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Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Cerium Oxide (CeO₂) on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Skeletal Muscle in Mice with Streptozocin-Induced Diabetes

by Abdullah Özer, Necmiye Şengel, Ayşegül Küçük, Zeynep Yığman, Çağrı Özdemir, Yiğit Kılıç, Ali Doğan Dursun, Hasan Bostancı, Gülay Kip and Mustafa Arslan

Medicina 2024, 60(5), 752; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050752 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Objective: Lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) may occur with trauma-related vascular injury and various vascular diseases, during the use of a tourniquet, in temporary clamping of the aorta in aortic surgery, or following acute or bilateral acute femoral artery occlusion. Mitochondrial dysfunction [...] Read more.

Objective: Lower extremity ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) may occur with trauma-related vascular injury and various vascular diseases, during the use of a tourniquet, in temporary clamping of the aorta in aortic surgery, or following acute or bilateral acute femoral artery occlusion. Mitochondrial dysfunction and increased basal oxidative stress in diabetes may cause an increase in the effects of increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial dysfunction due to IRI. It is of great importance to examine therapeutic approaches that can minimize the effects of IRI, especially for patient groups under chronic oxidative stress such as DM. Cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanoparticles mimic antioxidant enzymes and act as a catalyst that scavenges ROS. In this study, it was aimed to investigate whether CeO₂ has protective effects on skeletal muscles in lower extremity IRI in mice with streptozocin-induced diabetes. Methods: A total of 38 Swiss albino mice were divided into six groups as follows: control group (group C, n = 6), diabetes group (group D, n = 8), diabetes–CeO₂ (group DCO, n = 8), diabetes–ischemia/reperfusion (group DIR, n = 8), and diabetes–ischemia/reperfusion–CeO₂ (group DIRCO, n = 8). The DCO and DIRCO groups were given doses of CeO₂ of 0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally 30 min before the IR procedure. A 120 min ischemia–120 min reperfusion period with 100% O₂ was performed. At the end of the reperfusion period, muscle tissues were removed for histopathological and biochemical examinations. Results: Total antioxidant status (TAS) levels were found to be significantly lower in group DIR compared with group D (p = 0.047 and p = 0.022, respectively). In group DIRCO, total oxidant status (TOS) levels were found to be significantly higher than in group DIR (p < 0.001). The oxidative stress index (OSI) was found to be significantly lower in group DIR compared with group DCO (p < 0.001). Paraoxanase (PON) enzyme activity was found to be significantly increased in group DIR compared with group DCO (p < 0.001). The disorganization and degeneration score for muscle cells, inflammatory cell infiltration score, and total injury score in group DIRCO were found to be significantly lower than in group DIR (p = 0.002, p = 0.034, and p = 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: Our results confirm that CeO₂, with its antioxidative properties, reduces skeletal muscle damage in lower extremity IRI in diabetic mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology)

15 pages, 2126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calafate (Berberis microphylla G. Forst) Populations from Chilean Patagonia Exhibit Similar Structuring at the Genetic and Metabolic Levels

by Antonieta Ruiz, Marco Meneses, Benjamín Varas, Juan Araya, Carola Vergara, Dietrich von Baer, Patricio Hinrichsen and Claudia Mardones

Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050458 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Berberis microphylla, commonly known as calafate, is one of the most promising species of Chilean Patagonia to be domesticated, due to its anthocyanin-rich berries. The main aim of this study was to understand the genetic structure of the wild populations of B. [...] Read more.

Berberis microphylla, commonly known as calafate, is one of the most promising species of Chilean Patagonia to be domesticated, due to its anthocyanin-rich berries. The main aim of this study was to understand the genetic structure of the wild populations of B. microphylla in the main regions where it grows and its relationship with phenolic secondary metabolite profiles. Ripe berry samples and leaves were collected from the Aysén and Magallanes regions. Genetic analyses were carried out using 18 microsatellite markers. Phenolic compounds were extracted from the ripe fruits and were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their antioxidant capacity was determined according to the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. Total phenols were measured as their absorbance at a wavelength of 280 nm. Both the genetic and chemometric data were explored using unsupervised and supervised methods. The genetic markers suggest the existence of three groups, two of them corresponding to the Aysén and Magallanes samples, and the third corresponding to Chile Chico (a district in Aysén), which was the most divergent of the three. Similar results were observed in the phenolic profile obtained with chemometric analysis, with the same samples forming a separate third group. The differentiation achieved using the genetic and chemical data may be the result of intrinsic genetic differences, environmental effects on fruit maturity, or the sum of both factors. These are all points to consider in the domestication of this valuable species by selecting individuals with desirable traits and contrasting phenotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From the Field to the Table: Unearthing Wild Fruit Species for Enhanced Prospecting and Utilization)

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Open AccessArticle

The Knowledge of Malnutrition—Geriatric (KoM-G) 2.0 Questionnaire for Health Care Institutions: Cross-Cultural Adaptation into German, Czech, Dutch and Turkish

by Silvia Bauer, Jan Pospichal, Viviënne Huppertz, Vit Blanar, Bulent Saka and Doris Eglseer

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1374; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091374 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

It is necessary for nursing staff to have adequate knowledge of malnutrition in older people in order to provide high quality care. This study was conducted to update the Knowledge of Malnutrition—Geriatric (KoM-G) questionnaire to fit different settings and to cross-culturally adapt it [...] Read more.

It is necessary for nursing staff to have adequate knowledge of malnutrition in older people in order to provide high quality care. This study was conducted to update the Knowledge of Malnutrition—Geriatric (KoM-G) questionnaire to fit different settings and to cross-culturally adapt it to the German, Czech, Dutch and Turkish languages. In Part 1 of the study, the KoM-G questionnaire was updated and adapted for use in different settings. Content validation of the KoM-G 2.0 was carried out in a Delphi study with 16 experts. The final KoM-G 2.0 questionnaire consists of 16 items with a Scale Content Validity Index/Average of 94.5%. In Part 2, the English KoM-G 2.0 was cross-culturally adapted into the German, Czech, Dutch and Turkish languages. In the pilot test, between 96.9% (The Netherlands) and 97.8% (Austria) of the nursing staff rated the items as understandable. The KoM-G 2.0 is an up-to-date questionnaire with a highly satisfactory Content Validity Index. It was cross-culturally adapted into the German, Czech, Dutch, and Turkish languages, and the understandability was high. At the moment, the necessary comprehensive psychometric testing of the KoM-G 2.0 is in process. Afterwards it can be used to compare nurses’ knowledge between various countries and settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Older Adults)

Open AccessArticle

General Direct Anticancer Effects of Deer Growing Antler Extract in Several Tumour Cell Lines, and Immune System-Mediated Effects in Xenograft Glioblastoma

by Alessandra Rossetti, Louis Chonco, Nicolas Alegría, Veronica Zelli, Andrés J. García, Carmen Ramírez-Castillejo, Alessandra Tessitore, Carlos de Cabo, Tomás Landete-Castillejos and Claudio Festuccia

Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(5), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050610 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Deer antlers are the fastest growing tissue. Because they are based on proto-oncogenes, to avoid the risk of cancer, antlers evolved strong anticancer mechanisms, and thus their extract (DVA) is effective also against the few human tumours studied so far. We assessed whether [...] Read more.

Deer antlers are the fastest growing tissue. Because they are based on proto-oncogenes, to avoid the risk of cancer, antlers evolved strong anticancer mechanisms, and thus their extract (DVA) is effective also against the few human tumours studied so far. We assessed whether DVA is a general anticancer compound by testing the direct effects in cells of different tumours: glioblastoma (GBM; lines U87MG and U251), colorectal (CRC; lines DLD-1, HT-29, SW480, and SW620), breast cancer (BRCA; lines MCF7, SKBR3, and PA00), and leukaemia (THP-1). DVA reduced the viability of tumours but not healthy cells (NHC; lines 293T and HaCaT). Mobility decreased at least for the longest test (72 h). Intraperitoneal/oral 200 mg DVA/kg administration in GBM xenograft mice for 28 d reduced tumour weight by 66.3% and 61.4% respectively, and it also reduced spleen weight (43.8%). In addition, tumours treated with DVA showed symptoms of liquefactive necrosis. Serum cytokines showed DVA up-regulated factors related to tumour fighting and down-regulated those related to inducing immune tolerance to the tumour. DVA shows general anticancer effects in the lines tested and, in GBM mice, also strong indirect effects apparently mediated by the immune system. DVA may contain a future anticancer medicine without secondary effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Antitumor Activity of Natural Products and Related Compounds, 2nd Volume)

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Dynamics of Adverse Effects across Five Sessions of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

by Miguel Delicado-Miralles, Laura Flix-Diez, Francisco Gurdiel-Álvarez, Enrique Velasco, María Galán-Calle and Sergio Lerma Lara

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(5), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050457 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a safe intervention, only producing mild and transient adverse effects (AEs). However, there is no detailed analysis of the pattern of adverse effects in an application transferable to the clinic. Therefore, our objective is to [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a safe intervention, only producing mild and transient adverse effects (AEs). However, there is no detailed analysis of the pattern of adverse effects in an application transferable to the clinic. Therefore, our objective is to describe the AEs produced by tDCS and its temporal evolution. (2) Methods: A total of 33 young volunteers were randomized into a tDCS or sham group. Participants performed a hand dexterity task while receiving the tDCS or sham intervention (20 min and 1 mA), for five consecutive days. AEs were assessed daily after each intervention and classified as somatosensory, pain, or other effects. (3) Results: The number of AEs was generally increased by tDCS intervention. Specifically, tDCS led to more frequent somatosensory discomfort, characterized by sensations like itching and tingling, alongside painful sensations such as burning, compared to the sham intervention. Additionally, certain adverse events, including neck and arm pain, as well as dizziness and blurry vision, were exclusive to the tDCS group. Interestingly, tDCS produced similar AEs across the days; meanwhile, the somatosensory AEs in the sham group showed a trend to decrease. (4) Conclusions: tDCS produces mild and temporary somatosensory and pain AEs during and across sessions. The different evolution of the AEs between the tDCS and sham protocol could unmask the blinding protocol most used in tDCS studies. Potential solutions for improving blinding protocols for future studies are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)

Open AccessReview

Neuroactive Steroids, Toll-like Receptors, and Neuroimmune Regulation: Insights into Their Impact on Neuropsychiatric Disorders

by Irina Balan, Giorgia Boero, Samantha Lucenell Chéry, Minna H. McFarland, Alejandro G. Lopez and A. Leslie Morrow

Life 2024, 14(5), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050582 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Pregnane neuroactive steroids, notably allopregnanolone and pregnenolone, exhibit efficacy in mitigating inflammatory signals triggered by toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, thus attenuating the production of inflammatory factors. Clinical studies highlight their therapeutic potential, particularly in conditions like postpartum depression (PPD), where the FDA-approved compound [...] Read more.

Pregnane neuroactive steroids, notably allopregnanolone and pregnenolone, exhibit efficacy in mitigating inflammatory signals triggered by toll-like receptor (TLR) activation, thus attenuating the production of inflammatory factors. Clinical studies highlight their therapeutic potential, particularly in conditions like postpartum depression (PPD), where the FDA-approved compound brexanolone, an intravenous formulation of allopregnanolone, effectively suppresses TLR-mediated inflammatory pathways, predicting symptom improvement. Additionally, pregnane neurosteroids exhibit trophic and anti-inflammatory properties, stimulating the production of vital trophic proteins and anti-inflammatory factors. Androstane neuroactive steroids, including estrogens and androgens, along with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), display diverse effects on TLR expression and activation. Notably, androstenediol (ADIOL), an androstane neurosteroid, emerges as a potent anti-inflammatory agent, promising for therapeutic interventions. The dysregulation of immune responses via TLR signaling alongside reduced levels of endogenous neurosteroids significantly contributes to symptom severity across various neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroactive steroids, such as allopregnanolone, demonstrate efficacy in alleviating symptoms of various neuropsychiatric disorders and modulating neuroimmune responses, offering potential intervention avenues. This review emphasizes the significant therapeutic potential of neuroactive steroids in modulating TLR signaling pathways, particularly in addressing inflammatory processes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. It advances our understanding of the complex interplay between neuroactive steroids and immune responses, paving the way for personalized treatment strategies tailored to individual needs and providing insights for future research aimed at unraveling the intricacies of neuropsychiatric disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Neurosteroids on Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders)

Open AccessArticle

Learning Traveling Solitary Waves Using Separable Gaussian Neural Networks

by Siyuan Xing and Efstathios G. Charalampidis

Entropy 2024, 26(5), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26050396 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

In this paper, we apply a machine learning approach to learning traveling solitary waves across various physical systems that are described by families of partial differential equations (PDEs). Our approach integrates a novel interpretable neural network (NN) architecture called the Separable Gaussian Neural [...] Read more.

In this paper, we apply a machine learning approach to learning traveling solitary waves across various physical systems that are described by families of partial differential equations (PDEs). Our approach integrates a novel interpretable neural network (NN) architecture called the Separable Gaussian Neural Network (SGNN) into the framework of Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs). Unlike the traditional PINNs, which treat spatial and temporal data as independent inputs, the present method leverages wave characteristics to transform data into what is called the co-traveling wave frame. This adaptation effectively addresses the issue of propagation failure in PINNs when applied to large computational domains. Here, the SGNN architecture demonstrates robust approximation capabilities for single-peakon, multi-peakon, and stationary solutions (known as “leftons”) within the (1 + 1)-dimensional b-family of PDEs. In addition, we expand our investigation and explore not only peakon solutions in the

a b

-family but also compacton solutions in the (2 + 1)-dimensional Rosenau–Hyman family of PDEs. A comparative analysis with a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) reveals that the SGNN achieves comparable accuracy with fewer than a tenth of the neurons, underscoring its efficiency and potential for broader applications in solving complex nonlinear PDEs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Theory of Nonlinear Lattices)

12 pages, 3837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crystal Growth, Photoluminescence and Radioluminescence Properties of Ce³⁺-Doped Ba₃Y(PO₄)₃ Crystal

by Zhenggang Zou, Jiaolin Weng, Chun Liu, Yiyang Lin, Jiawei Zhu, Yijian Sun, Jianhui Huang, Guoliang Gong and Herui Wen

Crystals 2024, 14(5), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14050431 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Inorganic scintillation crystals have been widely used in applications of high-energy physics, nuclear medical imaging, industrial nondestructive inspection, etc. In this work, a single crystal Ba₃Y(PO₄)₃ (BYP) with 1.0 at% Ce³⁺-doping concentration was first grown by [...] Read more.

Inorganic scintillation crystals have been widely used in applications of high-energy physics, nuclear medical imaging, industrial nondestructive inspection, etc. In this work, a single crystal Ba₃Y(PO₄)₃ (BYP) with 1.0 at% Ce³⁺-doping concentration was first grown by the Czochralski method, and the electronic structure was calculated using first principles based on density functional theory. In addition, a series of Ce³⁺-doped BYP phosphors were synthesized, and the fluorescence emission under UV excitation was measured through low-temperature spectroscopy, containing double-peaked emission from 5d–4f transition and self-trapped exciton recombination. A comparison of the UV and X-ray-excited fluorescence spectra reveals the existence of oxygen vacancies as well as F+ centers in the crystal. The air annealing of the crystal effectively reduces the thermoluminescence defects but reduces the emission intensity under UV or X-ray excitation. The BYP:Ce crystal shows a fast decay lifetime of 15.5 ns, and the fast component is as short as 8 ns. The results show that the Ce³⁺-doped BYP crystal has potential as a kind of scintillator with fast decay properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crystal Engineering)

20 pages, 2811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization of a Multi-Cavity, Significant Wall Thickness Difference Extrusion Profile Mold Design for New Energy Vehicles

by Xuda Xu, Feng Jiang, Jianxiang Li, Hongfeng Huang and Chunli Jiang

Materials 2024, 17(9), 2126; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092126 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

With the rapid development of the new energy vehicle market, the demand for extruded profiles for battery trays, mainly characterized by significant wall thickness differences in multiple chambers, is increasing, posing new challenges to production and quality control. This study examines the multi-objective [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of the new energy vehicle market, the demand for extruded profiles for battery trays, mainly characterized by significant wall thickness differences in multiple chambers, is increasing, posing new challenges to production and quality control. This study examines the multi-objective optimization problem in the design process of aluminum profile dies with multi-cavity profiles and significant wall thickness differences. Using QFORM-extrusion professional aluminum extrusion finite element analysis software and the response surface analysis method, the standard deviation of the velocity (SDV), standard deviation of the pressure (SDP), and thick wall hydrostatic pressure (TWHP) on the profile section at the die exit are optimized. By analyzing the functional relationship between the key die structure parameters (the height of the baffle plates, the length of the bearing, and the height of the false mandrel) and the optimization objective, the optimal combination scheme of die structure parameters was obtained using the NSGA2 (non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-2) multi-objective genetic optimization algorithm. The results show that, compared with the initial design scheme, the standard deviation of profile section velocity was reduced by 5.33%, the standard deviation of pressure was reduced by 11.16%, and the thick wall hydrostatic pressure was increased by 26.47%. The die designed and manufactured using this scheme successfully completed the hot extrusion production task, and the profile quality met the predetermined requirements, thus verifying the effectiveness of this study in optimizing the design of a multi-cavity aluminum profile die with significant differences in wall thickness for complex structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Simulation and Design)

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19 pages, 4637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Monitoring Method for TN and TP Based on Airborne Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Images

by Lei Dong, Cailan Gong, Xinhui Wang, Yang Wang, Daogang He, Yong Hu, Lan Li and Zhe Yang

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(9), 1614; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091614 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Airborne sensing images harness the combined advantages of hyperspectral and high spatial resolution, offering precise monitoring methods for local-scale water quality parameters in small water bodies. This study employs airborne hyperspectral remote sensing image data to explore remote sensing estimation methods for total [...] Read more.

Airborne sensing images harness the combined advantages of hyperspectral and high spatial resolution, offering precise monitoring methods for local-scale water quality parameters in small water bodies. This study employs airborne hyperspectral remote sensing image data to explore remote sensing estimation methods for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in Lake Dianshan, Yuandang, as well as its main inflow and outflow rivers. Our findings reveal the following: (1) Spectral bands between 700 and 750 nm show the highest correlation with TN and TP concentrations during the summer and autumn seasons. Spectral reflectance bands exhibit greater sensitivity to TN and TP concentrations compared to the winter and spring seasons. (2) Seasonal models developed using the Catboost method demonstrate significantly higher accuracy than other machine learning (ML) models. On the test set, the root mean square errors (RMSEs) are 0.6 mg/L for TN and 0.05 mg/L for TP concentrations, with average absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) of 23.77% and 25.14%, respectively. (3) Spatial distribution maps of the retrieved TN and TP concentrations indicate their dependence on exogenous inputs and close association with algal blooms. Higher TN and TP concentrations are observed near the inlet (Jishui Port), with reductions near the outlet (Lanlu Port), particularly for the TP concentration. Areas with intense algal blooms near shorelines generally exhibit higher TN and TP concentrations. This study offers valuable insights for processing small water bodies using airborne hyperspectral remote sensing images and provides reliable remote sensing techniques for lake water quality monitoring and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliable Detection of Water Quality and Aquatic Ecosystem Dynamics in Inland Waters)

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24 pages, 1620 KiB

Open AccessReview

Proteases: Importance, Immobilization Protocols, Potential of Activated Carbon as Support, and the Importance of Modifying Supports for Immobilization

by Mateus Pereira Flores Santos, Evaldo Cardozo de Souza Junior, Carolina Villadóniga, Diego Vallés, Susana Castro-Sowinski, Renata Cristina Ferreira Bonomo and Cristiane Martins Veloso

BioTech 2024, 13(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13020013 - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Although enzymes have been used for thousands of years, their application in industrial processes has gained importance since the 20th century due to technological and scientific advances in several areas, including biochemistry [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Biotechnology)

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18 pages, 1847 KiB

Open AccessReview

Supposed Virulence Factors of Flavobacterium psychrophilum: A Review

by Věra Vaibarová and Alois Čížek

Fishes 2024, 9(5), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050163 - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is currently one of the most important pathogens in aquaculture worldwide, causing high losses to farmed salmonids particularly during early growth stages with significant economic impact. Despite previous attempts, no effective vaccine has been developed, and protection against introduction into farms [...] Read more.

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is currently one of the most important pathogens in aquaculture worldwide, causing high losses to farmed salmonids particularly during early growth stages with significant economic impact. Despite previous attempts, no effective vaccine has been developed, and protection against introduction into farms is difficult due to the ubiquitous occurrence of the pathogen. A better understanding of the mechanism of disease development is essential for targeted therapeutic and preventive measures in farms. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of diseases caused by F. psychrophilum has not been elucidated yet. Previously, several putative virulence factors have been identified. Some appear to be essential for disease development, while others are probably dispensable. The importance of some factors has not yet been explored. This review focuses on the supposed virulence factors of F. psychrophilum and the current knowledge about their importance in the pathogenesis of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Pathogens: Infection and Biological Control)

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22 pages, 18294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of SOC in Lithium-Iron-Phosphate Batteries Using an Adaptive Sliding Mode Observer with Simplified Hysteresis Model during Electric Vehicle Duty Cycles

by Yujia Chang, Ran Li, Hao Sun and Xiaoyu Zhang

Batteries 2024, 10(5), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10050154 - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

This paper develops a model for lithium-ion batteries under dynamic stress testing (DST) and federal urban driving schedule (FUDS) conditions that incorporates associated hysteresis characteristics of 18650-format lithium iron-phosphate batteries. Additionally, it introduces the adaptive sliding mode observer algorithm (ASMO) to achieve robust [...] Read more.

This paper develops a model for lithium-ion batteries under dynamic stress testing (DST) and federal urban driving schedule (FUDS) conditions that incorporates associated hysteresis characteristics of 18650-format lithium iron-phosphate batteries. Additionally, it introduces the adaptive sliding mode observer algorithm (ASMO) to achieve robust and swiftly accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries during electric vehicle duty cycles. The established simplified hysteresis model in this paper significantly enhances the fitting accuracy during charging and discharging processes, compensating for voltage deviations induced by hysteresis characteristics. The SOC estimation, even in the face of model parameter changes under complex working conditions during electric vehicle duty cycles, maintains high robustness by capitalizing on the easy convergence and parameter insensitivity of ASMO. Lastly, experiments conducted under different temperatures and FUDS and DST conditions validate that the SOC estimation of lithium-iron-phosphate batteries, based on the adaptive sliding-mode observer and the simplified hysteresis model, exhibits enhanced robustness and faster convergence under complex working conditions and temperature variations during electric vehicle duty cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Battery Management and Integration Technology in Renewable Energy Power Supply Systems)

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14 pages, 5937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Xylanase Production from Aspergillus tamarii Kita and Its Application in the Bioconversion of Agro-Industrial Residues into Fermentable Sugars Using Factorial Design

by Jose Carlos Santos Salgado, Paulo Ricardo Heinen, Josana Maria Messias, Lummy Maria Oliveira-Monteiro, Mariana Cereia, Carem Gledes Vargas Rechia, Alexandre Maller, Marina Kimiko Kadowaki, Richard John Ward and Maria de Lourdes Teixeira de Moraes Polizeli

Fermentation 2024, 10(5), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10050241 - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

The endo-1,4-β-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are the largest group of hydrolytic enzymes that degrade xylan, the major component of hemicelluloses, by catalyzing the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds β-1,4 in this polymer, releasing xylooligosaccharides of different sizes. Xylanases have considerable potential in producing bread, animal [...] Read more.

The endo-1,4-β-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are the largest group of hydrolytic enzymes that degrade xylan, the major component of hemicelluloses, by catalyzing the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds β-1,4 in this polymer, releasing xylooligosaccharides of different sizes. Xylanases have considerable potential in producing bread, animal feed, food, beverages, xylitol, and bioethanol. The fungus Aspergillus tamarii Kita produced xylanases in Adams’ media supplemented with barley bagasse (brewer’s spent grains), a by-product from brewery industries. The culture extract exhibited two xylanase activities in the zymogram, identified by mass spectrometry as glycosyl hydrolase (GH) families 10 and 11 (GH 10 and GH 11). The central composite design (CCD) showed excellent predictive capacity for xylanase production (23.083 U mL⁻¹). Additionally, other enzyme activities took place during the submerged fermentation. Moreover, enzymatic saccharification based on a mixture design (MD) of three different lignocellulosic residues was helpful in the production of fermentable sugars by the A. tamarii Kita crude extract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fermentation: 10th Anniversary)

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14 pages, 2788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Candida Non-albicans and Non-auris Causing Invasive Candidiasis in a Fourth-Level Hospital in Colombia: Epidemiology, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Genetic Diversity

by Juan Camilo Hernández-Pabón, Bryan Tabares, Óscar Gil, Carlos Lugo-Sánchez, Aldair Santana, Alfonso Barón and Carolina Firacative

J. Fungi 2024, 10(5), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10050326 - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Increasingly common and associated with healthcare settings, Candida infections are very important, since some species of this genus can develop antifungal resistance. We contribute data on the epidemiology, antifungal susceptibility, and genetic diversity of Candida non-albicans and non-auris affecting critically ill [...] Read more.

Increasingly common and associated with healthcare settings, Candida infections are very important, since some species of this genus can develop antifungal resistance. We contribute data on the epidemiology, antifungal susceptibility, and genetic diversity of Candida non-albicans and non-auris affecting critically ill patients in a fourth-level hospital in Colombia. Ninety-seven isolates causing invasive infections, identified by conventional methods over 18 months, were studied. Data from patients affected by these yeasts, including sex, age, comorbidities, treatment, and outcome, were analysed. The antifungal susceptibility of the isolates was determined, and the ribosomal DNA was sequenced. Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida guilliermondii caused 48.5% of all cases of invasive candidiasis. The species were mainly recovered from blood (50%). Patients were mostly men (53.4%), between 18 days and 93 years old, hospitalized in the ICU (70.7%). Overall mortality was 46.6%, but patients in the ICU, using antibiotics, with diabetes mellitus, or with C. glabrata infections were more likely to die. Resistant isolates were identified in C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata. This study provides epidemiological data for the surveillance of emerging Candida species, highlighting their clinical impact, as well as the emergence of antifungal resistance and clonal dispersal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Infections in Non-neutropenic Patients)

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21 pages, 680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decrypting Cryptocurrencies: An Exploration of the Impact on Financial Stability

by Mohamed Nihal Saleem, Yianni Doumenis, Epameinondas Katsikas, Javad Izadi and Dimitrios Koufopoulos

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(5), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17050186 - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

This study aims to empirically examine the relationship between cryptocurrency and various facets of the financial system. It seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of how cryptocurrencies interact with, and influence, the stock market, the U.S. dollar’s strength, inflation rates, and traditional banking [...] Read more.

This study aims to empirically examine the relationship between cryptocurrency and various facets of the financial system. It seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of how cryptocurrencies interact with, and influence, the stock market, the U.S. dollar’s strength, inflation rates, and traditional banking operations. This is carried out using linear regression models, Granger causality tests, case studies, including the collapse of the Futures Exchange (FTX), and the successful integration of Binance. The study unveiled a strong positive correlation between cryptocurrency market capitalization and key financial indicators like the Dow Jones Industrial Average, Consumer Price Index, and traditional banking operations. This indicates the growing significance of cryptocurrencies within the global financial landscape. However, a mild association was found with the U.S. dollar, suggesting a limited influence of cryptocurrencies on traditional fiat currencies currently. Despite certain limitations such as reliance on secondary data, methodological choices, and geographic focus, this research provides valuable insights for policymakers, financial industry stakeholders, and academic researchers, underlining the necessity for continued study into the complex interplay between cryptocurrencies and financial stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Banking and Financial Technology)

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20 pages, 311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Amortizing Loans under Arbitrary Discount Functions

by Carlo Mari

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(5), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17050185 - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

A general methodology for loan amortization under arbitrary discount functions is discussed. It is shown that it is always possible to uniquely define a scheme for constructing the loan amortization schedule with an arbitrary assigned discount function. It is also shown that, even [...] Read more.

A general methodology for loan amortization under arbitrary discount functions is discussed. It is shown that it is always possible to uniquely define a scheme for constructing the loan amortization schedule with an arbitrary assigned discount function. It is also shown that, even if the loan amortization is carried out from the sequence of principal payments and the sequence of accrued interest, the underlying discount function can be uniquely determined at the maturities corresponding to the installment payment dates. As a special case of the proposed approach, we derive the amortization method according to the law of simple interest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Financial Markets)

10 pages, 711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Plasma Interleukin-27 Levels and Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography

by Emi Saita, Yoshimi Kishimoto, Reiko Ohmori, Kazuo Kondo and Yukihiko Momiyama

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11(5), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11050139 - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Atherosclerotic disease, including coronary heart disease (CHD), is one of the chronic inflammatory conditions, and an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a role in the process of atherosclerosis. Interleukin (IL)-27, one of the IL-12 family members, is recognized to play a [...] Read more.

Atherosclerotic disease, including coronary heart disease (CHD), is one of the chronic inflammatory conditions, and an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a role in the process of atherosclerosis. Interleukin (IL)-27, one of the IL-12 family members, is recognized to play a dual role in regulating immune responses with both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. IL-27 is secreted from monocytes, T cells, and endothelial cells, and its expression is upregulated in atherosclerotic plaques. We previously reported that no significant difference was observed in plasma IL-27 levels between patients with stable CHD and those without it. However, the prognostic value of IL-27 levels has not been fully elucidated. We studied the relation of plasma IL-27 levels to cardiovascular events in 402 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography for suspected CHD. We defined cardiovascular events as cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, stroke, or coronary revascularization. Of the 402 study patients, CHD was present in 209 (52%) patients. Plasma IL-27 levels were not markedly different between patients with CHD and those without it (median 0.23 vs. 0.23 ng/mL). During a follow-up of 7.6 ± 4.5 years, cardiovascular events were observed in 70 patients (17%). In comparison to the 332 patients with no event, the 70 patients who had cardiovascular events showed significantly higher IL-27 levels (median 0.29 vs. 0.22 ng/mL) and more frequently had an IL-27 level of >0.25 ng/mL (59% vs. 40%) (p < 0.01). The Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated a lower event-free survival rate in patients with an IL-27 level >0.25 ng/mL than in those with an IL-27 level ≤0.25 ng/mL (p < 0.02). The multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that IL-27 level (>0.25 ng/mL) was a significant predictor for cardiovascular events (hazard ratio: 1.82; 95%CI: 1.13–2.93, p < 0.02), independent of CHD. Thus, high IL-27 levels in plasma were related to an increased risk of further cardiovascular events in patients who underwent elective coronary angiography. Full article

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14 pages, 4514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential Hepatoprotective Effects of Allicin on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis

by Qianmei Gong, Xiaoming Wang, Yongshi Liu, Heling Yuan, Zifeng Ge, Yuzhou Li, Jinhu Huang, Yufan Liu, Ming Chen, Wenjun Xiao, Ruiting Liu, Rongmei Shi and Liping Wang

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050328 - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

The global burden of liver disease is enormous, which highlights the need for effective hepatoprotective agents. It was reported that allicin exhibits protective effects against a range of diseases. In this study, we further evaluated allicin’s effect and mechanism in acute hepatic injury. [...] Read more.

The global burden of liver disease is enormous, which highlights the need for effective hepatoprotective agents. It was reported that allicin exhibits protective effects against a range of diseases. In this study, we further evaluated allicin’s effect and mechanism in acute hepatic injury. Liver injury in mice was induced by intraperitoneal injection with 1% CCl₄ (10 mL/kg/day). When the first dose was given, CCl₄ was given immediately after administration of different doses of allicin (40, 20, and 10 mg/kg/day) as well as compound glycyrrhizin (CGI, 80 mg/kg/day), and then different doses of allicin (40, 20, and 10 mg/kg/day) as well as compound glycyrrhizin (CGI, 80 mg/kg/day) were administrated every 12 h. The animals were dissected 24 h after the first administration. The findings demonstrated a significant inhibition of CCl₄-induced acute liver injury following allicin treatment. This inhibition was evidenced by notable reductions in serum levels of transaminases, specifically aspartate transaminase, along with mitigated histological damage to the liver. In this protective process, allicin plays the role of reducing the amounts or the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6. Furthermore, allicin recovered the activities of the antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) and reduced the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) in a dose-dependent manner, and also reduced liver Caspase 3, Caspase 8, and BAX to inhibit liver cell apoptosis. Further analysis showed that the administration of allicin inhibited the increased protein levels of Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), which is related to inflammation and oxidative stress. The in vitro study of the LPS-induced RAW264.7 inflammatory cell model confirmed that allicin can inhibit important inflammation-related factors and alleviate inflammation. This research firstly clarified that allicin has a significant protective effect on CCl₄-induced liver injury via inhibiting the inflammatory response and hepatocyte apoptosis, alleviating oxidative stress associated with the progress of liver damage, highlighting the potential of allicin as a hepatoprotective agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Veterinary Toxicology)

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13 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial Variation in Mercury Accumulation in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops spp.) in Southeastern U.S.A.

by Mackenzie L. Griffin, Colleen E. Bryan, Tara M. Cox, Brian C. Balmer, Russell D. Day, Laura Garcia Barcia, Antoinette M. Gorgone, Jeremy J. Kiszka, Jenny A. Litz, Robin M. Perrtree, Teri K. Rowles, Lori H. Schwacke, Randall S. Wells and Eric Zolman

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050327 - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) inhabit bays, sounds, and estuaries (BSEs) throughout the southeast region of the U.S.A. and are sentinel species for human and ecosystem-level health. Dolphins are vulnerable to the bioaccumulation of contaminants through the coastal food chain because they are [...] Read more.

Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) inhabit bays, sounds, and estuaries (BSEs) throughout the southeast region of the U.S.A. and are sentinel species for human and ecosystem-level health. Dolphins are vulnerable to the bioaccumulation of contaminants through the coastal food chain because they are high-level predators. Currently, there is limited information on the spatial dynamics of mercury accumulation in these dolphins. Total mercury (THg) was measured in dolphin skin from multiple populations across the U.S. Southeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts, and the influence of geographic origin, sex, and age class was investigated. Mercury varied significantly among sampling sites and was greatest in dolphins in St. Joseph Bay, Florida Everglades, and Choctawhatchee Bay (14,193 ng/g ± 2196 ng/g, 10,916 ng/g ± 1532 ng/g, and 7333 ng/g ± 1405 ng/g wet mass (wm), respectively) and lowest in dolphins in Charleston and Skidaway River Estuary (509 ng/g ± 32.1 ng/g and 530 ng/g ± 58.4 ng/g wm, respectively). Spatial mercury patterns were consistent regardless of sex or age class. Bottlenose dolphin mercury exposure can effectively represent regional trends and reflect large-scale atmospheric mercury input and local biogeochemical processes. As a sentinel species, the bottlenose dolphin data presented here can direct future studies to evaluate mercury exposure to human residents in St. Joseph Bay, Choctawhatchee Bay, and Florida Coastal Everglades, as well as additional sites with similar geographical, oceanographic, or anthropogenic parameters. These data may also inform state and federal authorities that establish fish consumption advisories to determine if residents in these locales are at heightened risk for mercury toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Heavy Metals on Aquatic Ecosystems)

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14 pages, 1293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adapted Sequential Extraction Protocol to Study Mercury Speciation in Gold Mining Tailings: Implications for Environmental Contamination in the Amazon

by João Pedro Rudrigues de Souza, Jeremie Garnier, Julia Mançano Quintarelli, Myller de Sousa Tonhá, Henrique Llacer Roig, Patrick Seyler and Jurandir Rodrigues de Souza

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050326 - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM), an increasingly prevalent activity in South America, generates mercury-contaminated tailings that are often disposed of in the environment, leading to the introduction of mercury into ecosystems and the food web, where it bioaccumulates. Therefore, studying the geochemical processes [...] Read more.

Artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM), an increasingly prevalent activity in South America, generates mercury-contaminated tailings that are often disposed of in the environment, leading to the introduction of mercury into ecosystems and the food web, where it bioaccumulates. Therefore, studying the geochemical processes involved in the desorption and dissolution of mercury in these tailings is essential for critical risk evaluations in the short and long term. For this purpose, sequential extraction procedures (SEPs) can be useful because they help to identify the phases to which Hg is associated, although they also have limitations such as a lack of selectivity and specificity. In this work, we propose a modified four-step SEP: exchangeable mercury (F1), oxidizable mercury (F2), mercury bound to Fe oxides (F3), and strongly bound mercury (F4). To test this adapted sequential extraction method, we evaluated the Hg contamination in mercury-contaminated tailings of the Amazon basin. The results revealed a total mercury concentration of 103 ± 16 mg·kg⁻¹ in the tailings, with a significant portion in F1 (28% of the total), where Hg was bioavailable. The large Hg concentration in F3 (36%) suggested that Fe oxides likely contribute to mercury retention. Together, the SEP results emphasize the urgent need for improved surveillance of gold mining activities and responsible tailings management practices to mitigate environmental contamination and safeguard the health of the Amazon ecosystem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Radioactive Substances)

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14 pages, 1464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring the Dough Properties, Quality Characteristics and Volatile Compounds of Whole Wheat Bread Made by Different Sourdough Types during Frozen Storage

by Gorkem Ozulku

Foods 2024, 13(9), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091388 - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

There is a need to increase the consumption of whole wheat bread (WWB) due to its health benefits by overcoming its poor technological quality and improving its sensory characteristics. In this study, sourdough bread-making and frozen dough technology were combined to provide fresh [...] Read more.

There is a need to increase the consumption of whole wheat bread (WWB) due to its health benefits by overcoming its poor technological quality and improving its sensory characteristics. In this study, sourdough bread-making and frozen dough technology were combined to provide fresh WWB at any time with better quality. Also, it was aimed to investigate the effects of three types of sourdough (type I, II, and IV) on the final quality of WWB during frozen storage (−30 °C, 14 and 28 days). The tan δ of WWB with type I sourdough was highest at the end of the frozen storage. Freezable water content was lower on day 0 for WWB with type II and IV sourdough than other bread types. No significant effect of frozen storage was observed in bread types in terms of an α helix structure, except for WWB with type I sourdough. A lower hardness increment was shown in WWB with baker’s yeast and WWB with type II sourdough over 14 days of frozen storage when compared to other bread types. WWB with type I sourdough and WWB with type IV sourdough were differentiated from other bread samples in volatile compound (VC) analysis on frozen storage days 28 and 0, respectively. The frozen storage of WWB with baker’s yeast and WWB with type II sourdough caused no notable changes in the VCs profile. These results suggest that a less detrimental effect of frozen storage was observed in WWB with type II sourdough, indicating a more favorable choice for producing WWB with sourdough. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Processing Technologies on the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Foods)

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14 pages, 3488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Effect of an Active AgIon^® Absorbent Pad and a Chitosan Coating on the Preservation of Fresh Beef

by Dimitrios Komodromos, Daniel Sergelidis, Ioannis Amvrosiadis and Michael G. Kontominas

Foods 2024, 13(9), 1387; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091387 - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

In the present study, the combined effect of an AgIon^® antimicrobial absorbent (Ζ) pad and a chitosan coating (C) on the preservation of fresh beef stored aerobically at 5 °C was investigated. Microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory attributes were monitored for up to [...] Read more.

In the present study, the combined effect of an AgIon^® antimicrobial absorbent (Ζ) pad and a chitosan coating (C) on the preservation of fresh beef stored aerobically at 5 °C was investigated. Microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory attributes were monitored for up to 10 days of storage. The microbiological data indicated that the C and chitosan coating plus absorbent pad (CZ) treatments were the most efficient in reducing total viable counts (TVC) by 4.09 and 3.53 log cfu/g compared to the control W and Z treatments on day 4 of storage (p < 0.05). An analogous reduction in the counts of the other microbial groups monitored was recorded. pH values were ca. 5.7 for treatments W and Z and 5.45 for treatments C and CZ on day 4 of storage (p < 0.05). The total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) values remained <20 mg/100 g for all treatments on day 4 and for treatments C and CZ on day 10 of storage. The total color difference values decreased (p < 0.05) during storage for treatments W and Z, but remained constant for treatments C and CZ. Based on sensory, microbiological and physico-chemical data, beef shelf life was ca ^# + 3 days for samples W and Z and at least 10 + 3 days for samples C and CZ. Between the two antimicrobial treatments, chitosan was considerably more effective than the AgIon^® antimicrobial absorbent pad, which showed practically no antimicrobial activity in direct contact with beef meat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Packaging and Preservation)

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