MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

13 pages, 313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of Longer Breastfeeding Duration and Socioeconomic, Pregnancy, Childbirth and Postpartum Characteristics

by Jekaterina Kozachenko, Anda Kivite-Urtane, Frederika Berzina, Ieva Evelina Stolcere and Gunta Lazdane

Medicina 2024, 60(5), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050792 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Breastmilk is the safest and most suitable food for an infant, playing the role of their first vaccine and containing all the essential nutrients for the first months of life. The World Health Organisation recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Breastmilk is the safest and most suitable food for an infant, playing the role of their first vaccine and containing all the essential nutrients for the first months of life. The World Health Organisation recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life and continued breastfeeding while introducing a child to complementary foods until 2 years and beyond. According to Latvian statistics from 2022, only 27.4% of babies were breastfed for 12 months. The aim of this study was to determine the socio-economic factors and factors related to pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum that influence breastfeeding for more than 6 months in Latvia. Materials and Methods: Data were used from the cross-sectional survey “Research on factors and behaviours affecting the sexual and reproductive health of the population of Latvia”, which was conducted in 2023. A study sample was randomised and stratified by gender and five age groups. The analyses in this study are based on a sample of women who had given birth at least once (n = 1407), and the dependent variable was the duration of breastfeeding their last child. Binary logistic regression was conducted to identify the associated factors. Results: The point prevalence of longer duration of breastfeeding for the last child was 47.9% (n = 674). The odds of longer breastfeeding duration were higher among mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy (vs. smokers, aOR 2.1, p < 0.001), of Latvian nationality (vs. Russian, aOR 1.3, p = 0.03), who had two childbirth (vs. one, aOR 1.5, p = 0.003), who had the highest level of education (vs. primary education, aOR 2.0, p = 0.03), started breastfeeding immediately after the birth (vs. later than the first day, aOR 1.7, p = 0.01) or on the first day (vs. later, aOR 1.6, p = 0.01). Conclusions: We documented socio-demographic pregnancy and childbirth factors associated with longer breastfeeding durations. Efforts to promote breastfeeding practices should target mothers from the most vulnerable groups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics and Gynecology)

16 pages, 2107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotyping the Anthocyanin Content of Various Organs in Purple Corn Using a Digital Camera

by Zhengxin Wang, Ye Liu, Ke Wang, Yusong Wang, Xue Wang, Jiaming Liu, Cheng Xu and Youhong Song

Agriculture 2024, 14(5), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14050744 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

Anthocyanins are precious industrial raw materials. Purple corn is rich in anthocyanins, with large variation in their content between organs. It is imperative to find a rapid and non-destructive method to determine the anthocyanin content in purple corn. To this end, a field [...] Read more.

Anthocyanins are precious industrial raw materials. Purple corn is rich in anthocyanins, with large variation in their content between organs. It is imperative to find a rapid and non-destructive method to determine the anthocyanin content in purple corn. To this end, a field experiment with ten purple corn hybrids was conducted, collecting plant images using a digital camera and determining the anthocyanin content of different organ types. The average values of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) in the images were extracted. The color indices derived from RGB arithmetic operations were applied in establishing a model for estimation of the anthocyanin content. The results showed that the specific color index varied with the organ type in purple corn, i.e., AC_CR for the grains, BRT for the cobs, AC_CB for the husks, R for the stems, AC_CB for the sheaths and BRT for the laminae, respectively. Linear models of the relationship between the color indices and anthocyanin content for different organs were established with R² falling in the range of 0.64–0.94. The predictive accuracy of the linear models, assessed according to the NRMSE, was validated using a sample size of 2:1. The average NRMSE value was 11.68% in the grains, 13.66% in the cobs, 8.90% in the husks, 27.20% in the stems, 7.90% in the sheaths and 15.83% in the laminae, respectively, all less than 30%, indicating that the accuracy and stability of the model was trustworthy and reliable. In conclusion, this study provided a new method for rapid, non-destructive prediction of anthocyanin-rich organs in purple corn. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Applications of Optical Sensors and Machine Learning in Agricultural Monitoring—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 4018 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Treatment Outcomes of Pulpotomy in Primary Teeth with Irreversible Pulpitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Galvin Sim Siang Lin, Yu Jie Chin, Rob Son Choong, Sharifah Wade’ah Wafa Syed Saadun Tarek Wafa, Nabihah Dziaruddin, Fadzlinda Baharin and Ahmad Faisal Ismail

Children 2024, 11(5), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050574 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

Aim: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the success rates of pulpotomy treatment for irreversible pulpitis in primary teeth. Methods: This study was registered and conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols. Relevant studies published [...] Read more.

Aim: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the success rates of pulpotomy treatment for irreversible pulpitis in primary teeth. Methods: This study was registered and conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols. Relevant studies published between January 1980 and April 2023 were identified across eight online databases and two paediatric dentistry textbooks. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were conducted by multiple investigators independently. Data analysis involved single-arm and two-arm meta-analyses, leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, and assessment of publication bias. The risks of bias were evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration’s assessment tools. The levels of evidence were determined using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) tool. Results: Five primary studies were included. The weighted mean overall success rates at 6-month and 12-month follow-ups were 97.2% and 94.4%, respectively. Two-arm meta-analysis revealed no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and non-MTA bioceramic-based materials as pulpotomy medicaments. The sample size of each study did not affect the degree of data heterogeneity. Egger’s test revealed no significant publication bias. Conclusions: Pulpotomy may be regarded as an alternative modality for treating primary teeth with irreversible pulpitis. Nevertheless, future well-designed trials and extended follow-up periods are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research Progress of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry)

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14 pages, 1059 KiB

Open AccessReview

Adverse Skeletal Muscle Adaptations in Individuals Born Preterm—A Comprehensive Review

by Nick L. Dobson, Danielle E. Levitt, Hui Ying Luk and Heather L. Vellers

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(5), 4551-4564; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46050276 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

Infants born preterm face an increased risk of deleterious effects on lung and brain health that can significantly alter long-term function and quality of life and even lead to death. Moreover, preterm birth is also associated with a heightened risk of diabetes and [...] Read more.

Infants born preterm face an increased risk of deleterious effects on lung and brain health that can significantly alter long-term function and quality of life and even lead to death. Moreover, preterm birth is also associated with a heightened risk of diabetes and obesity later in life, leading to an increased risk of all-cause mortality in young adults born prematurely. While these preterm-birth-related conditions have been well characterized, less is known about the long-term effects of preterm birth on skeletal muscle health and, specifically, an individual’s skeletal muscle hypertrophic potential later in life. In this review, we discuss how a confluence of potentially interrelated and self-perpetuating elements associated with preterm birth might converge on anabolic and catabolic pathways to ultimately blunt skeletal muscle hypertrophy, identifying critical areas for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Molecular Mechanisms in Human Diseases)

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20 pages, 687 KiB

Open AccessReview

Psychological Trust Dynamics in Climate Change Adaptation Decision-Making Processes: A Literature Review

by Rubinia Celeste Bonfanti, Stefano Ruggieri and Adriano Schimmenti

Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 3984; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103984 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

There has been a growth in interest among academics and professionals in psychological trust dynamics during climate change adaptation. This literature review aimed to examine the research concerning trust dynamics in climate change adaptation from different levels of analysis, encompassing the different phases [...] Read more.

There has been a growth in interest among academics and professionals in psychological trust dynamics during climate change adaptation. This literature review aimed to examine the research concerning trust dynamics in climate change adaptation from different levels of analysis, encompassing the different phases of adaptation and considering the importance of trust in climate change decision-making. The method consisted of systematically reviewing researches on this topic published in scientific articles, by using appropriate and relevant search keywords (e.g., trust, community, natural hazard, climate change adaptation, decision-making) in academic databases. A total of 25 studies met inclusion criteria. All the articles focused on the latter phases of the climate change adaptation cycle, specifically implementation and monitoring/evaluation, with limited attention devoted to decision-making related to earlier phases of preparation, assessment of risks, and identification and selection of adaptation options. The reviews also indicates that psychological trust is related to different adaptive actions (e.g., adoption of renewable energy technologies), and low- and high-impact mitigation behaviors (e.g., acceptance of paying taxes for actions that mitigate climate change). Therefore, this review underscores the significant role of psychological trust dynamics in shaping individuals’ decision-making processes concerning climate change adaptation, thereby yielding immediate and direct implications for climate systems. Therefore, it is essential to actively promote the culture of trust within the context of climate change adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air, Climate Change and Sustainability)

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23 pages, 3224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Analysis of Carbon Emissions between Growing and Shrinking Cities: A Case of Three Northeastern Provinces in China

by Yuanzhen Song, Jian Tian, Weijie He, Aihemaiti Namaiti and Jian Zeng

Land 2024, 13(5), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050648 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

Carbon emission issues are becoming increasingly severe, and the carbon emissions in shrinking cities, primarily characterized by population loss, are often overlooked and insufficiently studied. This paper focuses on the carbon emissions from county-level administrative units in China’s three northeastern provinces from 2001 [...] Read more.

Carbon emission issues are becoming increasingly severe, and the carbon emissions in shrinking cities, primarily characterized by population loss, are often overlooked and insufficiently studied. This paper focuses on the carbon emissions from county-level administrative units in China’s three northeastern provinces from 2001 to 2017. The study scientifically identified shrinking cities and measured the differences in carbon emission characteristics between growing and shrinking cities using the Theil index. Ultimately, the paper constructs a panel spatial econometric model to analyze the factors influencing them and explore their spatial effects. (1) The total carbon emissions in the Three Northeastern Provinces exhibited an inverted U-shaped trend, increasing from 734.21 million tons in 2001 to 1731.73 million tons in 2017, with the Mann–Kendall trend test showing a significant increase; spatially, this manifests as a significant positive spatial autocorrelation. (2) The region has 138 shrinking cities, accounting for over 50%; regarding carbon emission characteristics, the Theil index has consistently remained above 0.18, indicating significant differences between the carbon emissions of growing and shrinking cities. (3) The panel spatial econometric model results show that the influencing factors of carbon emissions in shrinking cities have unique directions, intensities, and spatial effects. In shrinking cities, aside from localized GDP effects and per-capita GDP acting as a suppressant, the population size has a pronounced inhibitory effect on local and surrounding carbon emissions. The analysis reveals significant differences in the carbon emission patterns and mechanisms between growing and shrinking cities; based on these results, the paper proposes differentiated carbon control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Low Carbon Economy and Sustainable Development)

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4 pages, 178 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial to the Special Issue: “Recent Advances in Gamma Ray Astrophysics and Future Perspectives”

by Patrizia Romano

Universe 2024, 10(5), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10050213 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

This Special Issue is a collection of reviews highlighting the recent progress in the very vast and closely related fields of

γ

-ray astrophysics and astro-particle physics in recent years, looking toward a very promising future [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Gamma Ray Astrophysics and Future Perspectives)

31 pages, 1383 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review on Autism and Hyperserotonemia: State-of-the-Art, Limitations, and Future Directions

by Dario Esposito, Gianluca Cruciani, Laura Zaccaro, Emanuele Di Carlo, Grazia Fernanda Spitoni, Filippo Manti, Claudia Carducci, Elena Fiori, Vincenzo Leuzzi and Tiziana Pascucci

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(5), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050481 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

Hyperserotonemia is one of the most studied endophenotypes in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but there are still no unequivocal results about its causes or biological and behavioral outcomes. This systematic review summarizes the studies investigating the relationship between blood serotonin (5-HT) levels and [...] Read more.

Hyperserotonemia is one of the most studied endophenotypes in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but there are still no unequivocal results about its causes or biological and behavioral outcomes. This systematic review summarizes the studies investigating the relationship between blood serotonin (5-HT) levels and ASD, comparing diagnostic tools, analytical methods, and clinical outcomes. A literature search on peripheral 5-HT levels and ASD was conducted. In total, 1104 publications were screened, of which 113 entered the present systematic review. Of these, 59 articles reported hyperserotonemia in subjects with ASD, and 26 presented correlations between 5-HT levels and ASD-core clinical outcomes. The 5-HT levels are increased in about half, and correlations between hyperserotonemia and clinical outcomes are detected in a quarter of the studies. The present research highlights a large amount of heterogeneity in this field, ranging from the characterization of ASD and control groups to diagnostic and clinical assessments, from blood sampling procedures to analytical methods, allowing us to delineate critical topics for future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Neuroscience)

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12 pages, 6850 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature Dependency of Insect’s Wingbeat Frequencies: An Empirical Approach to Temperature Correction

by Topu Saha, Adrien P. Genoud, Jung H. Park and Benjamin P. Thomas

Insects 2024, 15(5), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050342 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between the wingbeat frequency of flying insects and ambient temperature, leveraging data from over 302,000 insect observations obtained using a near-infrared optical sensor during an eight-month field experiment. By measuring the wingbeat frequency as well as wing and [...] Read more.

This study examines the relationship between the wingbeat frequency of flying insects and ambient temperature, leveraging data from over 302,000 insect observations obtained using a near-infrared optical sensor during an eight-month field experiment. By measuring the wingbeat frequency as well as wing and body optical cross-sections of each insect in conjunction with the ambient temperature, we identified five clusters of insects and analyzed how their average wingbeat frequencies evolved over temperatures ranging from 10 °C to 38 °C. Our findings reveal a positive correlation between temperature and wingbeat frequency, with a more pronounced increase observed at higher wingbeat frequencies. Frequencies increased on average by 2.02 Hz/°C at 50 Hz, and up to 9.63 Hz/°C at 525 Hz, and a general model is proposed. This model offers a valuable tool for correcting wingbeat frequencies with temperature, enhancing the accuracy of insect clustering by optical and acoustic sensors. While this approach does not account for species-specific responses to temperature changes, our research provides a general insight, based on all species present during the field experiment, into the intricate dynamics of insect flight behavior in relation to environmental factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthrough Technologies for Future Entomology)

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9 pages, 823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging-Guided Cryoablation for Solitary-Biopsy-Proven Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Tertiary Cancer Center Experience

by Mohamed E. Abdelsalam, Nabeel Mecci, Ahmed Awad, Roland L. Bassett, Bruno C. Odisio, Peiman Habibollahi, Thomas Lu, David Irwin, Jose A. Karam, Surena F. Matin and Kamran Ahrar

Cancers 2024, 16(10), 1815; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16101815 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

Background: Our purpose is to evaluate the long-term oncologic efficacy and survival rates of MRI-guided cryoablation for patients with biopsy-proven cT1a renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our renal ablation database between January 2007 and June 2021 and only [...] Read more.

Background: Our purpose is to evaluate the long-term oncologic efficacy and survival rates of MRI-guided cryoablation for patients with biopsy-proven cT1a renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our renal ablation database between January 2007 and June 2021 and only included patients with solitary-biopsy-proven cT1a RCC (≤4 cm) who underwent MRI-guided cryoablation. We excluded patients with genetic syndromes, bilateral RCC, recurrent RCC or benign lesions, those without pathologically proven RCC lesions and patients who underwent radiofrequency ablation or CT-guided cryoablation. For each patient, we collected the following: age, sex, lesion size, right- or left-sided, pathology, ablation zone tumor recurrence, development of new tumor in the kidney other than ablation zone, development of metastatic disease, patient alive or not, date and cause of death. We used the Kaplan and Meier product limit estimator to estimate the survival outcomes. Results: Twenty-nine patients (median age 70 years) met our inclusion criteria. Twenty-nine MRI-guided cryoablation procedures were performed for twenty-nine tumor lesions with a median size of 2.2 cm. A Clavien–Dindo grade III complication developed in one patient (3.4%). Clear cell RCC was the most reported histology (n = 19). The median follow up was 4.5 years. No tumor recurrence or metastatic disease developed in any of the patients. Two patients developed new renal lesions separate from the ablation zone. The 5- and 10-year OS were 72% and 55.6%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year DFS were 90.5% and the 5-year and 10-year LRFS, MFS and CSS were all 100%. Conclusions: MRI-guided cryoablation is a safe treatment with a low complication rate. Long-term follow-up data revealed long-standing oncologic control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genitourinary Malignancies)

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13 pages, 3325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Combined Molecular Dynamics and Hydropathic INTeraction (HINT) Approach to Investigate Protein Flexibility: The PPARγ Case Study

by Federica Agosta and Pietro Cozzini

Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2234; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102234 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

Molecular Dynamics (MD) is a computational technique widely used to evaluate a molecular system’s thermodynamic properties and conformational behavior over time. In particular, the energy analysis of a protein conformation ensemble produced though MD simulations plays a crucial role in explaining the relationship [...] Read more.

Molecular Dynamics (MD) is a computational technique widely used to evaluate a molecular system’s thermodynamic properties and conformational behavior over time. In particular, the energy analysis of a protein conformation ensemble produced though MD simulations plays a crucial role in explaining the relationship between protein dynamics and its mechanism of action. In this research work, the HINT (Hydropathic INTeractions) LogP-based scoring function was first used to handle MD trajectories and investigate the molecular basis behind the intricate PPARγ mechanism of activation. The Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) is an emblematic example of a highly flexible protein due to the extended ω-loop delimiting the active site, and it is responsible for the receptor’s ability to bind chemically different compounds. In this work, we focused on the PPARγ complex with Rosiglitazone, a common anti-diabetic compound and analyzed the molecular basis of the flexible ω-loop stabilization effect produced by the Oleic Acid co-binding. The HINT-based analysis of the produced MD trajectories allowed us to account for all of the energetic contributions involved in interconverting between conformational states and describe the intramolecular interactions between the flexible ω-loop and the helix H3 triggered by the allosteric binding mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Feature Papers in Physical Chemistry, 2nd Edition)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Caregiver Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior toward Care of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Saudi Arabian Perspective

by Abdulaziz Almosallam, Ahmad Zaheer Qureshi, Bashayer Alzahrani, Sultanh AlSultan, Waad Ibrahim Alzubaidi and Alanoud Alsanad

Healthcare 2024, 12(10), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12100982 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

The care of children with cerebral palsy (CP) requires a complex system of care that is not only dependent on health care resources, but is also strongly influenced by social and cultural attributes. Hence, it is important to explore the understanding and practices [...] Read more.

The care of children with cerebral palsy (CP) requires a complex system of care that is not only dependent on health care resources, but is also strongly influenced by social and cultural attributes. Hence, it is important to explore the understanding and practices of caregivers within a regional perspective. This study was conducted to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and behavior (KAB) of parents with children diagnosed with CP in Saudi Arabia. A cross sectional survey was conducted on the caregivers of children with CP admitted for inpatient rehabilitation between October 2023 to January 2024. A total of 216 caregivers participated in this survey. About 82.9% of caregivers were the mothers of CP children, half (50.5%) were ≤36 years old, 53.7% were highly educated, and 89.2% lived in urban areas. More than half of the participants (57.7%) owned their homes. Regarding children, spastic quadriplegia was the most common type (46.3% of cases). Overall, the participants recorded good values for all variables for KAB. The mean value for attitude was higher (2.67 ± 0.20) when compared to behavior (2.49 ± 0.36) and knowledge (2.46 ± 0.25). Participants who had children with spastic quadriplegia CP reported lower behavior scores than their peers. Strategies with a special emphasis on improving the behaviors of caregivers for children with quadriplegia need to be adapted. Similarly, the living situations of families need to be taken into consideration given its significant association with the attitude of caregivers. A considerable lack of knowledge in handling emergency situations by caregivers signifies a gap in care, which could have potentially life-threatening consequences. Full article

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14 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social and Structural Determinants of Health Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Older Adults in the United States

by Kingsley Kalu, Gulzar Shah, Ho-Jui Tung and Helen W. Bland

Vaccines 2024, 12(5), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12050521 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

State-level COVID-19 vaccination rates among older adults have been uneven in the United States. Due to the immunocompromised nature of older adults, vaccine hesitancy increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. This study aims to determine the association between the social determinants of [...] Read more.

State-level COVID-19 vaccination rates among older adults have been uneven in the United States. Due to the immunocompromised nature of older adults, vaccine hesitancy increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. This study aims to determine the association between the social determinants of health, the structural determinants of health, and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among older adults in the United States. Secondary data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) dataset were used. A descriptive analysis and multinomial multivariable logistic regression were performed to examine the association of the independent variables—gender, age, race, immigration status, marital status, broadband internet access, social security income, Medicare coverage, education, and frequency of religious service—with the dependent variable, vaccine hesitancy. Compared to the respondents with no vaccine hesitancy and without the specific predictor, the respondents who reported religious attendance at least once/week were more likely to be “somewhat hesitant”, divorced respondents had higher odds of being “somewhat hesitant”, and older adults aged 65–74 years were more likely to be “very hesitant” or “somewhat hesitant” about the COVID-19 vaccine. Compared to the respondents with no vaccine hesitancy and without the specific predictor, females had higher odds of being “very hesitant”, “somewhat hesitant”, or a “little hesitant”, and African Americans were more likely to be “very hesitant”, “somewhat hesitant”, or a “little hesitant” about the COVID-19 vaccine. Addressing these factors may limit the barriers to vaccine uptake reported among older adults and improve herd immunity among the immunocompromised population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Hesitancy)

11 pages, 1897 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Bayesian Inference for Multiple Datasets

by Renata Retkute, William Thurston and Christopher A. Gilligan

Stats 2024, 7(2), 434-444; https://doi.org/10.3390/stats7020026 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

Estimating parameters for multiple datasets can be time consuming, especially when the number of datasets is large. One solution is to sample from multiple datasets simultaneously using Bayesian methods such as adaptive multiple importance sampling (AMIS). Here, we use the AMIS approach to [...] Read more.

Estimating parameters for multiple datasets can be time consuming, especially when the number of datasets is large. One solution is to sample from multiple datasets simultaneously using Bayesian methods such as adaptive multiple importance sampling (AMIS). Here, we use the AMIS approach to fit a von Mises distribution to multiple datasets for wind trajectories derived from a Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model driven from 3D meteorological data. A posterior distribution of parameters can help to characterise the uncertainties in wind trajectories in a form that can be used as inputs for predictive models of wind-dispersed insect pests and the pathogens of agricultural crops for use in evaluating risk and in planning mitigation actions. The novelty of our study is in testing the performance of the method on a very large number of datasets (>11,000). Our results show that AMIS can significantly improve the efficiency of parameter inference for multiple datasets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bayesian Methods)

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15 pages, 2477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Influence of Cold Plasma on Epidermal Melanogenesis In Situ and In Vitro

by Sybille Hasse, Marie-Christine Sommer, Sebastian Guenther, Christian Schulze, Sander Bekeschus and Thomas von Woedtke

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5186; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105186 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

Epidermal melanin synthesis determines an individual’s skin color. In humans, melanin is formed by melanocytes within the epidermis. The process of melanin synthesis strongly depends on a range of cellular factors, including the fine-tuned interplay with reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this context, [...] Read more.

Epidermal melanin synthesis determines an individual’s skin color. In humans, melanin is formed by melanocytes within the epidermis. The process of melanin synthesis strongly depends on a range of cellular factors, including the fine-tuned interplay with reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this context, a role of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) on melanin synthesis was proposed due to its tunable ROS generation. Herein, the argon-driven plasma jet kINPen^® MED was employed, and its impact on melanin synthesis was evaluated by comparison with known stimulants such as the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX and UV radiation. Different available model systems were employed, and the melanin content of both cultured human melanocytes (in vitro) and full-thickness human skin biopsies (in situ) were analyzed. A histochemical method detected melanin in skin tissue. Cellular melanin was measured by NIR autofluorescence using flow cytometry, and a highly sensitive HPLC-MS method was applied, which enabled the differentiation of eu- and pheomelanin by their degradation products. The melanin content in full-thickness human skin biopsies increased after repeated CAP exposure, while there were only minor effects in cultured melanocytes compared to UV radiation and IBMX treatment. Based on these findings, CAP does not appear to be a useful option for treating skin pigmentation disorders. On the other hand, the risk of hyperpigmentation as an adverse effect of CAP application for wound healing or other dermatological diseases seems to be neglectable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Melanins and Melanogenesis 4.0: From Nature to Applications)

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13 pages, 1898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modified Buckwheat Husk as a Filler for Urea–Formaldehyde Resin in Plywood Production

by Jakub Kawalerczyk, Joanna Walkiewicz, Ján Sedliačik, Dorota Dukarska, Magdalena Woźniak and Radosław Mirski

Polymers 2024, 16(10), 1350; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16101350 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

The aim of the presented research was to determine the suitability of both non-modified and modified buckwheat husk (BH) as a filler for urea–formaldehyde adhesive in plywood production. The effect of two modification methods, acetylation and silanization, was investigated. Infrared spectroscopy outcomes confirmed [...] Read more.

The aim of the presented research was to determine the suitability of both non-modified and modified buckwheat husk (BH) as a filler for urea–formaldehyde adhesive in plywood production. The effect of two modification methods, acetylation and silanization, was investigated. Infrared spectroscopy outcomes confirmed that both acetylation and silanization of the filler had occurred. Based on the results, it was found that the introduction of BH had a significant effect on both the adhesive properties and the characteristics of the manufactured plywood. The application of non-modified husks led to a reduction in viscosity and an extension of the gelation time, and the produced plywood boards were characterized by reduced bonding quality and increased delamination. Modification of the husk surface by acetylation and silanization with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane contributed to the noticeable improvement in the resin properties. On the other hand, the improvement in plywood properties, consisting of the increase in bonding quality and reduced delamination, was observed only in the case of the silanized husk. Furthermore, the use of non-modified and acetylated husk did not significantly influence the formaldehyde emission. The reduction in the investigated emission of formaldehyde was observed only in the case of variants containing 15 and 20% of silanized buckwheat husk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Polymers: Structure, Modification and Processing)

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15 pages, 519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Learning to Read in an Intermediate Depth Orthography: The Longitudinal Role of Grapheme Sounding on Different Types of Reading Fluency

by Sandra Fernandes, Luís Querido and Arlette Verhaeghe

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14050396 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

Phonological processing skills, such as phonological awareness, are known predictors of reading acquisition in alphabetic languages with varying degrees of orthographic complexity. However, the role of multi-letter-sound knowledge, an important foundation for early reading development, in supporting reading fluency development remains to be [...] Read more.

Phonological processing skills, such as phonological awareness, are known predictors of reading acquisition in alphabetic languages with varying degrees of orthographic complexity. However, the role of multi-letter-sound knowledge, an important foundation for early reading development, in supporting reading fluency development remains to be determined. This study examined whether two core foundational skills, phonemic awareness and grapheme sounding, have a predictive role in reading fluency development in an intermediate-depth orthography. The participants were 62 children learning to read in European Portuguese, and they were longitudinally assessed on phonemic awareness, complex grapheme sounding, and reading fluency (decoding, word, and text) from Grade 2 to Grade 3. The results showed that grapheme sounding predicted reading fluency development controlled for nonverbal intelligence and vocabulary, short-term verbal memory, and phonemic awareness. Grapheme sounding plays a prominent role in predicting reading fluency outcomes, whereas phonemic awareness (both accuracy and time per correct item) did not contribute to any of the three types of reading fluency. The fact that grapheme-sounding predicted reading fluency is likely due to complex grapheme-phoneme correspondences being required to achieve proficient reading. These findings provide insights into the cognitive processes underlying reading development in intermediate-depth orthographies and have implications for early literacy instruction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic: Typical and Atypical Cognitive Development)

15 pages, 646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Aerobic Dance Intervention on Postural Balance in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Ghada Jouira, Cristina Ioana Alexe, Khawla Zinelabidine, Haithem Rebai, George Danuț Mocanu, Adin Marian Cojocaru, Luciana Dragomir, Denis Čaušević and Sonia Sahli

Children 2024, 11(5), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050573 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the impact of an 8-week aerobic dance intervention on postural balance in children. Forty-one children, aged 9 to 11, were randomly assigned to either an aerobic dance group (ADG) or a control group (CG) from a primary school. [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of an 8-week aerobic dance intervention on postural balance in children. Forty-one children, aged 9 to 11, were randomly assigned to either an aerobic dance group (ADG) or a control group (CG) from a primary school. Postural balance was assessed using center of pressure (CoP) excursions before and after the 8-week intervention period. Evaluations were conducted on both firm and foam surfaces in bipedal and unipedal stances under open-eyes (OE) and closed-eyes (CE) conditions, as well as on both medial–lateral (ML) and anterior–posterior (AP) surfaces in a bipedal stance under OE conditions. The ADG exhibited significantly decreased CoP_Vm values during firm bipedal CE, unipedal OE, foam bipedal OE and CE, and foam unipedal OE (p < 0.005). This study suggests that aerobic dance intervention improved postural balance in children, showcasing adaptability and improved stability under various conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motor Competence and Physical Activity in School Children)

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9 pages, 351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In the Eyes of the Future: Eye Movement during Near and Distant Future Thinking

by Mohamad El Haj and Ahmed A. Moustafa

Vision 2024, 8(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8020032 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

Research has suggested that near future events are typically viewed from a first-person (an own-eyes, also known as field) perspective while distant future events are typically viewed from a third-person (an observer) perspective. We investigated whether these distinct mental perspectives would be accompanied [...] Read more.

Research has suggested that near future events are typically viewed from a first-person (an own-eyes, also known as field) perspective while distant future events are typically viewed from a third-person (an observer) perspective. We investigated whether these distinct mental perspectives would be accompanied by distinct eye movement activities. We invited participants to imagine near and distant future events while their eye movements (i.e., scan path) were recorded by eye-tracking glasses. Analysis demonstrated fewer but longer fixations for near future thinking than for distant future thinking. Analysis also demonstrated more “field” mental visual perspective responses for near than for distant future thinking. The long fixations during near future thinking may mirror a mental visual exploration involving processing of a more complex visual representation compared with distant future thinking. By demonstrating how near future thinking triggers both “field” responses and long fixations, our study demonstrates how the temporality of future thinking triggers both distinct mental imagery and eye movement patterns. Full article

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19 pages, 3021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evaluation of the Anxiolytic Potential of Amentoflavone in Adult Zebrafish Undergoing Alcohol Withdrawal: In Vivo and In Silico Studies

by Lucas Soares Frota, Wildson Max Barbosa da Silva, Daniela Ribeiro Alves, Sacha Aubrey Alves Santos Rodrigues, Gabriela Alves do Nascimento, Francisco Ernani Alves Magalhães, Adriana Rolim Campos and Selene Maia de Morais

Receptors 2024, 3(2), 201-219; https://doi.org/10.3390/receptors3020011 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

The constant use of alcoholic beverages can deregulate serotonin levels, affecting neurotransmitters and triggering symptoms of anxiety. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the anxiolytic potential and possible action mechanisms of the natural compound amentoflavone against the deleterious [...] Read more.

The constant use of alcoholic beverages can deregulate serotonin levels, affecting neurotransmitters and triggering symptoms of anxiety. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the anxiolytic potential and possible action mechanisms of the natural compound amentoflavone against the deleterious effects caused by alcohol withdrawal on the behavior of adult zebrafish (aZF). The experiments showed that amentoflavone did not change locomotion and did not cause toxicity in aZF during up to 96 h of analysis, with a median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) greater than 1.0 mg/mL. The reversal of anxiety by pretreatment with granisetron suggested that the anxiolytic effect of amentoflavone is dependent on serotonergic 5-HT_3A/3B receptors. Furthermore, amentoflavone reversed anxiety due to flumazenil pretreatment, suggesting a dependence on the GABA_A receptor. The three concentrations of amentoflavone tested were effective in treating anxiety resulting from alcohol withdrawal. In silico analysis validated the in vivo results, supporting the idea that the interaction of amentoflavone with the protein occurs in a more stable manner than reference compounds. Amid growing interest in natural alternatives to treat anxiety disorders, amentoflavone is a potential candidate for a new anxiolytic compound that acts specifically on the 5HT_3A/3B and GABAergic serotonergic pathways. Full article

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13 pages, 2778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Influence of Reverse Osmosis on Lakes Using Water Quality Indices: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia

by Mohammed T. Aljassim, Abdulaziz A. AlMulla, Mahmoud M. Berekaa and Abdulmalik S. Alsaif

Water 2024, 16(10), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101351 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

A drastic level of resource degradation was revealed through a preliminary evaluation (completed in 2016) of water quality in a recreational lake in the second industrial city in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The primary signs were a foul smell, algal bloom, high turbidity, and [...] Read more.

A drastic level of resource degradation was revealed through a preliminary evaluation (completed in 2016) of water quality in a recreational lake in the second industrial city in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The primary signs were a foul smell, algal bloom, high turbidity, and lack of aquatic life. This study aims to evaluate the influence of reverse osmosis (RO) on lake water quality. The recreational lake consists of two connected lakes (Lakes 1 and 2), which receive treated effluent from an industrial wastewater treatment plant. Composite samples were collected from the lakes to analyze their physiochemical parameters. Descriptive analyses were performed, and two water quality indices were developed to observe the variations in water quality conditions between the two periods (2016 and 2021). The results indicated that the water parameters of total dissolved solids (TDS), sulphate (SO₄²⁻), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in 2016 (3356, 4100, 516, and 1.32 mg/L, respectively) were significantly improved in 2021 (2502, 1.28, 9.39, and 7.79 mg/L, respectively). The results of the water quality index (WQI) and comprehensive pollution index (CPI) indicated that the water quality in Lake 1 was significantly enhanced in 2021 (WQI = 85, CPI = 1) in comparison with assessment data from 2016 (WQI = 962, CPI = 8). However, the data from Lake 2 revealed higher pollution levels in 2021 (WQI = 1722, CPI = 18) than those recorded in 2016 (WQI = 1508, CPI = 13). As indicated by the absence of bad smells, algal blooms, and restoration of aquatic life, the RO intervention successfully improved the water quality in Lake 1. The WQI and CPI were helpful tools for evaluating lake water quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Treatment and Contaminants Control: Technologies and Strategies)

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21 pages, 12952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of the Relationship between Human Behavior and Urban Design during the Winter in a High-Snowfall Urban Area

by Norihiro Watanabe and Tsuyoshi Setoguchi

Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 3983; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103983 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

This study focuses on the relationship between the outdoor environment and usage behavior of open spaces in cities with snowy and cold climates (winter cities), using an outdoor survey conducted at AKAPURA Plaza in Sapporo, Japan. This study seeks to understand walking and [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the relationship between the outdoor environment and usage behavior of open spaces in cities with snowy and cold climates (winter cities), using an outdoor survey conducted at AKAPURA Plaza in Sapporo, Japan. This study seeks to understand walking and staying behaviors and analyzes their relationships to snowy outdoor environments. An analysis of the survey data shows that while the number of pedestrians using AKAPLA Plaza decreased as temperatures dropped, the ratio of staying behavior to the number of pedestrians did not decrease despite dropping temperatures. This study identified the following three design principles that can be applied to encourage the usage of open urban spaces during the winter. In winter, the number of pedestrians decreases in correlation with decreases in temperature; however, during the snowy season, walking can be encouraged by providing areas with less snow (PATH). Partially snow-covered areas can encourage photography and snow play behavior (STORAGE). Finally, providing walking routes to snow-covered areas can encourage staying behavior (APPROACH). These design principles were established based on the study in Sapporo and have the potential to be widely applied in other winter cities across the world through future research and analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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15 pages, 1084 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gut Microbiota and Immune System in Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Related Sepsis

by Emilio Jirillo, Skender Topi, Ioannis Alexandros Charitos, Luigi Santacroce, Elona Gaxhja and Marica Colella

Gastrointest. Disord. 2024, 6(2), 431-445; https://doi.org/10.3390/gidisord6020029 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024

Abstract

A severe condition of sepsis can be a complication of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which can occur in premature infants and becomes a medical challenge in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). It is a multifactorial intestinal disease (can affect both the small and [...] Read more.

A severe condition of sepsis can be a complication of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), which can occur in premature infants and becomes a medical challenge in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). It is a multifactorial intestinal disease (can affect both the small and large intestine) that can lead to ischemia of the intestinal tissues that evolves into acute organ necrosis. One of these factors is that different types of nutrition can influence the onset or the progression of the disease. Cow-milk-based infant formulas have been shown to cause it in premature infants more frequently than human milk. Recently, nutrition has been shown to be beneficial after surgery. Several issues still under study, such as the pathogenesis and the insufficient and often difficult therapeutic approach, as well as the lack of a common and effective prevention strategy, make this disease an enigma in daily clinical practice. Recent studies outlined the emerging role of the host immune system and resident gut microbiota, showing their close connection in NEC pathophysiology. In its initial stages, broad-spectrum antibiotics, bowel rest, and breastfeeding are currently used, as well as probiotics to help the development of the intestinal microbiota and its eubiosis. This paper aims to present the current knowledge and potential fields of research in NEC pathophysiology and therapeutic assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Factors Affecting Disease Activity in Children and Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Exploration of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Elements)

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