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23 pages, 3853 KiB  
Review
The Use of Spectroscopic Methods to Study Organic Matter in Virgin and Arable Soils: A Scoping Review
by Evgeny Lodygin and Evgeny Abakumov
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14051003 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The use of modern spectroscopic methods of analysis, which provide extensive information on the chemical nature of substances, significantly expands our understanding of the molecular composition and properties of soil organic matter (SOM) and its transformation and stabilization processes in various ecosystems and [...] Read more.
The use of modern spectroscopic methods of analysis, which provide extensive information on the chemical nature of substances, significantly expands our understanding of the molecular composition and properties of soil organic matter (SOM) and its transformation and stabilization processes in various ecosystems and geochemical conditions. The aim of this review is to identify and analyze studies related to the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy techniques to study the molecular composition and transformation of organic matter in virgin and arable soils. This article is mainly based on three research questions: (1) Which NMR spectroscopy techniques are used to study SOM, and what are their disadvantages and advantages? (2) How is the NMR spectroscopy technique used to study the molecular structure of different pools of SOM? (3) How is ESR spectroscopy used in SOM chemistry, and what are its advantages and limitations? Relevant studies published between 1996 and 2024 were searched in four databases: eLIBRARY, MDPI, ScienceDirect and Springer. We excluded non-English-language articles, review articles, non-peer-reviewed articles and other non-article publications, as well as publications that were not available according to the search protocols. Exclusion criteria for articles were studies that used NMR and EPR techniques to study non-SOM and where these techniques were not the primary methods. Our scoping review found that both solid-state and solution-state NMR spectroscopy are commonly used to study the structure of soil organic matter (SOM). Solution-phase NMR is particularly useful for studying soluble SOM components of a low molecular weight, whereas solid-phase NMR offers advantages such as higher 13C atom concentration for stronger signals and faster analysis time. However, solution-phase NMR has limitations including sample insolubility, potential signal aggregation and reduced sensitivity and resolution. Solid-state NMR is better at detecting non-protonated carbon atoms and identifying heterogeneous regions within structures. EPR spectroscopy, on the other hand, offers significant advantages in experimental biochemistry due to its high sensitivity and ability to provide detailed information about substances containing free radicals (FRs), aiding in the assessment of their reactivity and transformations. Understanding the FR structure in biopolymers can help to study the formation and transformation of SOM. The integration of two- and three-dimensional NMR spectroscopy with other analytical methods, such as chromatography, mass spectrometry, etc., provides a more comprehensive approach to deciphering the complex composition of SOM than one-dimensional techniques alone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Humic Substances: Chemistry and Multidimensional Role in Agricultural Systems and Pollution Management)
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17 pages, 663 KiB  
Systematic Review
The New Horizon of Antipsychotics beyond the Classic Dopaminergic Hypothesis—The Case of the Xanomeline–Trospium Combination: A Systematic Review
by Octavian Vasiliu, Beatrice Budeanu and Mihai-Ștefan Cătănescu
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(5), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17050610 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Although the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia explains the effects of all the available antipsychotics in clinical use, there is an increasing need for developing new drugs for the treatment of the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of chronic psychoses. Xanomeline–trospium (KarXT) is a [...] Read more.
Although the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia explains the effects of all the available antipsychotics in clinical use, there is an increasing need for developing new drugs for the treatment of the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of chronic psychoses. Xanomeline–trospium (KarXT) is a drug combination that is based on the essential role played by acetylcholine in the regulation of cognitive processes and the interactions between this neurotransmitter and other signaling pathways in the central nervous system, with a potential role in the onset of schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and substance use disorders. A systematic literature review that included four electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Clarivate/Web of Science, and Google Scholar) and the US National Library of Medicine database for clinical trials detected twenty-one sources referring to fourteen studies focused on KarXT, out of which only four have available results. Based on the results of these trials, the short-term efficacy and tolerability of xanomeline–trospium are good, but more data are needed before this drug combination may be recommended for clinical use. However, on a theoretical level, the exploration of KarXT is useful for increasing the interest of researchers in finding new, non-dopaminergic, antipsychotics that could be used either as monotherapy or as add-on drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Drug Discovery and Evaluation for the Treatment of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia)
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26 pages, 3774 KiB  
Article
Evolutionary Algorithms for Strength Prediction of Geopolymer Concrete
by Bingzhang Huang, Alireza Bahrami, Muhammad Faisal Javed, Iftikhar Azim and Muhammad Ayyan Iqbal
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1347; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051347 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Geopolymer concrete (GPC) serves as a sustainable substitute for conventional concrete by employing alternative cementitious materials such as fly ash (FA) instead of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), contributing to environmental and durability benefits. To increase the rate of utilization of FA in the [...] Read more.
Geopolymer concrete (GPC) serves as a sustainable substitute for conventional concrete by employing alternative cementitious materials such as fly ash (FA) instead of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), contributing to environmental and durability benefits. To increase the rate of utilization of FA in the construction industry, distinctive characteristics of two machine learning (ML) methods, namely, gene expression programming (GEP) and multi-expression programming (MEP), were utilized in this study to propose precise prediction models for the compressive strength and split tensile strength of GPC comprising FA as a binder. A comprehensive database was collated, which comprised 301 compressive strength and 96 split tensile strength results. Seven distinct input variables were employed for the modeling purpose, i.e., FA, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, water, superplasticizer, and fine and coarse aggregates contents. The performance of the developed models was assessed via numerous statistical metrics and absolute error plots. In addition, a parametric analysis of the finalized models was performed to validate the prediction ability and accuracy of the finalized models. The GEP-based prediction models exhibited better performance, accuracy, and generalization capability compared with the MEP-based models in this study. The GEP-based models demonstrated higher correlation coefficients (R) for predicting the compressive and split tensile strengths, with the values of 0.89 and 0.87, respectively, compared with the MEP-based models, which yielded the R values of 0.76 and 0.73, respectively. The mean absolute errors for the GEP- and MEP-based models for predicting the compressive strength were 5.09 MPa and 6.78 MPa, respectively, while those for the split tensile strengths were 0.42 MPa and 0.51 MPa, respectively. The finalized models offered simple mathematical formulations using the GEP and Python code-based formulations from MEP for predicting the compressive and tensile strengths of GPC. The developed models indicated practical application potential in optimizing geopolymer mix designs. This research work contributes to the ongoing efforts in advancing ML applications in the construction industry, highlighting the importance of sustainable materials for the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
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21 pages, 3040 KiB  
Article
Elucidating the Onset of Cross-Protective Immunity after Intranasal Vaccination with the Attenuated African Swine Fever Vaccine Candidate BA71ΔCD2
by David Marín-Moraleda, Jordana Muñoz-Basagoiti, Aida Tort-Miró, María Jesús Navas, Marta Muñoz, Enric Vidal, Àlex Cobos, Beatriz Martín-Mur, Sochanwattey Meas, Veronika Motuzova, Chia-Yu Chang, Marta Gut, Francesc Accensi, Sonia Pina-Pedrero, José Ignacio Núñez, Anna Esteve-Codina, Boris Gavrilov, Fernando Rodriguez, Lihong Liu and Jordi Argilaguet
Vaccines 2024, 12(5), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12050517 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a deadly disease of swine currently causing a worldwide pandemic, leading to severe economic consequences for the porcine industry. The control of disease spread is hampered by the limitation of available effective vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are [...] Read more.
African swine fever (ASF) is a deadly disease of swine currently causing a worldwide pandemic, leading to severe economic consequences for the porcine industry. The control of disease spread is hampered by the limitation of available effective vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are currently the most advanced vaccine prototypes, providing strong protection against ASF. However, the significant advances achieved using LAVs must be complemented with further studies to analyze vaccine-induced immunity. Here, we characterized the onset of cross-protective immunity triggered by the LAV candidate BA71ΔCD2. Intranasally vaccinated pigs were challenged with the virulent Georgia 2007/1 strain at days 3, 7 and 12 postvaccination. Only the animals vaccinated 12 days before the challenge had effectively controlled infection progression, showing low virus loads, minor clinical signs and a lack of the unbalanced inflammatory response characteristic of severe disease. Contrarily, the animals vaccinated 3 or 7 days before the challenge just showed a minor delay in disease progression. An analysis of the humoral response and whole blood transcriptome signatures demonstrated that the control of infection was associated with the presence of virus-specific IgG and a cytotoxic response before the challenge. These results contribute to our understanding of protective immunity induced by LAV-based vaccines, encouraging their use in emergency responses in ASF-affected areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Control of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Infection)
12 pages, 6850 KiB  
Article
Predictive Modeling of Vickers Hardness Using Machine Learning Techniques on D2 Steel with Various Treatments
by Claudia Lorena Mambuscay, Carolina Ortega-Portilla, Jeferson Fernando Piamba and Manuel Guillermo Forero
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102235 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Hardness is one of the most crucial mechanical properties, serving as a key indicator of a material’s suitability for specific applications and its resistance to fracturing or deformation under operational conditions. Machine learning techniques have emerged as valuable tools for swiftly and accurately [...] Read more.
Hardness is one of the most crucial mechanical properties, serving as a key indicator of a material’s suitability for specific applications and its resistance to fracturing or deformation under operational conditions. Machine learning techniques have emerged as valuable tools for swiftly and accurately predicting material behavior. In this study, regression methods including decision trees, adaptive boosting, extreme gradient boosting, and random forest were employed to forecast Vickers hardness values based solely on scanned monochromatic images of indentation imprints, eliminating the need for diagonal measurements. The dataset comprised 54 images of D2 steel in various states, including commercial, quenched, tempered, and coated with Titanium Niobium Nitride (TiNbN). Due to the limited number of images, non-deep machine learning techniques were utilized. The Random Forest technique exhibited superior performance, achieving a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.95, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.12, and Coefficient of Determination (R2) ≈ 1, surpassing the other methods considered in this study. These results suggest that employing machine learning algorithms for predicting Vickers hardness from scanned images offers a promising avenue for rapid and accurate material assessment, potentially streamlining quality control processes in industrial settings. Full article
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13 pages, 672 KiB  
Article
Zebrafish Avatars: Toward Functional Precision Medicine in Low-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer
by Charlotte Fieuws, Jan Willem Bek, Bram Parton, Elyne De Neef, Olivier De Wever, Milena Hoorne, Marta F. Estrada, Jo Van Dorpe, Hannelore Denys, Koen Van de Vijver and Kathleen B. M. Claes
Cancers 2024, 16(10), 1812; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16101812 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is an umbrella term for cancerous malignancies affecting the ovaries, yet treatment options for all subtypes are predominantly derived from high-grade serous ovarian cancer, the largest subgroup. The concept of "functional precision medicine" involves gaining personalized insights on therapy choice, [...] Read more.
Ovarian cancer (OC) is an umbrella term for cancerous malignancies affecting the ovaries, yet treatment options for all subtypes are predominantly derived from high-grade serous ovarian cancer, the largest subgroup. The concept of "functional precision medicine" involves gaining personalized insights on therapy choice, based on direct exposure of patient tissues to drugs. This especially holds promise for rare subtypes like low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC). This study aims to establish an in vivo model for LGSOC using zebrafish embryos, comparing treatment responses previously observed in mouse PDX models, cell lines and 3D tumor models. To address this goal, a well-characterized patient-derived LGSOC cell line with the KRAS mutation c.35 G > T (p.(Gly12Val)) was used. Fluorescently labeled tumor cells were injected into the perivitelline space of 2 days’ post-fertilization zebrafish embryos. At 1 day post-injection, xenografts were assessed for tumor size, followed by random allocation into treatment groups with trametinib, luminespib and trametinib + luminespib. Subsequently, xenografts were euthanized and analyzed for apoptosis and proliferation by confocal microscopy. Tumor cells formed compact tumor masses (n = 84) in vivo, with clear Ki67 staining, indicating proliferation. Zebrafish xenografts exhibited sensitivity to trametinib and luminespib, individually or combined, within a two-week period, establishing them as a rapid and complementary tool to existing in vitro and in vivo models for evaluating targeted therapies in LGSOC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ovarian Cancer Research and Treatment)
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12 pages, 5815 KiB  
Article
Influence of Electrical Stimulation on the Friction Performance of LiPF6-Based Ionic Liquids
by Xiangyu Ge, Xiaodong Wu, Qiuyu Shi, Yanfei Liu and He Liang
Lubricants 2024, 12(5), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12050167 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
This work studied the influence of the voltage parameters on the friction and superlubricity performances of LiPF6-based ionic liquids (ILs). The results show that the voltage direction and magnitude greatly affected the friction performances of ILs and that macroscale superlubricity can [...] Read more.
This work studied the influence of the voltage parameters on the friction and superlubricity performances of LiPF6-based ionic liquids (ILs). The results show that the voltage direction and magnitude greatly affected the friction performances of ILs and that macroscale superlubricity can be achieved with a stimulation of −0.1 V. The surface analysis and experiment results indicate that the voltage magnitude influences the coefficient of friction (COF) by determining the types of substances in the tribochemical film formed on the ball, while the voltage direction influences the COF by affecting the adsorption behavior of Li(PEG)+ ions on the ball. At −0.1 V, the cation group Li(PEG)+ adsorption film and FeOOH-containing tribochemical film contribute to friction reduction. The formation of FexOy within the tribochemical film results in an increase in friction at −0.8 V. The limited adsorption of Li(PEG)+ ions and the formation of FexOy contribute to the elevated COF at +0.1 V. This work proves that the friction performances of LiPF6-based ILs could be affected by voltage parameters. A lubrication model was proposed hoping to provide a basic understanding of the lubrication mechanisms of ILs in the electric environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dry and Lubricated Electrical Contacts)
15 pages, 275 KiB  
Article
Tourism Development and Urban Landscape Conservation in Rural Areas: Opportunities and Ambivalences in Local Regulations—The Case of Spain
by José David Albarrán
Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 3973; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103973 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
This article analyzes local-level normative regulations aimed at directly or indirectly conserving the urban landscape in rural areas. Using a discursive analysis methodology on regulatory documents being enforced in a series of localities assigned to a tourism promotion program, the evidence suggests that [...] Read more.
This article analyzes local-level normative regulations aimed at directly or indirectly conserving the urban landscape in rural areas. Using a discursive analysis methodology on regulatory documents being enforced in a series of localities assigned to a tourism promotion program, the evidence suggests that promotional activity retroactively influences the phraseology of these municipal regulations. The results obtained point to the existence of perpetuating historicist approaches within the current regulations, which appear to largely derive from the search for success in the tourism market and the resulting benefits to the local economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heritage Preservation and Tourism Development)
24 pages, 2424 KiB  
Article
Landscape Analysis and Coastal Planning: Ría de Arosa (Pontevedra, Spain)
by Carlos E. Nieto, Antonio Miguel Martínez-Graña and Leticia Merchán
Land 2024, 13(5), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050645 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Coastal areas are fundamental enclaves for economic and recreational development, attracting a large population worldwide. However, these factors have generated significant pressure on the coastal landscape, requiring territorial management strategies to protect and control its degradation. The coastal landscape, composed of abiotic and [...] Read more.
Coastal areas are fundamental enclaves for economic and recreational development, attracting a large population worldwide. However, these factors have generated significant pressure on the coastal landscape, requiring territorial management strategies to protect and control its degradation. The coastal landscape, composed of abiotic and biotic elements, plays a crucial role in human wellbeing and the conservation of the natural environment. This study focuses on the southeast area of the Ría de Arosa, on the western coast of Galicia, known for its unique geomorphological features such as estuaries. The main objective is to generate high-resolution thematic maps for territorial planning and conservation of the natural and cultural landscape. Using methodologies based on geographic information systems, various factors of the natural environment will be analyzed to obtain objective results, presenting cartography of landscape units, along with quality and fragility landscape maps. In addition, active strategies are proposed such as multiple land uses or the development of geotourism to preserve, exploit, and manage the landscape better. This work contributes to better understanding the vulnerability of the coastal landscape and provides practical tools for its sustainable management in a context of accelerated global change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Research Approaches & Practices Towards Sustainable Land Management, Preservation & Restoration (Second Edition))
10 pages, 979 KiB  
Article
Non-Cicatricial Alopecia and Its Association with Anthropometric Measurements and Nutritional Laboratory Markers
by Katarzyna Wróblewska-Kończalik, Mariola Pawlaczyk, Jerzy Kolasiński, Małgorzata Kolenda, Izabela Miechowicz, Agnieszka Seraszek-Jaros, Anna Kroma-Szal and Justyna Gornowicz-Porowska
Life 2024, 14(5), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050609 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Alopecia constitutes one of the most common dermatological disorders, and its steadily increasing prevalence is a cause for concern. Alopecia can be divided into two main categories, cicatricial/scarring and non-cicatricial/non-scarring, depending on the causes of hair loss and its patterns. The aim of [...] Read more.
Alopecia constitutes one of the most common dermatological disorders, and its steadily increasing prevalence is a cause for concern. Alopecia can be divided into two main categories, cicatricial/scarring and non-cicatricial/non-scarring, depending on the causes of hair loss and its patterns. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between anthropometric and nutritional laboratory parameters in Caucasian adult women and men with non-cicatricial alopecia. A total of 50 patients (37 with non-cicatricial alopecia and 13 healthy controls) were included in the study. Clinical examination and scalp trichoscopy were performed. The anthropometric and nutritional laboratory parameters were collected and analyzed. No statistically significant differences in the laboratory findings were found. The patients with non-cicatricial alopecia were statistically significantly younger as compared to the controls. An elevated risk of hair loss, which was detected among the younger participants, might be associated with a modern lifestyle and the so-called ‘Western diet’. It seems safe to assume that suboptimal nutrition and poor eating habits during childhood might constitute risk factors for early hair loss. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Dermatology: Pathology, Clinical Manifestation, Investigation and Therapy: 2nd Edition)
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30 pages, 1127 KiB  
Article
At Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Stage, the Infectious Spectrum Is Driven by Non-Familial Factors and Anti-CCP Immunization
by Marina I. Arleevskaya, Andrej A. Novikov, Anna R. Valeeva, Marina O. Korovina, Igor L. Serdiuk, Vladimir A. Popov, Caroline Carlé and Yves Renaudineau
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2796; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102796 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are prone to develop infections. Methods: Accordingly, 195 untreated early (e)RA patients and 398 healthy controls were selected from women in Tatarstan’s cohort to study infectious history in the anamnesis (four criteria) and in the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are prone to develop infections. Methods: Accordingly, 195 untreated early (e)RA patients and 398 healthy controls were selected from women in Tatarstan’s cohort to study infectious history in the anamnesis (four criteria) and in the previous year (16 criteria). Information about annual infections was collected face-to-face from year to year by a qualified rheumatologist/ general practitioner and included the active use of information from medical records. Results: In the anamnesis, tuberculosis, and pneumonia, and in the previous year, respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and herpes simplex virus reactivation incidence were reported to be increased in eRA patients, as well as the event number and duration of acute and chronic tonsillitis. Moreover, more bacterial-suspected upper respiratory infections and urinary tract infections were retrieved in sporadic eRA patients as compared to familial eRA patients. An elevated immunization against CCP prevented respiratory tract infection in those with HSV exacerbation. Finally, associations were retrieved between infection (event number/delay) and RA indices: (i) chronic tonsillitis exacerbations with disease activity and health assessment (HAQ) in familial eRA; (ii) bacterial-suspected upper respiratory infections with the number of swollen and tender joints in sporadic eRA; and (iii) HSV exacerbation with inflammation in eRA patients with negative/low response against CCP. Here, we demonstrate the complex nature of the interplay of RA with specific infections. Conclusions: For the first time, differences in the patterns of annual trivial infections and their links with RA indices were found in cohorts of familial and sporadic cases of the disease. Additionally, for the first time, we identified a remarkable relationship between early RA and exacerbations of chronic tonsillitis, as well as tuberculosis in the patient’s history. Altogether, this study supports the existence of a complex interplay between infections and RA at onset driven by familial status and the presence of anti-CCP Ab at elevated levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic New Advances in Musculoskeletal Disorders)
15 pages, 2813 KiB  
Article
Cytotoxic Activity of the Red Grape Polyphenol Resveratrol against Human Prostate Cancer Cells: A Molecular Mechanism Mediated by Mobilization of Nuclear Copper and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species
by Mohd Farhan
Life 2024, 14(5), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050611 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found primarily in red grapes and pomegranates is known as an antioxidant but can act as a pro-oxidant when copper ions are present. Here, resveratrol is demonstrated to reduce cell growth (as evaluated by MTT assay) and promote apoptosis-like [...] Read more.
Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found primarily in red grapes and pomegranates is known as an antioxidant but can act as a pro-oxidant when copper ions are present. Here, resveratrol is demonstrated to reduce cell growth (as evaluated by MTT assay) and promote apoptosis-like cell death (as measured by Histone/DNA ELISA) in prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and C42B. This effect is effectively inhibited by a copper chelator (neocuproine) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers (thiourea for hydroxyl radical, superoxide dismutase for superoxide anion, and catalase for hydrogen peroxide). These inhibitory effects provide evidence that intracellular copper reacts with resveratrol within cancer cells, resulting in DNA damage via the generation of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that non-tumorigenic epithelial cell lines (MCF-10A) grown in media supplemented with copper are more susceptible to growth inhibition by resveratrol, as confirmed by the observed reduction in cell proliferation. Copper supplementation induces enhanced expression of the copper transporter CTR1 in MCF-10A cells, which is reduced by the addition of resveratrol to the media. The selective cell death of cancer cells generated by copper-mediated and ROS mechanisms may help to explain the anticancer properties of resveratrol. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Science)
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25 pages, 5609 KiB  
Article
Optimal Wind Farm Siting Using a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process: Evaluating the Island of Andros, Greece
by Dimitris Ioannidis and Dimitra G. Vagiona
Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 3971; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103971 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
In recent decades, fuzzy logic and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making systems have been applied in several fields. This paper aims to determine the optimal wind farm siting solution in a fuzzy environment. Therefore, the main research question of the present paper is whether and [...] Read more.
In recent decades, fuzzy logic and fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making systems have been applied in several fields. This paper aims to determine the optimal wind farm siting solution in a fuzzy environment. Therefore, the main research question of the present paper is whether and to what extent the uncertainty in the researcher’s judgments affects the ranking of wind farm siting solutions. The fuzzy analytical hierarchy method is applied to an existing case study of wind farm siting on the island of Andros, examining the stability of the final priorities of the alternatives under a regime of gradual increases in ambiguity, as well as whether the introduced ambiguity in the model corresponds to any uncertainty the researcher has during the process of scoring the criteria and alternatives. Five assessment criteria (wind potential, ground slope, distance from road network, distance from high-voltage network, and social acceptance of local population) and eight eligible suitable alternatives (A1–A8) for wind farm siting are considered in the computations. The methodology includes the fuzzification of initial decision-maker judgments, the calculation of fuzzy intermediate priorities (weights), the defuzzification of fuzzy intermediate priorities (weights), and the synthesis of intermediate priorities into final priorities of alternatives, according to the procedures of the crisp AHP (CAHP). Under the assumptions of the initial case study, the results show that the final priorities are quite robust when faced with increased ambiguity. In almost all the examined cases, the alternative initially chosen as the best, A1, is dominant, followed by A3. In addition, in all cases, social acceptance favors alternative A1, and wind velocity favors alternative A8. Therefore, fuzzy multi-criteria methods can be applied to determine an optimal wind farm siting solution when criteria with qualitative characteristics are used and the manifestation of preferences involves strong elements of subjectivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy for Sustainability Future: Current State, Potential and Perspectives)
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16 pages, 1084 KiB  
Article
Time-Domain Self-Clustering-Based Diagnosis Applied on Open Cathode Fuel Cell
by Etienne Dijoux, Cédric Damour, Frédéric Alicalapa, Alexandre Aubier and Michel Benne
Electrochem 2024, 5(2), 162-177; https://doi.org/10.3390/electrochem5020011 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The ability of a diagnosis tool to observe an abnormal state of a system remains a major issue for health monitoring. For that purpose, several diagnosis tools have been proposed in the literature. Most of them are developed for specific system characterization, and [...] Read more.
The ability of a diagnosis tool to observe an abnormal state of a system remains a major issue for health monitoring. For that purpose, several diagnosis tools have been proposed in the literature. Most of them are developed for specific system characterization, and the genericity of the approaches is not considered. Indeed, most approaches proposed in the literature are based on an expert offline consideration that makes it hard to apply the strategy to other systems. It is therefore important to develop a diagnostic tool that takes as little as possible expert knowledge to reduce the dependency between the tool and the system. This paper, therefore, focuses on the application of a generic diagnosis tool on an open cathode fuel cell. The goal is to feed the diagnosis algorithm with a voltage measurement and let it proceed to a self-clustering of the signal components. Each cluster’s interpretation remains to be established by the expert point of view that is then involved downstream of the diagnosis tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fuel Cells: Performance and Durability)
14 pages, 3802 KiB  
Article
Tween 80 Micelles Loaded with Fe3O4 Nanoparticles and Artemisinin for Combined Oxygen-Independent Ferroptosis Therapy of Cancer
by Junming Cui, Xinxi Cai, Rui Qian, Lin Wu, Xueyong Qi, Jin Cao and Song Shen
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(5), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16050639 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Artemisinin has an endoperoxide bridge structure, which can be cleaved by ferrous ions to generate various carbonyl radicals in an oxygen-independent manner, highlighting its potential for treating hypoxic tumors. In our study, we fabricated Tween 80 micelles loaded with Fe3O4 [...] Read more.
Artemisinin has an endoperoxide bridge structure, which can be cleaved by ferrous ions to generate various carbonyl radicals in an oxygen-independent manner, highlighting its potential for treating hypoxic tumors. In our study, we fabricated Tween 80 micelles loaded with Fe3O4 nanoparticles and artemisinin for cancer therapy. The synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles and drug-loaded micelles have particle sizes of about 5 nm and 80 nm, respectively, both exhibiting excellent dispersibility and stability. After uptake by MCF-7 cells, drug-loaded micelles release Fe2+ and ART into the cytoplasm, effectively inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hypoxic conditions, thereby enhancing toxicity against cancer cells. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that ART and Fe3O4 nanoparticles are encapsulated in Tween 80 to form micelles, which effectively prevent premature release during circulation in the body. Although free ART and Fe3O4 nanoparticles can inhibit tumor growth, TW80-Fe3O4-ART micelles demonstrate a more pronounced inhibitory effect, with a tumor suppression rate of up to 85%. A novel strategy based on artemisinin and ferroptosis is thus offered, holding a favorable prospect for hypoxic cancer therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Drug Activation and Effectiveness in Different Biological Systems)
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4 pages, 407 KiB  
Case Report
Anti-PF4 ELISA-Negative, SRA-Positive Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
by Abraham Attah, Chelsea Peterson, Max Jacobs, Rama Bhagavatula, Deep Shah, Robert Kaplan and Yazan Samhouri
Hematol. Rep. 2024, 16(2), 295-298; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep16020029 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Heparin products are frequently used in the inpatient setting to prevent and treat venous thromboembolism, but they simultaneously put patients at risk of developing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). The 4Ts score determines the pretest probability of HIT. Diagnosis is made with a screening antiplatelet [...] Read more.
Heparin products are frequently used in the inpatient setting to prevent and treat venous thromboembolism, but they simultaneously put patients at risk of developing heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). The 4Ts score determines the pretest probability of HIT. Diagnosis is made with a screening antiplatelet factor (PF4) immunoassay and the serotonin-release assay (SRA) as a confirmatory test. Anti-PF4 assays have high sensitivity (98%) but lower specificity (50%) and result in frequent false-positive tests. We present a rare case from our institution of a patient with anti-PF4–Polyanion ELISA-negative, SRA-positive HIT and describe the challenges in making a timely diagnosis in this case. Full article
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16 pages, 1924 KiB  
Review
Code Requirements for the Seismic Design of Irregular Elevation RC Structures
by Davi Santos, José Melo and Humberto Varum
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051351 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The recent seismic activity highlights the crucial need to enhance seismic design and safety assessment methods, particularly for irregular structures, in both new and existing constructions. The present study focuses on structural irregularities in elevation for buildings, as the design of structural systems [...] Read more.
The recent seismic activity highlights the crucial need to enhance seismic design and safety assessment methods, particularly for irregular structures, in both new and existing constructions. The present study focuses on structural irregularities in elevation for buildings, as the design of structural systems involves multiple variables that often result in irregularities in many buildings. This work aims to perform a comparative assessment of the criteria adopted for the evaluation of the structural irregularities in elevation present in European and international seismic codes. This paper is structured as follows: Firtsly, it discusses structural irregularities and more specifically the most common types of structural damage due to seismic events. Then, it shows the documented experiences of structural damages in seismic events associated with structural irregularities in China, Italy, Spain, Nepal and Mexico. Additionaly, it discusses the requirements of the standards on irregularities and their limitation in that matter. At the end of this section, the different approaches of each code in irregularities in elevation are compared. All assessed seismic codes addresses the structural irregularity issue, attributing the desired characteristics of a seismic-resistant structure. However, there are considerable development differences between norms, demonstrated on ambiguity of few codes on criteria of vertical irregularies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Design of Building Structures)
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30 pages, 11925 KiB  
Review
Development and Application of Intelligent Coating Technology: A Review
by Xiaoyi Chen, Bingbing Zheng, Shujing Zhou, Chengyang Shi, Yiwei Liang and Lina Hu
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050597 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Coating technology, as a part of surface engineering, has shown remarkable potential in future industrial applications. With the continuous development and improvement of coating technology, coatings have gradually become an indispensable part of industrial manufacturing, possessing various excellent properties and characteristics, such as [...] Read more.
Coating technology, as a part of surface engineering, has shown remarkable potential in future industrial applications. With the continuous development and improvement of coating technology, coatings have gradually become an indispensable part of industrial manufacturing, possessing various excellent properties and characteristics, such as superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning, enhanced biological antibacterial properties, and improved corrosion resistance. Intelligent coatings are not only rigid barriers between substrates and the environment but also coatings designed to respond to the environment and improve coating life or achieve certain special functions through this response. Biomimetics is a discipline that studies the structure, function, and behavior of living organisms and applies them to engineering design. Combining bionics with intelligent coating materials can not only improve the performance and functionality of intelligent coatings but also create more intelligent coating materials. This paper includes advanced superhydrophobic intelligent coatings, anticorrosion intelligent coatings, biological antibacterial intelligent coatings, and other intelligent coatings with specific functions. We also provide a detailed overview of the preparation methods and technologies of various representative intelligent coatings, as well as their properties and applications, which will offer some valuable references for the development direction of future intelligent coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Papers Collection for Smart Coatings)
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16 pages, 2244 KiB  
Article
Insect Cell-Expressed Major Ragweed Allergen Amb a 1.01 Exhibits Similar Allergenic Properties to Its Natural Counterpart from Common Ragweed Pollen
by Maria-Roxana Buzan, Manuela Grijincu, Lauriana-Eunice Zbîrcea, Laura Haidar, Tudor-Paul Tamaș, Monica-Daniela Cotarcă, Gabriela Tănasie, Milena Weber, Elijahu Babaev, Frank Stolz, Rudolf Valenta, Virgil Păunescu, Carmen Panaitescu and Kuan-Wei Chen
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105175 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Common ragweed pollen allergy has become a health burden worldwide. One of the major allergens in ragweed allergy is Amb a 1, which is responsible for over 90% of the IgE response in ragweed-allergic patients. The major allergen isoform Amb a 1.01 is [...] Read more.
Common ragweed pollen allergy has become a health burden worldwide. One of the major allergens in ragweed allergy is Amb a 1, which is responsible for over 90% of the IgE response in ragweed-allergic patients. The major allergen isoform Amb a 1.01 is the most allergenic isoform in ragweed pollen. So far, no recombinant Amb a 1.01 with similar allergenic properties to its natural counterpart (nAmb a 1.01) has been produced. Hence, this study aimed to produce a recombinant Amb a 1.01 with similar properties to the natural isoform for improved ragweed allergy management. Amb a 1.01 was expressed in insect cells using a codon-optimized DNA construct with a removable N-terminal His-Tag (rAmb a 1.01). The recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography and physicochemically characterized. The rAmb a 1.01 was compared to nAmb a 1.01 in terms of the IgE binding (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblot) and allergenic activity (mediator release assay) in well-characterized ragweed-allergic patients. The rAmb a 1.01 exhibited similar IgE reactivity to nAmb a 1.01 in different IgE-binding assays (i.e., IgE immunoblot, ELISA, quantitative ImmunoCAP inhibition measurements). Furthermore, the rAmb a 1.01 showed comparable dose-dependent allergenic activity to nAmb a 1.01 regarding basophil activation. Overall, the results showed the successful expression of an rAmb a 1.01 with comparable characteristics to the corresponding natural isoform. Our findings provide the basis for an improvement in ragweed allergy research, diagnosis, and immunotherapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deciphering Allergies—Structural and Immunological Characterization of Allergenic Proteins and Immunomodulatory Agents)
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19 pages, 560 KiB  
Article
Does Farmers’ Cognition Enhance Their Enthusiasm for Adopting Sustainable Digital Agricultural Extension Services? Evidence from Rural China
by Tianzhi Gao, Qian Lu, Yiping Zhang and Hui Feng
Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 3972; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103972 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The service model of digital agricultural technology extension, as a novel and sustainable approach, plays a pivotal role in facilitating the digital transformation of farmers’ agricultural practices. Leveraging survey data from 1475 farmers in China, the study employed a multivariate ordered logit model [...] Read more.
The service model of digital agricultural technology extension, as a novel and sustainable approach, plays a pivotal role in facilitating the digital transformation of farmers’ agricultural practices. Leveraging survey data from 1475 farmers in China, the study employed a multivariate ordered logit model to investigate the relationship between farmers’ cognition and enthusiasm to adopt digital agricultural extension services. The findings revealed that subjective and objective cognitions positively influence farmers’ enthusiasm for adopting digital agricultural extension services. Furthermore, policy incentives, as a significant regulatory factor, effectively influence farmers’ cognition levels and enthusiasm to adopt digital agricultural extension services. Additionally, female respondents, farmers with higher educational levels, and membership in agricultural cooperatives all facilitate the adoption of these services. This study not only enriches the theoretical framework for agricultural technology promotion, aiding in the understanding of farmers’ decision-making processes when adopting digital agricultural extension services, but also provides a deeper insight into the role of digital agricultural technologies in promoting sustainable agricultural development, offering scientific evidence for relevant policy formulation and implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Economy and Sustainable Development)
22 pages, 4416 KiB  
Article
Coupling Study on Quasi-Static and Mixed Thermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Behavior of Precision High-Speed Machine Spindle Bearing with Spinning
by Hao Liu, Yun Chen, Yi Guo, Yongpeng Shi, Dianzhong Li and Xing-Qiu Chen
Machines 2024, 12(5), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050325 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
In this work, a modified numerical algorithm that couples the quasi-static theory with the mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (mixed-TEHL) model is proposed to examine the mechanical properties and lubrication performance of the spindle bearing that is used in a high-speed machine tool with [...] Read more.
In this work, a modified numerical algorithm that couples the quasi-static theory with the mixed thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (mixed-TEHL) model is proposed to examine the mechanical properties and lubrication performance of the spindle bearing that is used in a high-speed machine tool with spinning. The non-Newtonian fluid characteristics of the lubricant and the non-Gaussian surface roughness are also considered. Moreover, the mechanical properties and lubrication state of the bearing are examined in various service environments. The results indicate that the temperature reduces the lubrication efficiency, which in turn exerts a significant impact on the mechanical properties. The lubrication that either behaves in the manner of Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid has a relatively negligible influence on the bearing working state, while the non-Gaussian surface roughness significantly alters the oil film thickness and temperature. Calculations with different operating conditions demonstrate that the operating parameters (i.e., axial load, rotation speed) will directly affect the performance of the bearings via the changes in the oil film thickness and the temperature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Research in Tribology and Its Applications to Rolling Element Bearings)
15 pages, 13835 KiB  
Article
Wdr17 Regulates Cell Proliferation, Cell Cycle Progression and Apoptosis in Mouse Spermatocyte Cell Line
by Xin Zhao, Taili Jin, Xi Ji, Qiuyan Zhang, Xianyu Zhang, Zhenfang Wu, Zicong Li and Huaqiang Yang
Animals 2024, 14(10), 1418; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101418 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
We identified Wdr17 as a highly expressed gene in pachytene spermatocytes by transcriptomic analysis of mouse testis. Germ cell-deficient infertile mouse models had significantly reduced Wdr17 expression. We performed gene interference and overexpression in the mouse spermatocyte cell line GC-2spd(ts) and investigated how [...] Read more.
We identified Wdr17 as a highly expressed gene in pachytene spermatocytes by transcriptomic analysis of mouse testis. Germ cell-deficient infertile mouse models had significantly reduced Wdr17 expression. We performed gene interference and overexpression in the mouse spermatocyte cell line GC-2spd(ts) and investigated how Wdr17 affects spermatocyte growth and development. Our results showed that Wdr17 suppression significantly decreased cell growth rate and increased cell apoptosis in GC-2spd(ts) cells. Wdr17 suppression also arrested the cell cycle at the G1 phase. On the contrary, Wdr17 overexpression significantly promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis in GC-2spd(ts) cells. More cells were enriched at the S stage with a concomitant reduction of cells at the G1 stage. Wdr17 promotes mouse spermatocyte proliferation by advancing cell cycle progression and inhibiting cell apoptosis, indicating its potential role in regulating spermatogenesis in the mouse. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)
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25 pages, 30056 KiB  
Article
Bio-Inspired Intelligent Swarm Confrontation Algorithm for a Complex Urban Scenario
by He Cai, Yaoguo Luo, Huanli Gao and Guangbin Wang
Electronics 2024, 13(10), 1848; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13101848 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
This paper considers the confrontation problem for two tank swarms of equal size and capability in a complex urban scenario. Based on the Unity platform (2022.3.20f1c1), the confrontation scenario is constructed featuring multiple crossing roads. Through the analysis of a substantial amount of [...] Read more.
This paper considers the confrontation problem for two tank swarms of equal size and capability in a complex urban scenario. Based on the Unity platform (2022.3.20f1c1), the confrontation scenario is constructed featuring multiple crossing roads. Through the analysis of a substantial amount of biological data and wildlife videos regarding animal behavioral strategies during confrontations for hunting or food competition, two strategies are been utilized to design a novel bio-inspired intelligent swarm confrontation algorithm. The first one is the “fire concentration” strategy, which assigns a target for each tank in a way that the isolated opponent will be preferentially attacked with concentrated firepower. The second one is the “back and forth maneuver” strategy, which makes the tank tactically retreat after firing in order to avoid being hit when the shell is reloading. Two state-of-the-art swarm confrontation algorithms, namely the reinforcement learning algorithm and the assign nearest algorithm, are chosen as the opponents for the bio-inspired swarm confrontation algorithm proposed in this paper. Data of comprehensive confrontation tests show that the bio-inspired swarm confrontation algorithm has significant advantages over its opponents from the aspects of both win rate and efficiency. Moreover, we discuss how vital algorithm parameters would influence the performance indices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Agents and Multi-Agent Systems)
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