a novel smart biosensor architecture that integrates a multi-view multi-way graph learning (MVMWGL) approach for predicting breast cancer survival time. This innovative approach enables the assimilation of insights from gene interactions and biosensor similarities. By leveraging real-world data, we conducted comprehensive evaluations, and our experimental results unequivocally demonstrate the superiority of the MVMWGL approach over existing methods. Full article

Background: This work aimed to study the Village Test (VT) in a group of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and compare the results with those of a group of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and controls. Methods: A total of 50 patients with AD, 28 patients with MCI, and 38 controls were evaluated. All participants underwent the VT and an extensive neuropsychological evaluation. Results: The mean ages of the participants were 74.4 years for those with AD, 74 for those with MCI, and 70.2 for the controls. The AD group built smaller and essential villages with a scarce use of pieces, a poor use of dynamic pieces, and scarce use of human figures. All constructions were often concentrated in the center of the table. Conclusions: The villages built by the AD group represent a cognitive and affective coarctation and indicate a sense of existential disorientation and isolation. The VT is a useful aid for getting in touch with the inner emotional and existential states of patients with AD, and it could represent a complementary screening tool for orienting cognitive impairment diagnoses. Full article

The branched complexes of Schiff bases with various iron(III) salts, named G2-[L₂Fe]⁺A⁻ (A⁻ is NO₃⁻, Cl⁻, PF₆⁻), were synthesized using the condensation reaction between carbazole derivatives of salicylic aldehyde and N’-ethylethylenediamine and characterized by various spectroscopic methods (GPC, IR, ¹H NMR, UV/Vis). The studies revealed that the coordination of the two ligand molecules to metal occurs through the nitrogen ions and oxygen atom of azomethine to form a homoleptic system. All the synthesized coordination compounds were examined for their thermal, optical, and magnetic features. Static magnetic measurements showed that only G2-[L₂Fe]Cl was in a single-phase HS state, whereas the Fe(III) ions of G2-[L₂Fe]NO₃ and G2-[L₂Fe]PF₆ at room temperatures were in mixed low-spin (LS, S = 1/2) and high-spin (HS, S = 5/2) states: 58.9% LS/41.1% HS for G2-[L₂Fe]NO₃, 56.1% LS and 43.9% HS for G2-[L₂Fe]PF₆. All G2-[L₂Fe]⁺A⁻ complexes demonstrate antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between neighboring Fe(III) ions. The ground spin state at 2.0 K revealed a Brillouin contribution from non-interacting LS ions and a proportion of the HS Fe(III) ions not participating in AFM interactions: 57%, 18%, and 16% for G2-[L₂Fe]Cl, G2-[L₂Fe]NO₃ and G2-[L₂Fe]PF₆, respectively. EPR measurements confirmed the presence of magnetically active HS and LS states of Fe(III) ions and made it possible to distinguish two HS types-with strong low-symmetry (I-type) and weak, distorted octahedral environments (II-type). It was shown that G2-[L₂Fe]⁺A⁻ complexes are magnetically inhomogeneous and consist of two magnetic sub-lattices: AFM-correlated chains in layers from the I-type HS Fe(III) centers and dynamic short-range AFM ordered LS/II-type HS Fe(III) centers in the paramagnetic phase located between the layers. Full article

Ejector-based proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are of great interest due to their simplicity and feasibility. Thus, proton exchange membrane fuel cells are considered the most suitable technology for in-vehicle systems, industrial applications, etc. Despite the passive characteristics of the ejector, active control of the hydrogen supply system is needed to ensure sufficient hydrogen, maintain the stack pressure, and ensure effective entrainment. In this research, a novel semi-empirical model is proposed to accurately predict the entrainment performance of the ejector with an 80 kW fuel cell system. According to the precise semi-empirical model, the hydrogen supply system and the anode channel are modeled. Then, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is developed to supply sufficient and adequate gas flow and maintain the rapid dynamic response. Compared to the conventional proportional–integral–derivative controller, the fuzzy logic controller could reduce the anode pressure variability by 5% during a stepped case and 2% during a dynamic case. Full article

Thermal energy storage technology has evolved as one of the prominent methods of storing thermal energy when it is available and utilized as per the requirements. In recent years, thermal energy storage has found a variety of applications for thermal management, such as buildings, batteries, electronics, cold storage, textiles, and solar thermal systems. Phase Change Material (PCM) has taken the lead among all other thermal energy storage materials because of various merits such as high energy density, ease of use, low cost, low volume change, environmental friendliness, easy availability, and chemical stability. However, limitations such as poor thermal conductivity and leakage during phase transformation limit their applicability. In this study, Shape Stabilized Composite PCM (SSCPCM) was developed to overcome these drawbacks. Paraffin wax and soya wax were used as PCMs and multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide were used as nano-additives. High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is used as a supporting matrix. Leakage test suggest maximum loading of 40 wt% and 35 wt% of paraffin wax and soya wax in HDPE without any leakage at elevated temperature. The prepared SSCPCM shows substantially better thermal energy storage capacity along with improved thermal conductivity. A maximum rise of 260.8% in thermal conductivity was observed in paraffin wax supported by HDPE and loaded with 3 wt% of multi-walled carbon nanotube nanoparticles. The heating and cooling performance suggests an improvement in the heating and cooling rate by adding nano-additives. The prepared SSCPCM are also thermally stable at elevated temperatures up to 150 °C. Full article

Since the discovery of innovative two-dimensional (2D) materials, significant efforts have been dedicated to exploring their intriguing properties and emerging applications. Among all candidates, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have proven to be exceptional for gas sensing, while defects engineering has been introduced to modify the pristine TMDs for better gas sensing performances. In this review, we systematically summarize types of defects, advanced characterization techniques, and state-of-the-art controllable synthetic methods. Various types of defects in TMDs can induce diverse changes in chemical and electron structures, which are closely correlated with gas sensing ability. Therefore, connections between defects and gas sensing mechanisms and performances have been addressed based on both defect categories and electron affinity of gases. This review will be a guide for researchers in defective materials and open up the field of precisely synthesis chemistry and deepen the understanding of the underlying effects of defects in other 2D materials. Full article

Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ETP-ALL) develops from very early cells with the potential for both T-cell and myeloid differentiation. The ambiguous nature of leukemic blasts in ETP-ALL may lead to immunophenotypic alterations at relapse. Here, we address immunophenotypic alterations and related classification issues, as well as genetic features of relapsed pediatric ETP-ALL. Between 2017 and 2022, 7518 patients were diagnosed with acute leukemia (AL). In addition to conventional immunophenotyping, karyotyping, and FISH studies, we performed next-generation sequencing of the T-cell receptor clonal repertoire and reverse transcription PCR and RNA sequencing for patients with ETP-ALL at both initial diagnosis and relapse. Among a total of 534 patients diagnosed with T-cell ALL (7.1%), 60 had ETP-ALL (11.2%). Ten patients with ETP-ALL experienced relapse or progression on therapy (16.7%), with a median time to event of 5 months (ranging from two weeks to 5 years). Most relapses were classified as AL of ambiguous lineage (n = 5) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (n = 4). Major genetic markers of leukemic cells remained unchanged at relapse. Of the patients with relapse, four had polyclonal leukemic populations and a relapse with AML or bilineal mixed-phenotype AL (MPAL). Three patients had clonal TRD rearrangements and relapse with AML, undifferentiated AL, or retention of the ETP-ALL phenotype. ETP-ALL relapse requires careful clinical and laboratory diagnosis. Treatment decisions should rely mainly on initial examination data, taking into account both immunophenotypic and molecular/genetic characteristics. Full article

Radio frequency interference (RFI) significantly hampers the target detection performance of frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar. To address the problem and maintain the target echo signal, this paper proposes a priori assumption on the interference component nature in the radar received signal, as well as a method for interference estimation and mitigation via time–frequency analysis. The solution employs Fourier synchrosqueezed transform to implement the radar’s beat signal transformation from time domain to time–frequency domain, thus converting the interference mitigation to the task of time–frequency distribution image restoration. The solution proposes the use of image processing based on the dual-tree complex wavelet transform and combines it with the spatial domain-based approach, thereby establishing a dual-domain fusion interference filter for time–frequency distribution images. This paper also presents a convolutional neural network model of structurally improved UNet++, which serves as the interference estimator. The proposed solution demonstrated its capability against various forms of RFI through the simulation experiment and showed a superior interference mitigation performance over other CNN model-based approaches. Full article

RNA interference inhibitors were initially discovered in plant viruses, representing a unique mechanism employed by these viruses to counteract host RNA interference. This mechanism has found extensive applications in plant disease resistance breeding and other fields; however, the impact of such interference inhibitors on insect cell RNA interference remains largely unknown. In this study, we screened three distinct interference inhibitors from plant and mammal viruses that act through different mechanisms and systematically investigated their effects on the insect cell cycle and baculovirus infection period at various time intervals. Our findings demonstrated that the viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) derived from plant and mammal viruses significantly attenuated the RNA interference effect in insect cells, as evidenced by reduced apoptosis rates, altered gene regulation patterns in cells, enhanced expression of exogenous proteins, and improved production efficiency of recombinant virus progeny. Further investigations revealed that the early expression of VSRs yielded superior results compared with late expression during RNA interference processes. Additionally, our results indicated that dsRNA-binding inhibition exhibited more pronounced effects than other modes of action employed by these interference inhibitors. The outcomes presented herein provide novel insights into enhancing defense mechanisms within insect cells using plant and mammal single-stranded RNA virus-derived interference inhibitors and have potential implications for expanding the scope of transformation within insect cell expression systems. Full article

There has been an increase in interest in the application of ω-3 PUFAs, especially EPA and DHA, in the development of various food products owing to their myriad health benefits. However, most fish oils do not contain more than 30% combined levels of EPA and DHA. In this study, through the urea complexation procedure, the production of EPA and DHA concentrate in their free fatty acids (FFAs) form was achieved from an enzymatic oil extracted from common kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia). To gain the maximum value of EPA and DHA, the response surface methodology (RSM), which is an effective tool to categorize the level of independent variables onto the responses of an experimental process, was also used. Different variables including the urea–fatty acids (FAs) ratio (in the range of 2–6, w/w), the temperature of crystallization (in the range of −24–8 °C), and the time of crystallization (in the range of 8–40 h) were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM) for maximizing the EPA and DHA contents. Following the model validation, the levels of the variables at which the maximum desirability function (0.907 score) was obtained for response variables were 5:1 (urea–FAs ratio), −9 °C (the temperature of crystallization), and 24 h (the time of crystallization). Under these optimal conditions, increases of 2.2 and 4.4 times in the EPA and DHA concentrations were observed, respectively, and an increase in the concentrations of EPA and DHA from 5.39 and 13.32% in the crude oil to 12.07 and 58.36% in the ω-3 PUFA concentrates were observed, respectively. These findings indicate that the urea complexation process is efficient at optimizated conditions. Full article

Frozen soil may cause structures to have different damage statuses, as revealed by earthquakes in northeastern China. ABAQUS (2019), a numerical simulation software application, was adopted to systematically and deeply study the structural seismic response, considering seasonal frozen soil–structure interaction under different ground motion intensities and soil ambient temperatures. The results showed firstly that the variation in soil ambient temperature had a great influence on the seismic response of the structure, as indicated by the damage status of the structure obtained through numerical simulation. Secondly, through further analysis of the numerical simulation results, the influence amplitude of different soil temperatures on the structural seismic response was quantitatively analyzed and systematically summarized. Finally, the structural seismic damage with negative ambient temperature could be significantly lower than that with positive temperature normally. Additionally, such an internal change mechanism was also objectively analyzed to verify the reliability of the conclusion. Full article

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal regulators of gene expression, playing crucial roles in plant developmental processes and environmental responses. However, the function of miRNAs in influencing deciduous traits has been little explored. Here, we utilized sRNA-seq on two deciduous species, Ilex polyneura (Hand.-Mazz.) S. Y. Hu and Ilex asprella Champ. ex Benth., along with an evergreen species, Ilex latifolia Thunb., to identify and annotate miRNAs within these species. Our analysis revealed 162 species-specific miRNAs (termed SS-miRNAs) from 120 families, underscoring the fundamental roles and potential influence of SS-miRNAs on plant phenotypic diversity and adaptation. Notably, three SS-miRNAs in I. latifolia were found to target crucial genes within the abscission signaling pathway. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements suggested a novel regulatory relationship that may contribute to the evergreen phenotype of I. latifolia by modulating the abscission process in a light-independent manner. These findings propose a potential mechanism by which SS-miRNAs can influence the conserved abscission pathway, contributing to the phenotypic divergence between deciduous and evergreen species within the genus Ilex. Full article

Among various non-covalent interactions, selenium-centered chalcogen bonds (SeChBs) have garnered considerable attention in recent years as a result of their important contributions to crystal engineering, organocatalysis, molecular recognition, materials science, and biological systems. Herein, we systematically investigated π–hole-type Se∙∙∙O/S ChBs in the binary complexes of SeO₂ with a series of O-/S-containing Lewis bases by means of high-level ab initio computations. The results demonstrate that there exists an attractive interaction between the Se atom of SeO₂ and the O/S atom of Lewis bases. The interaction energies computed at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level range from −4.68 kcal/mol to −10.83 kcal/mol for the Se∙∙∙O chalcogen-bonded complexes and vary between −3.53 kcal/mol and −13.77 kcal/mol for the Se∙∙∙S chalcogen-bonded complexes. The Se∙∙∙O/S ChBs exhibit a relatively short binding distance in comparison to the sum of the van der Waals radii of two chalcogen atoms. The Se∙∙∙O/S ChBs in all of the studied complexes show significant strength and a closed-shell nature, with a partially covalent character in most cases. Furthermore, the strength of these Se∙∙∙O/S ChBs generally surpasses that of the C/O–H∙∙∙O hydrogen bonds within the same complex. It should be noted that additional C/O–H∙∙∙O interactions have a large effect on the geometric structures and strength of Se∙∙∙O/S ChBs. Two subunits are connected together mainly via the orbital interaction between the lone pair of O/S atoms in the Lewis bases and the BD*(OSe) anti-bonding orbital of SeO₂, except for the SeO₂∙∙∙HCSOH complex. The electrostatic component emerges as the largest attractive contributor for stabilizing the examined complexes, with significant contributions from induction and dispersion components as well. Full article

The dairy and meat industries generate thousands of tons of organic waste and by-products each year, making them two of the least environmentally sustainable sectors. Typical waste includes not only processing by-products such as curds but also commercial products that are defective or unsaleable due to expiration or damaged packaging. This study aimed to evaluate the methanogenic potential of a mixture of 80% inedible curds and 20% expired sausages, as a substrate, using two continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR). The reactors were fed daily with increasing doses of the 80–20% mixture and an organic loading rate ranging from 0.31 gVS/litre/day at the beginning of the trials to 7.20 gVS/litre/day toward the end. The produced biogas was continuously analysed from both quantitative and qualitative point of view. Also, the process was continuously monitored by withdrawing samples from each reactor during the whole process, to analyse their physical–chemical parameters, including pH, total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonium nitrogen (NH4⁺-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA). The results of this study show a promising increase in biogas production with the increase in feed. In terms of biogas production, organic waste from the dairy and meat industry shows the potential to be exploited as a substrate to produce biomethane. Indeed, in this study, biomethane cumulative production reached 410.86 NL_CH4∙gTVS⁻¹ using an 8 L capacity reactor filled up to 6 L. This makes the tested by-products usable as a renewable energy source in the future, particularly within a circular economy approach, helping to mitigate the effects of global warming and addressing sustainable development goals. Full article

Sechium compositum (Cucurbitaceae) is a wild species that is distributed in the Soconusco region, Chiapas, Mexico, and the border with Guatemala. This species has an intangible biochemical value resulting from the pharmacological relevance of its secondary metabolites. However, as a consequence of the lack of knowledge about its importance, it is being displaced from its habitat at an accelerated rate, incurring the risk of genetic loss. Therefore, an in vitro culture protocol with two experimental phases was evaluated to propagate, conserve, and regenerate this species. The first phases considered the shoot propagation, adding seven concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 mg mL⁻¹) of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) and evaluating the number of buds and shoots and the shoot height. The best multiplication response was recorded with 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0 mg L⁻¹ of BA and 0.1 mg L⁻¹ of TDZ, as well as the MS base culture medium. The validation of the results of the first phase (0.1 mg L⁻¹ of BA) was compared with the MS in an independent experiment against the control (n = 50 repetitions), obtaining a height of 52 mm, 1.36 shoots, and 9.22 buds, suggesting that this concentration is adequate for the purpose, surpassing the MS control (MS culture medium alone). Of the total volume of roots obtained with packed bud structure in the previous experimental sample, it was reduced to 14% (n = 50). The second phase consisted of inducing callus formation from stem and leaf explants through the addition of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg L⁻¹ of TDZ and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) to the medium. Callus induction in S. compositum was better when using the stem in a medium with 2.0 mg L⁻¹ of 2,4-D with a value of 97.8% around the explant. The addition of 500 mg L⁻¹ of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is also suggested to reduce oxidation. This protocol represents a significant advance in the conservation, multiplication, and callus formation of S. compositum and contributes to its rescue and revaluation in the face of the danger of extinction. Full article