Phycocyanin is a highly valued pigment present in Spirulina platensis biomass with applications in the food industry in terms of biorefinery concepts; specifically, its antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity are an advantage that could be incorporated into a food matrix. This study aims to use rice husk as an alternative culture medium for S. platensis biomass growth and phycocyanin extraction by ohmic heating processing using a 3D-printed reactor. S. platensis was cultivated in rice husk extract (RHE) from 0–100% (v/v). The highest content of microalgal biomass was 1.75 ± 0.01 g/L, with a specific growth rate of 0.125 ± 0.01 h⁻¹. For the phycocyanin extraction under an ohmic heating process, a 3D-printed reactor was designed and built. To optimize phycocyanin extraction, a central composite rotatable design (CCDR) was evaluated, with three factors: time (min), temperature (°C), and pH. The highest phycocyanin content was 75.80 ± 0.98 mg/g in S. platensis biomass grown with rice husk extract. Ohmic heating is a promising method for rapid phycocyanin extraction, and rice husk as a culture medium is an alternative for the growth of S. platensis biomass in the integration of second- and third-generation biorefineries. Full article

The main focus of this review is to introduce readers to the fascinating class of lipid molecules known as norsteroids, exploring their distribution across various biotopes and their biological activities. The review provides an in-depth analysis of various modified steroids, including A, B, C, and D-norsteroids, each characterized by distinct structural alterations. These modifications, which range from the removal of specific methyl groups to changes in the steroid core, result in unique molecular architectures that significantly impact their biological activity and therapeutic potential. The discussion on A, B, C, and D-norsteroids sheds light on their unique configurations and how these structural modifications influence their pharmacological properties. The review also presents examples from natural sources that produce a diverse array of steroids with distinct structures, including the aforementioned A, B, C, and D-nor variants. These compounds are sourced from marine organisms like sponges, soft corals, and starfish, as well as terrestrial entities such as plants, fungi, and bacteria. The exploration of these steroids encompasses their biosynthesis, ecological significance, and potential medical applications, highlighting a crucial area of interest in pharmacology and natural product chemistry. The review emphasizes the importance of researching these steroids for drug development, particularly in addressing diseases where conventional medications are inadequate or for conditions lacking sufficient therapeutic options. Examples of norsteroid synthesis are provided to illustrate the practical applications of this research. Full article

This study aimed to evaluate the earliest changes in the structure and function of the peripheral microcirculation using capillaroscopy and transcutaneous oxygen pressure measurement in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus at baseline and during post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) in the function of diabetes duration. Sixty-seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), aged 8 to 18 years, and twenty-eight age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were included in the analysis. Diabetic patients were divided into subgroups based on median disease duration. The subgroups differed in chronological age, lipid levels, and thyroid hormones. Capillaroscopy was performed twice: at baseline and then again after the PORH test. Transcutaneous oxygen pressure also was recorded under baseline conditions during and after the PORH test. Comparison of capillaroscopy and transcutaneous oxygen pressure parameters at rest and after the PORH showed no statistically significant difference between the subgroups. This remained true after adjusting for variables that differentiated the two subgroups. However, in the group of patients with long-standing diabetes, significant negative correlations were observed between the Coverage value after the PORH test and capillary reactivity with TcPO₂_zero (biological zero). Significant positive correlations were also found between distance after the PORH test and TcPO₂_zero. The results of our study indicate that in patients with a shorter duration of diabetes, the use of multiple tests provides a better characterization of the structure and function of microcirculation because the onset of dysfunction does not occur at the same time in all the tests. Full article

The global incidence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is on the rise, fueled by factors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyles, socio-economic factors, and ethnic backgrounds. T2D is a multifaceted condition often associated with various health complications, including adverse effects on bone health. This study aims to assess key biomarkers linked to bone health and remodeling—Osteoprotegerin (OPG), Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa-Β Ligand (RANKL), and Glycoprotein Non-Metastatic Melanoma Protein B (GPNMB)—among individuals with diabetes while exploring the impact of ethnicity on these biomarkers. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on a cohort of 2083 individuals from diverse ethnic backgrounds residing in Kuwait. The results indicate significantly elevated levels of these markers in individuals with T2D compared to non-diabetic counterparts, with OPG at 826.47 (405.8) pg/mL, RANKL at 9.25 (17.3) pg/mL, and GPNMB at 21.44 (7) ng/mL versus 653.75 (231.7) pg/mL, 0.21 (9.94) pg/mL, and 18.65 (5) ng/mL in non-diabetic individuals, respectively. Notably, this elevation was consistent across Arab and Asian populations, except for lower levels of RANKL observed in Arabs with T2D. Furthermore, a positive and significant correlation between OPG and GPNMB was observed regardless of ethnicity or diabetes status, with the strongest correlation (r = 0.473, p < 0.001) found among Arab individuals with T2D. Similarly, a positive and significant correlation between GPNMB and RANKL was noted among Asian individuals with T2D (r = 0.401, p = 0.001). Interestingly, a significant inverse correlation was detected between OPG and RANKL in non-diabetic Arab individuals. These findings highlight dysregulation in bone remodeling markers among individuals with T2D and emphasize the importance of considering ethnic variations in T2D-related complications. The performance of further studies is warranted to understand the underlying mechanisms and develop interventions based on ethnicity for personalized treatment approaches. Full article

The aim of this study was to examine the long-term prognostic value of changes in the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) within a year after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Methods. Patients with coronary artery disease (n = 251) in whom CAVI was assessed using the VaSera VS-1000 device before and one year after CABG. Groups with improved CAVI or worsened CAVI were identified. We assessed the following events at follow-up: all-causes death, myocardial infarction, and stroke/transient ischemic attack. Results. All-causes death was significantly more common in the group with worsened CAVI (27.6%) than in the group with CAVI improvement (14.8%; p = 0.029). Patients with worsened CAVI were more likely to have MACE, accounting for 42.2% cases, compared with patients with CAVI improvement, who accounted for 24.5%; p = 0.008. Worsened CAVI (p = 0.024), number of shunts (p = 0.006), and the presence of carotid stenosis (p = 0.051) were independent predictors of death from all causes at 10-year follow-up after CABG. The presence of carotid stenosis (p = 0.002) and the group with worsened CAVI after a year (p = 0.008) were independent predictors of the development of the combined endpoint during long-term follow-up. Conclusions. Patients with worsening CAVI one year after CABG have a poorer prognosis at long-term follow-up than patients with improved CAVI. Future research would be useful to identify the most effective interventions to improve CAVI and correspondingly improve prognosis. Full article

Under many interactive environments in the real world, there is often a need to evaluate the minimization effects and subsequent allocation outcomes derived from these interactions under multiple considerations. For instance, in the context of product sales, it is necessary to evaluate how to minimize the manufacturing costs of various producing factors, and sometimes, from a holistic perspective, it may even be necessary to evaluate situations with minimal sales benefits. On the other hand, in order to evaluate related effects derived from interactions and subsequent allocation outcomes, many game-theoretical studies are based on interactive models to formulate evaluating mechanisms, and then they apply axiomatic processes to analyze the rationality of these mechanisms. Therefore, this study first proposes a mechanism for evaluating the minimization effects and subsequent allocation outcomes under multiple considerations. Additionally, considering that different environmental impacts result from varying participation factors, this study also presents several weighted derivatives based on participation factors and their behaviors. Concurrently, we utilize axiomatic results to demonstrate the mathematical correctness and practicality for these evaluating mechanisms. Full article

For complex equipment, it is easy to over-evaluate the impact of failure on production by estimating the reliability level only through failure probability. To remedy this problem, this paper proposes a statistical evaluation method based on fuzzy failure data considering the multi-state characteristics of equipment failures. In this method, the new reliability-evaluation scheme is firstly presented based on the traditional statistical analysis method using the Weibull distribution function. For this scheme, the failure-grade index is defined, and a fuzzy-evaluation method is also proposed by comprehensively considering failure severity, failure maintenance, time, and cost; this is then combined with the time between failures to characterize the failure state. Based on the fuzzy failure data, an improved adaptive-failure small-sample-expansion method is proposed based on the classical bootstrap method and the deviation judgment between distributions of the original and newborn samples. Finally, a novel reliability-evaluation model, related to the failure grade and its membership degree, is established to quantify the reliability level of equipment more realistically. Example cases for three methods of the scheme (the failure-grade fuzzy-evaluation method, the sample-expansion method, and the reliability-evaluation modeling method) are presented, respectively, to validate the effectiveness and significance of the proposed reliability-evaluation technology. Full article

Multiple natural frequencies may be encountered when analyzing the essential natural vibration of a symmetric mechanical system or sub-structure system or a system with special parameters. The transfer matrix method (TMM) is a useful tool for analyzing the natural vibration characteristics of mechanical or structural systems. It derives a nonlinear eigen-problem (NEP) in general, even a transcendental eigen-problem. This investigation addresses the NEP in TMM and proposes a novel method, called the determinant-differentiation-based method, for calculating multiple natural frequencies and determining their multiplicities. Firstly, the characteristic determinant is differentiated with respect to frequency, transforming the even multiple natural frequencies into the odd multiple zeros of the differentiation of the characteristic determinant. The odd multiple zeros of the first derivative of the characteristic determinant and the odd multiple natural frequencies can be obtained using the bisection method. Among the odd multiple zeros, the even multiple natural frequencies are picked out by the proposed judgment criteria. Then, the natural frequency multiplicities are determined by the higher-order derivatives of the characteristic determinant. Finally, several numerical simulations including the multiple natural frequencies show that the proposed method can effectively calculate the multiple natural frequencies and determine their multiplicities. Full article

As an immensely important characteristic of natural images, the nonlocal self-similarity (NSS) prior has demonstrated great promise in a variety of inverse problems. Unfortunately, most current methods utilize either the internal or the external NSS prior learned from the degraded image or training images. The former is inevitably disturbed by degradation, while the latter is not adapted to the image to be restored. To mitigate such problems, this work proposes to learn a hybrid NSS prior from both internal images and external training images and employs it in image restoration tasks. To achieve our aims, we first learn internal and external NSS priors from the measured image and high-quality image sets, respectively. Then, with the learned priors, an efficient method, involving only singular value decomposition (SVD) and a simple weighting method, is developed to learn the HNSS prior for patch groups. Subsequently, taking the learned HNSS prior as the dictionary, we formulate a structural sparse representation model with adaptive regularization parameters called HNSS-SSR for image restoration, and a general and efficient image restoration algorithm is developed via an alternating minimization strategy. The experimental results indicate that the proposed HNSS-SSR-based restoration method exceeds many existing competition algorithms in PSNR and SSIM values. Full article

The literature has mainly focused on analyzing the relationship of remittances with economic growth and social welfare, neglecting more complex aspects where remittances can have relevant implications. To contribute to the literature, the objective of this research is to examine the dynamic relationship between remittances, capital formation, structural transformation and economic growth in 15 Latin American countries during the period 1996–2019. To meet the objective, a panel vector autoregressive regression (PVAR) model was estimated, focusing on the analysis of the impulse-response function and variance decomposition. The results show a positive effect of remittances on economic growth and capital formation and a negative effect of remittances on structural transformation for initial periods and positive for later periods, framing a non-linear relationship. In addition, it was determined that structural transformation does not have a significant impact on economic growth. Finally, it was found that capital formation has a partial positive effect on economic growth. It is concluded that public policies should generate support mechanisms for the efficient channeling of these resources so that they become engines of growth. Full article

Country music has become commercially successful both in the US and worldwide. It is perceived as a genre that values authenticity, which may be reflected in the choice of linguistic features, with (White) Southern American English (SAE) serving as the “default” variety. Given the recent diversification of the genre, the question arises whether the use of SAE features is still considered obligatory as a kind of “supralocal norm”. This study compared the lyrics of 600 highly successful songs by male and female artists from White Southern, Black Southern, and White non-Southern backgrounds. The aim was to test (i) whether morphosyntactic SAE features are used to index authenticity in the sense of having become enregistered for this music genre and (ii) whether non-Southerners engage in the styling of relevant markers. It emerged that non-Southerners use more of these features than their Southern counterparts, providing preliminary evidence for “genre fitting” as a means of indexing authenticity. However, there is only one marker that qualifies as a core Country feature used across all artist groups, namely negative concord. As this item arguably is better categorized as vernacular universal, SAE morphosyntax appears to have largely lost its indexical function in Country, while accent features are still vital to establishing cultural authenticity. Full article

African personal names have communicative contents that reflect the experiences and expectations of the name-giver as well as the bearer. Death-prevention names, for instance, provide some assurance and security that are vital for a child’s survival, given the implicit assumption that certain spiritual forces are at work. The bestowal of despicable and ‘ugly’ names on children whose preceding siblings died shortly after birth is also a common practice among the Nzema, aiming at preventing succeeding children from death. This study examines cultural conceptions and metaphorical correlations in Nzema death-prevention names. Using 42 death-prevention names obtained through interviews, the study discusses the implications of the names and their metaphoric connections with the objects used to identify this category of people. The study reveals that features of entities such as ɛkpɔtɛ ‘vulture’, nrɛzenra ‘housefly’, kɛndɛne ‘basket’, and fovolɛ ‘refuse dump’ are attributed to these children to make them seem ‘unpleasant’ to the ancestral spirits who are believed to have been snatching them after birth. Other ‘long-lasting’ entities like nyevile ‘sea’, bolɛ ‘rock’, and kpɔma ‘walking stick’ are used metaphorically to refer to a child with the belief that they would survive right from birth and live long on the earth. Full article

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate and visualize the anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial effects of different oral care products using an infected and inflamed 3D tissue-engineered gingival mucosal model. Methods: A 3D full-thickness oral mucosal model was engineered inside tissue culture inserts using collagen hydrogels populated with human gingival fibroblasts and THP-1 monocytes and layered with oral epithelial cell lines. Oral saliva bacteria were cultured and added to the surface of the models and inflammation was further simulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli. The 3D models were exposed to three different types of toothpastes, a chlorhexidine antiseptic mouthwash, different antibiotics, and a mechanical rinse with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) prior to biological evaluation using the PrestoBlue tissue viability assay, histology, optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal microscopy, and measurement of the release of the inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 with ELISA. Results: Multiple-endpoint analyses of the infected oral mucosal models treated with different anti-bacterial agents showed consistent outcomes in terms of tissue viability, histology, OCT, and confocal microscopy findings. In terms of anti-inflammatory testingz, the positive control group showed the highest level of inflammation compared with all other groups. Depending on the anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory potential of the test groups, different levels of inflammation were observed in the test groups. Conclusions: The inflamed 3D oral mucosal model developed in this study has the potential to be used as a suitable in vitro model for testing the biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial properties of oral care products including mouthwashes and toothpastes. The results of this study indicate that the chlorhexidine mouthwash has both anti-bacterial and cytotoxic effects on the 3D oral mucosal model. Hyaluronic-acid-containing toothpaste has significant anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects on the 3D oral mucosal model. Full article

Despite reductions in bacterial infection and enhanced success rate, the widespread use of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in implant dentistry is controversial. This use has contributed to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance, along with creating significant health and economic burdens. The basic mechanisms that cause implant infection can be targeted by new prevention and treatment methods which can also lead to the reduction of systemic antibiotic exposure and its associated adverse effects. This review aims to summarize advanced biomaterial strategies applied to implant components based on anti-pathogenic mechanisms and immune balance mechanisms. It emphasizes that modifying the dental implant surface and regulating the early immune response are promising strategies, which may further prevent or slow the development of peri-implant infection, and subsequent failure. Full article

Phalaenopsis orchids are a popular ornamental plant in the flower market. During some festivals, demand increases significantly. These mature orchids must be placed in cooling rooms for inflorescence formation at specific times to increase the financial return from their sale. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of day and night temperatures on the inflorescence formation percentage using the proposed sigmoid model. Four varieties that are cultured in different vegetative temperature regimes are placed in a cooling room. An empirical inflorescence formation model is proposed as a management tool to predict the inflorescence formation percentage for Phalaenopsis. Some data sets from previous studies are used for comparison. The accumulation temperature is calculated using the day and night temperatures and is an index to predict the inflorescence formation percentage. The results show that there is a similar distribution of the inflorescence formation percentage and accumulation temperature for the four varieties. The proposed sigmoid model has a good fitting ability for the inflorescence formation percentage. This inflorescence formation model from the pooled data sets allows quantitative microclimate management of the vegetative and cooling room. Full article

Topolin cytokinins have emerged as valuable tools in micropropagation. This study investigates the metabolism of meta-topolin riboside (mTR) in three distinct tree species: Handroanthus guayacan and Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae), and Tectona grandis (Lamiaceae). Employing labeled N¹⁵ mTR, we unraveled the complex mechanisms underlying cytokinin homeostasis, identifying N9-glucosylation as the principal deactivation pathway. Our findings demonstrate a capacity in T. rosea and H. guayacan to reposition the hydroxyl group on the cytokinin molecule, a previously unexplored metabolic pathway. Notably, this study reveals remarkable interfamilial and interspecies differences in mTR metabolism, challenging established perspectives on the role of callus tissue in cytokinin storage. These insights not only illuminate the metabolic intricacies of mTR, a cytokinin with interesting applications in plant tissue culture, but also enhances our understanding of cytokinin dynamics in plant systems, thereby enriching the scientific discourse on plant physiology and cytokinin biology. Full article

Microplastic might affect the crop yield, nitrogen (N) use efficiency and reactive N losses from agricultural soil systems. However, evaluation of these effects in infertile soil planted with different rice cultivars is lacking. We conducted a soil column experiment to determine the influence of a typical microplastic polyethylene (PE) input into an infertile soil with 270 kg N ha⁻¹ and planted with two rice cultivars, i.e., a common rice Nangeng 5055 (NG) and a hybrid rice Jiafengyou 6 (JFY). The results showed that JFY produced a significantly (p < 0.05) greater grain yield than NG (61.6–66.2 vs. 48.2–52.5 g pot⁻¹) but was not influenced by PE. Overall, PE hardly changed the N use efficiency of NG and JFY. Unexpectedly, PE significantly (p < 0.05) increased the total amino acid content of NG. Compared with JFY, NG volatilized significantly (p < 0.05) more ammonia (NH₃) (0.84–0.92 vs. 0.64–0.67 g N pot⁻¹) but emitted equal nitrous oxide (N₂O). PE exerted no effect on either NH₃ volatilization or the N₂O emission flux pattern and cumulative losses of the rice growth cycle, whether with NG or JFY. Some properties of tested soils changed after planting with different rice cultivars and incorporating with microplastic. In conclusion, the rice production, N use efficiency, NH₃ volatilization and N₂O emission from the N-fertilized infertile soil were pronouncedly influenced by the rice cultivar, but not the PE. However, PE influenced the grain quality of common rice and some properties of tested soils with both rice cultivars. Full article

Ficus palmata is an important fig species that produces edible and nutritious fruit and possesses several therapeutic uses. This study reports an effective method for the micropropagation of F. palmata using nodal explants. In vitro shoots were cultured for 7 weeks onto MS medium fortified with different concentrations of cytokinins, light intensities, sucrose concentrations, and light/dark incubation treatments. Optimal axillary shoot proliferation (10.9 shoots per explant) was obtained on a medium containing 30 g/L sucrose and supplemented with 2 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) under 35 μmol/m²/s light intensity. Dark incubation limited the foliage growth but favored shoot elongation and rooting compared with light incubation. Elongated shoots, under dark conditions, were rooted (100%; 6.67 roots per explant) onto MS medium containing 1 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 1.5 g/L activated charcoal. The micropropagated plantlets were acclimatized with a 95% survival rate. In this study, the genetic fidelity of micropropagated F. palmata clones along with their mother plant was tested using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR), and start codon targeted (SCoT) molecular markers. The genetic similarity between the micropropagated plantlets and the mother plant of F. palmata was nearly 95.9%, assuring high uniformity and true-to-type regenerated plants. Using micropropagated F. palmata plantlets as a rootstock proved appropriate for the grafting F. carica ‘Brown Turkey’. These findings contribute to the commercial propagation and production of the fig crop. Full article

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a prominent viral pathogen that adversely affects tomato plants. Effective strategies for mitigating the impact of TYLCV include isolating tomato plants from the whitefly, which is the vector of the virus, and utilizing transgenic lines that are resistant to the virus. In our preliminary investigations, we observed that the use of growth retardants increased the rate of TYLCV infection and intensified the damage to the tomato plants, suggesting a potential involvement of gibberellic acid (GA) in the conferring of resistance to TYLCV. In this study, we employed an infectious clone of TYLCV to inoculate tomato plants, which resulted in leaf curling and growth inhibition. Remarkably, this inoculation also led to the accumulation of GA₃ and several other phytohormones. Subsequent treatment with GA₃ effectively alleviated the TYLCV-induced leaf curling and growth inhibition, reduced TYLCV abundance in the leaves, enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and lowered the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the leaves. Conversely, the treatment with PP333 exacerbated TYLCV-induced leaf curling and growth suppression, increased TYLCV abundance, decreased antioxidant enzyme activity, and elevated ROS levels in the leaves. The analysis of the gene expression profiles revealed that GA₃ up-regulated the genes associated with disease resistance, such as WRKYs, NACs, MYBs, Cyt P450s, and ERFs, while it down-regulated the DELLA protein, a key agent in GA signaling. In contrast, PP333 induced gene expression changes that were the opposite of those caused by the GA₃ treatment. These findings suggest that GA plays an essential role in the tomato’s defense response against TYLCV and acts as a positive regulator of ROS scavenging and the expression of resistance-related genes. Full article

To the first post-Newtonian order, the orbital angular momentum of the fast-revolving inner binary of the triple system PSR J0337+1715, made of a millisecond pulsar and a white dwarf, induces an annular gravitomagnetic field which displaces the line of apsides of the slower orbit of the other, distant white dwarf by $-1.2$ milliarcseconds per year. The current accuracy in determining the periastron of the outer orbit is $63.9$ milliarcseconds after 1.38 years of data collection. By hypothesizing a constant rate of measurement of the pulsar’s times of arrivals over the next 10 years, assumed equal to the present one, it can be argued that the periastron will be finally known to a ≃$0.15$ milliarcseconds level, while its cumulative gravitomagnetic retrograde shift will be as large as $-12$ milliarcseconds. The competing post-Newtonian gravitolectric periastron advance due to the inner binary’s masses, nominally amounting to $74.3$ milliarcseconds per year, can be presently modelled to an accuracy level as good as ≃$0.04$ milliarcseconds per year. The mismodeling in the much larger Newtonian periastron rate due to the quadrupolar term of the multipolar expansion of the gravitational potential of a massive ring representing the inner binary, whose nominal size for PSR J0337+1715 is $0.17$ degrees per year, might be reduced down to the ≃$0.5$ milliarcseconds per year level over the next 10 years. Thus, a first measurement of such a novel form of gravitomagnetism, although undoubtedly challenging, might be, perhaps, feasible in a not too distant future. Full article

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) have been found in great numbers, but the physical mechanism of these sources is still a mystery. The redshift evolutions of the FRB energy distribution function and the volumetric rate shed light on the origin of FRBs. However, such estimations rely on the dispersion measurement (DM)–redshift (z) relationship. A few FRBs that have been detected recently show large excess DMs beyond the expectation from the cosmological and Milky Way contributions, which indicates large spread of DMs from their host galaxies. In this work, we adopt two lognormal-distributed ${\mathrm{DM}}_{\mathrm{host}}$ models and estimate the energy function using the non-repeating FRBs selected from the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME)/FRB Catalog 1. By comparing the lognormal-distributed ${\mathrm{DM}}_{\mathrm{host}}$ models to a constant ${\mathrm{DM}}_{\mathrm{host}}$ model, the FRB energy function results are consistent within the measurement uncertainty. We also estimate the volumetric rate of the non-repeating FRBs in three different redshift bins. The volumetric rate shows that the trend is consistent with the stellar-mass density redshift evolution. Since the lognormal-distributed ${\mathrm{DM}}_{\mathrm{host}}$ model increases the measurement errors, the inference of FRBs tracking the stellar-mass density is nonetheless undermined. Full article