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19 pages, 1668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Structural Changes in Leaves of Platycrater arguta Seedlings Exposed to Increasing Light Intensities

by Chunyan Wei, Guangyu Luo, Zexin Jin, Junmin Li and Yueling Li

Plants 2024, 13(9), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091263 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Understanding the light adaptation of plants is critical for conservation. Platycrater arguta, an endangered deciduous shrub endemic to East Asia, possesses high ornamental and phylogeographic value. However, the weak environmental adaptability of P. arguta species has limited its general growth and conservation. [...] Read more.

Understanding the light adaptation of plants is critical for conservation. Platycrater arguta, an endangered deciduous shrub endemic to East Asia, possesses high ornamental and phylogeographic value. However, the weak environmental adaptability of P. arguta species has limited its general growth and conservation. To obtain a deeper understanding of the P. arguta growth conditions, we examined the leaf morphology and physiology via anatomical and chloroplast ultrastructural analyses following exposure to different natural light intensities (full light, 40%, and 10%). The findings indicated that P. arguta seedings in the 10% light intensity had significantly improved leaf morphological characteristics and specific leaf area compared to those exposed to other intensities. The net photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll (Chl) content, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), and photosynthetic phosphorus use efficiency (PPUE) exhibited marked increases at a 10% light intensity compared to both 40% light and full light intensities, whereas the light compensation point and dark respiration levels reached their lowest values under the 10% light condition. With reduced light, leaf thickness, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, and stomatal density significantly decreased, whereas the stomatal length, stomatal width, and stomatal aperture were significantly elevated. When exposed to 10% light intensity, the ultrastructure of chloroplasts was well developed, chloroplasts and starch grain size, the number of grana, and thylakoids all increased significantly, while the number of plastoglobules was significantly reduced. Relative distance phenotypic plasticity index analysis exhibited that P. arguta adapts to varying light environments predominantly by adjusting PPUE, Chl b, PNUE, chloroplast area, and the activity of PSII reaction centers. We proposed that P. arguta efficiently utilizes low light to reconfigure its energy metabolism by regulating its leaf structure, photosynthetic capacity, nutrient use efficiency, and chloroplast development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microscopy Techniques in Plant Studies)

19 pages, 5914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Mars Local Terrain Matching Method Based on 3D Point Clouds

by Binliang Wang, Shuangming Zhao, Xinyi Guo and Guorong Yu

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(9), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091620 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

To address the matching challenge between the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) DEM, we propose a terrain matching framework based on the combination of point cloud coarse alignment and fine alignment [...] Read more.

To address the matching challenge between the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) DEM, we propose a terrain matching framework based on the combination of point cloud coarse alignment and fine alignment methods. Firstly, we achieved global coarse localization of the HiRISE DEM through nearest neighbor matching of key Intrinsic Shape Signatures (ISS) points in the Fast Point Feature Histograms (FPFH) feature space. We introduced a graph matching strategy to mitigate gross errors in feature matching, employing a numerical method of non-cooperative game theory to solve the extremal optimization problem under Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) conditions. Secondly, to handle the substantial resolution disparities between the MOLA DEM and HiRISE DEM, we devised a smoothing weighting method tailored to enhance the Voxelized Generalized Iterative Closest Point (VGICP) approach for fine terrain registration. This involves leveraging the Euclidean distance between distributions to effectively weight loss and covariance, thereby reducing the results’ sensitivity to voxel radius selection. Our experiments show that the proposed algorithm improves the accuracy of terrain registration on the proposed Curiosity landing area’s, Mawrth Vallis, data by nearly 20%, with faster convergence and better algorithm robustness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Applied to Deep Space Exploration)

15 pages, 28178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forecasting Dendrolimus sibiricus Outbreaks: Data Analysis and Genetic Programming-Based Predictive Modeling

by Ivan Malashin, Igor Masich, Vadim Tynchenko, Vladimir Nelyub, Aleksei Borodulin, Andrei Gantimurov, Guzel Shkaberina and Natalya Rezova

Forests 2024, 15(5), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15050800 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

This study presents an approach to forecast outbreaks of Dendrolimus sibiricus, a significant pest affecting taiga ecosystems. Leveraging comprehensive datasets encompassing climatic variables and forest attributes from 15,000 taiga parcels in the Krasnoyarsk Krai region, we employ genetic programming-based predictive modeling. Our [...] Read more.

This study presents an approach to forecast outbreaks of Dendrolimus sibiricus, a significant pest affecting taiga ecosystems. Leveraging comprehensive datasets encompassing climatic variables and forest attributes from 15,000 taiga parcels in the Krasnoyarsk Krai region, we employ genetic programming-based predictive modeling. Our methodology utilizes Random Forest algorithm to develop robust forecasting model through integrated data analysis techniques. By optimizing hyperparameters within the predictive model, we achieved heightened accuracy, reaching a maximum precision of 0.9941 in forecasting pest outbreaks up to one year in advance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning and Big Data Analytics in Forestry)

18 pages, 2092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FusionVision: A Comprehensive Approach of 3D Object Reconstruction and Segmentation from RGB-D Cameras Using YOLO and Fast Segment Anything

by Safouane El Ghazouali, Youssef Mhirit, Ali Oukhrid, Umberto Michelucci and Hichem Nouira

Sensors 2024, 24(9), 2889; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24092889 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

In the realm of computer vision, the integration of advanced techniques into the pre-processing of RGB-D camera inputs poses a significant challenge, given the inherent complexities arising from diverse environmental conditions and varying object appearances. Therefore, this paper introduces FusionVision, an exhaustive pipeline [...] Read more.

In the realm of computer vision, the integration of advanced techniques into the pre-processing of RGB-D camera inputs poses a significant challenge, given the inherent complexities arising from diverse environmental conditions and varying object appearances. Therefore, this paper introduces FusionVision, an exhaustive pipeline adapted for the robust 3D segmentation of objects in RGB-D imagery. Traditional computer vision systems face limitations in simultaneously capturing precise object boundaries and achieving high-precision object detection on depth maps, as they are mainly proposed for RGB cameras. To address this challenge, FusionVision adopts an integrated approach by merging state-of-the-art object detection techniques, with advanced instance segmentation methods. The integration of these components enables a holistic (unified analysis of information obtained from both color RGB and depth D channels) interpretation of RGB-D data, facilitating the extraction of comprehensive and accurate object information in order to improve post-processes such as object 6D pose estimation, Simultanious Localization and Mapping (SLAM) operations, accurate 3D dataset extraction, etc. The proposed FusionVision pipeline employs YOLO for identifying objects within the RGB image domain. Subsequently, FastSAM, an innovative semantic segmentation model, is applied to delineate object boundaries, yielding refined segmentation masks. The synergy between these components and their integration into 3D scene understanding ensures a cohesive fusion of object detection and segmentation, enhancing overall precision in 3D object segmentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Reconstruction with RGB-D Cameras and Multi-sensors)

26 pages, 9578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Detection of Thoracolumbar Spine Injuries in Horses with Chronic Laminitis Using a Novel Clinical-Assessment Protocol and Ultrasonographic Examination

by Julia R. B. Guedes, Cynthia P. Vendruscolo, Paula K. A. Tokawa, Armando M. Carvalho, Philip J. Johnson and Rafael R. Faleiros

Animals 2024, 14(9), 1364; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091364 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Postural adaptation is a prominent feature in horses affected by laminitis. Laminitis induces intense pain, especially in the forelimbs, prompting affected horses to assume a caudally displaced trunk posture, resulting in the hyperflexion of the thoracolumbar spine. This study assessed the nature and [...] Read more.

Postural adaptation is a prominent feature in horses affected by laminitis. Laminitis induces intense pain, especially in the forelimbs, prompting affected horses to assume a caudally displaced trunk posture, resulting in the hyperflexion of the thoracolumbar spine. This study assessed the nature and prevalence of thoracolumbar injuries in horses with chronic laminitis compared to horses without it. Sixty horses were used (thirty laminitic and thirty non-laminitic) of different athletic purposes and ages (2–20 years). The experimental protocol entailed a single assessment of horses’ thoracolumbar spines, utilizing physical examination by MACCTORE, a scoring system developed specifically for this study. Additional evaluations included the Grimace Equine Pain Scale (HGS) and ultrasound exams. Statistical tests were used to compare values (Mann–Whitney or t-test) and lesions prevalences (Fisher) between groups (p < 0.05). The results showed a higher pain manifestation (HGS and heart rate, p < 0.0001) and thoracolumbar-spine-injury levels in chronic laminitis horses, both in MACCTORE clinical examinations (11.7 ± 4.8 vs. 4.2 ± 3.3, p < 0.0001) and general ultrasonographic indices (39.6 ± 12.0 vs. 20.7 ± 7.1, p < 0.0001), including specific examination approaches for various spinal elements. Horses with laminitis presented with a 14-fold higher prevalence of ultrasound-relevant lesions in the thoracolumbar spine (CI: 4.4 to 50.6, p < 0.0001) compared to controls. These findings constitute new evidence of an association between chronic laminitis and the presence of thoracolumbar spine injuries in horses, which may be confirmed by more sophisticated study designs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Factors Affecting the Performance of Sport Horses—Second Edition)

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19 pages, 542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Off-Site Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) as a Tool to Protect against Electricity Price Spikes: Developing a Framework for Risk Assessment and Mitigation

by Karolina Kapral, Kobe Soetaert and Rui Castro

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2161; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092161 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Significant price spikes occurred as early as 2021, initially driven by low gas storage levels, a post-pandemic economic rebound and then exacerbated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The situation had a range of wide-ranging consequences, from rising inflation, increasing energy poverty, food [...] Read more.

Significant price spikes occurred as early as 2021, initially driven by low gas storage levels, a post-pandemic economic rebound and then exacerbated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The situation had a range of wide-ranging consequences, from rising inflation, increasing energy poverty, food insecurity, business bankruptcies and recession. A well-known tool to protect energy consumers from energy price spikes, while at the same time contributing to the development of sustainable technologies, is Power Purchase Agreements. PPAs are long-term bilateral contracts for the purchase and sale of a certain amount of electricity, usually generated from renewable sources. The primary goal of this paper is to assess how the risk associated with PPAs has evolved between 2020 and 2023. It aims to examine whether, after the events in 2022, PPAs remain a robust solution that protects the off-taker from energy price spikes, ensures greater energy budget stability and enables savings. To achieve this, the probability of PPA prices being higher than market prices is evaluated, considering the changing market landscape. Furthermore, this paper intends to gain a thorough understanding of each risk related to PPAs and the best strategies for mitigating it, to maximize the protection of the off-taker. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electricity Market Modeling Trends in Power Systems)

21 pages, 9536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial and Temporal Variability in Oyster Settlement on Intertidal Reefs Support Site-Specific Assessments for Restoration Practices

by Shannon D. Kimmel, Hans J. Prevost, Alexandria Knoell, Pamela Marcum and Nicole Dix

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(5), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050766 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

As some of the most threatened ecosystems in the world, the declining condition and coverage of coastal habitats results in the loss of the myriad ecosystem services they provide. Due to the variability in physical and biological characteristics across sites, it is imperative [...] Read more.

As some of the most threatened ecosystems in the world, the declining condition and coverage of coastal habitats results in the loss of the myriad ecosystem services they provide. Due to the variability in physical and biological characteristics across sites, it is imperative to increase location-based information to inform local management projects, which will potentially help to reestablish functions of coastal habitats. Since oysters are often used in restoration projects, this study quantified spatial and temporal patterns in eastern oyster spat settlement in a bar-built estuary in northeast Florida, USA that is host to a robust population of intertidal oyster reefs. Spat settlement was found to occur from April to October with small peaks in the spring and large ones around September. Inter-annual differences in spat settlement were likely influenced by existing environmental conditions and heavily affected by large-scale events such as tropical cyclones. Variations in regional spat settlements are possibly driven by the residence times of the watersheds, the density of adult populations, and the location of the spat collectors. The results of this study illustrate place-based variability in oyster settlement patterns and underscore the importance of local monitoring for oyster resource management, restoration, and research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Ecological Restoration: Techniques and Novel Approaches to Living Shorelines and Oyster Reef Construction)

14 pages, 1425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

¹H-NMR Metabolomic Study of the Mushroom Pleurotus djamor for the Identification of Nematocidal Compounds

by Jesús Antonio Pineda-Alegría, Luis Manuel Peña-Rodríguez, Alexandre Cardoso-Taketa, José E. Sánchez, Juan Felipe de Jesús Torres-Acosta, Gloria Ivonne Hernández-Bolio, Anabel Ortiz-Caltempa, María Luisa Villarreal and Liliana Aguilar-Marcelino

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(5), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17050580 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Due to the increasing populations of anthelmintic-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes and as a consequence of the adverse effects of synthetic drugs, this study focuses on the search for secondary metabolites with nematocidal activity from the edible mushroom Pleurotus djamor using The proton nuclear magnetic [...] Read more.

Due to the increasing populations of anthelmintic-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes and as a consequence of the adverse effects of synthetic drugs, this study focuses on the search for secondary metabolites with nematocidal activity from the edible mushroom Pleurotus djamor using The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) metabolomics. The highest activity was shown by the ethyl acetate fractions of mycelium (EC₅₀ 290.8 µg/mL) and basidiomes (EC₅₀ 282.7 µg/mL). Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical data analysis (HCA) of the ¹H-NMR metabolic profiles data showed that the ethanolic extracts, the ethyl acetate, butanol, and water fractions from mycelium have different metabolic profiles than those from basidiomes, while low polarity (hexane) fractions from both stages of fungal development show similar profiles. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) allowed the identification of signals in the ¹H-NMR metabolic profile associated with nematocidal activity. The signals yielded via OPLS-DA and bidimensional NMR analysis allowed the identification of uracil as a component in the ethyl acetate fraction from basidiomes, with an EC₅₀ of 237.7 µg/mL. The results obtained showed that chemometric analyses of the ¹H-NMR metabolic profiles represent a viable strategy for the identification of bioactive compounds from samples with complex chemical profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products for Treatment of Parasitic Diseases)

33 pages, 2422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Geospatial Cost Variability of Hybrid Solar–Gravity Storage System in High-Curtailment Suburban Areas

by Soumya Basu, Tetsuhito Hoshino and Hideyuki Okumura

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2162; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092162 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

The increased decentralization of renewable energy has increased curtailment rates in stagnating demand zones, increasing the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The geographically dynamic nature of gravity energy storage (GES) is emerging in the field of mechanical energy storage, over pumped hydro. However, [...] Read more.

The increased decentralization of renewable energy has increased curtailment rates in stagnating demand zones, increasing the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The geographically dynamic nature of gravity energy storage (GES) is emerging in the field of mechanical energy storage, over pumped hydro. However, GES costs vary geospatially, specifically in decentralized suburban areas, due to the impact of urban socioeconomics. This study aims to find a mathematical approximation of a cost-optimized location for suburban Solar–GES hybrid systems in curtailment-prone areas. A multi-parameterization model mathematically programmed land, transmission, supply chain and excavation costs into geospatial matrix approximations for suburban areas of 2500 km² in Fukuoka and Ibaraki in Japan. It was found that SPV-GES location-dependent costs were mainly affected by distance from the city’s economic center and flat plains in suburbs, and supply chain and transmission costs optimized the location-dependent cost for GES at a specific point. It was also found that flat terrains were more economical than mountainous terrains due to high GES supply chain costs. With GES found to be cost-competitive compared to other storage technologies in Japan, this study reveals that GES introduction benefits the LCOE of suburban, decentralized SPV when curtailment is >50% irrespective of terrain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Multiple Roads to Achieve Net-Zero Emissions by 2050)

19 pages, 3577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Landfill Landslide Probability Using SAR Satellite Products: A Novel Approach

by Adrián García-Gutiérrez, Jesús Gonzalo, Carlos Rubio and Maria Michela Corvino

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(9), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091618 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

This article presents a methodology for evaluating the susceptibility of landfill areas to develop landslides by analyzing Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite products. The deformation velocity of the landfills is computed through the Persistent Scatterer Method on SAR imagery. These data, combined with [...] Read more.

This article presents a methodology for evaluating the susceptibility of landfill areas to develop landslides by analyzing Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite products. The deformation velocity of the landfills is computed through the Persistent Scatterer Method on SAR imagery. These data, combined with a deformation model based on the shallow water equations (SWE), form the foundation for a Monte Carlo experiment that extrapolates the current state of the landfill into the future. The results of this simulation are then employed to determine the probability of a landslide occurrence. In order to validate the methodology effectiveness, a case study is conducted on a landfill in Zaldibar, Spain, revealing its effectiveness in estimating the probability of landfill landslides. This innovative approach emerges as an asset in large landfill management, acting as a proactive tool for identifying high-risk sites and preventing potential landslides, ultimately safeguarding human life and the environment. By providing insights into landslide probabilities, this study enhances decision-making processes and facilitates the development of intervention strategies in the domain of landfill risk assessment and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Earth Observation for Emergency Management)

26 pages, 16243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Altered Plasma Membrane Lipid Composition in Hypertensive Neutrophils Impacts Epithelial Sodium Channel (ENaC) Endocytosis

by Yolanda Ríos-Medina, Pedro Rico-Chávez, Ivette Martínez-Vieyra, Juan C. Durán-Álvarez, Mario Rodriguez-Varela, Ruth Rincón-Heredia, César Reyes-López and Doris Cerecedo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(9), 4939; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094939 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Biological membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins, including ion channels like the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), which are critical for sodium homeostasis and implicated in arterial hypertension (HTN). Changes in the lipid composition of the plasma membrane can significantly [...] Read more.

Biological membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins, including ion channels like the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), which are critical for sodium homeostasis and implicated in arterial hypertension (HTN). Changes in the lipid composition of the plasma membrane can significantly impact cellular processes related to physiological functions. We hypothesized that the observed overexpression of ENaC in neutrophils from HTN patients might result from alterations in the structuring domains within the plasma membrane, disrupting the endocytic processes responsible for ENaC retrieval. This study assessed the structural lipid composition of neutrophil plasma membranes from HTN patients along with the expression patterns of key elements regulating ENaC at the plasma membrane. Our findings suggest alterations in microdomain structure and SGK1 kinase activity, which could prolong ENaC presence on the plasma membrane. Additionally, we propose that the proteasomal and lysosomal degradation pathways are insufficient to diminish ENaC presence at the plasma membrane in HTN. These results highlight the importance of understanding ENaC retrieval mechanisms and suggest that targeting these mechanisms could provide insights for developing drugs to prevent and treat HTN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)

15 pages, 3853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructural Evolution and Tensile Properties of Al-Si Piston Alloys during Long-Term Thermal Exposure

by Feng Xia, Xiongbo Dong, Jianli Wang, Hongbo Duan, Zhijun Ma and Minxian Liang

Metals 2024, 14(5), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050535 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

The present study investigated microstructural evolution and changes in tensile properties of an Al-Si piston alloy subjected to thermal exposures at 250 and 350 °C for 150, 300, and 500 h. Microstructural and nanoscale precipitates were characterized using a combination of high-angle annular [...] Read more.

The present study investigated microstructural evolution and changes in tensile properties of an Al-Si piston alloy subjected to thermal exposures at 250 and 350 °C for 150, 300, and 500 h. Microstructural and nanoscale precipitates were characterized using a combination of high-angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) images and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile testing was performed. The results demonstrated that the thermal exposure induced granulation of the δ-Al₃CuNi particles, alongside precipitation of the θ-Al₂Cu phase particles and AlCu clusters within the matrix. Specifically, an increase in the size and number density of the θ-Al₂Cu phase particles was observed with exposure time at 250 °C. Conversely, at 350 °C, the θ-Al₂Cu particles exhibited a gradual increase in size with prolonged thermal exposure, coupled with a decrease in their number density. AlCu clusters precipitated solely at a thermal exposure temperature of 350 °C, with precipitation intensifying over time. Moreover, a decrease in the alloy’s tensile strength and an increase in elongation were noted after thermal exposure. Finally, the present study discussed the precipitation mechanisms of θ-Al₂Cu particles and AlCu clusters within the grains, suggesting that the AlCu clusters exerted a more effective strengthening effect compared to the θ-Al₂Cu particles. Full article

11 pages, 1286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Maximum Reliability of Multi-UAV Cooperation Relay Systems

by Ning Ning, Suiping Zhou, Weimin Bao and Xiaoping Li

Sensors 2024, 24(9), 2886; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24092886 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

This paper studies the maximum reliability of multi-hop relay UAVs, in which UAVs provide wireless services for remote users as a coded cooperative relay without an end-to-end direct communication link. In this paper, the analytical expressions of the total power loss and total [...] Read more.

This paper studies the maximum reliability of multi-hop relay UAVs, in which UAVs provide wireless services for remote users as a coded cooperative relay without an end-to-end direct communication link. In this paper, the analytical expressions of the total power loss and total bit error rate are derived as reliability measures. First, based on the environmental statistical parameters, a LOS probability model is proposed. Then, the problem of minimizing the bit error rate of static and mobile UAVs is studied. The goal is to minimize the total bit error rate by jointly optimizing the height, elevation, power and path loss and introducing the maximum allowable path loss constraints, transmission power allocation constraints, and UAV height and elevation constraints. At the same time, the total path loss is minimized to achieve maximum ground communication coverage. However, the formulated joint optimization problem is nonconvex and generally difficult to solve. Therefore, we decomposed the problem into two subproblems and proposed an effective joint optimization iteration algorithm. Finally, the simulation results are given, and the analysis shows that the optimal height of different reliability measures is slightly different; thus, using the mobility of UAVs can improve the reliability of communication performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vehicular Sensing)

13 pages, 3678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Optical Coherence Tomography of Rat Cortical Neurovascular Activation during Monopulse Electrical Stimulation with the Microelectrode Array

by Lin Yao, Jin Huang, Taixiang Liu, Han Gu, Changpeng Li, Ke Yang, Hongwei Yan, Lin Huang, Xiaodong Jiang, Chengcheng Wang and Qihua Zhu

Photonics 2024, 11(5), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11050420 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

This paper presents a study to evoke rat cortical functional activities, including hemodynamic and neural tissue signal changes, by monopulse electrical stimulation with a microelectrode array using functional optical coherence tomography (fOCT). Based on the principal component analysis and fuzzy clustering method (PCA-FCM), [...] Read more.

This paper presents a study to evoke rat cortical functional activities, including hemodynamic and neural tissue signal changes, by monopulse electrical stimulation with a microelectrode array using functional optical coherence tomography (fOCT). Based on the principal component analysis and fuzzy clustering method (PCA-FCM), the hemodynamic response of different size blood vessels in rat cortex are analyzed, showing that the hemodynamic response of the superficial large blood vessels is more concentrated. In the regions of neural tissue where blood vessels are removed, positive significant pixels (the intensity of the pixel for five consecutive frames is greater than the average value plus triple standard deviation) and negative significant pixels (the intensity of the pixel for five consecutive frames is less than the average value minus triple standard deviation) exist, and the averaged intensity signal responds rapidly with an onset time of ~20.8 ms. Furthermore, the hemodynamic response was delayed by ~3.5 s from the neural tissue response. fOCT can provide a label-free, large-scale and depth-resolved map of cortical neurovascular activation, which is a promising technology to monitor cortical small-scale neurovascular activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biophotonics and Biomedical Optics)

13 pages, 480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of Tissue Culture and Regeneration System in Hippophae gyantsensis Lian

by Anqi Zhao, Wei Xu, Pingjun Xu, Xinxian Zhang, Yunhua Wu, Ang Xu, Yinxiao Zhong, Abiodun Oladipo, Fuliang Cao and Fangfang Fu

Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050460 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Hippophae gyantsensis Lian is a pioneering tree species in Chinese forestry ecological engineering, known for its robust stress tolerance, water retention capacity, and soil improvement qualities. However, the lack of rapid nursery technology has been a significant impediment to the development of the [...] Read more.

Hippophae gyantsensis Lian is a pioneering tree species in Chinese forestry ecological engineering, known for its robust stress tolerance, water retention capacity, and soil improvement qualities. However, the lack of rapid nursery technology has been a significant impediment to the development of the H. gyantsensis industry. In the present study, we have successfully established a tissue culture regeneration system for H. gyantsensis. The most effective methods for seed disinfection, ensuring sterility in seedlings, were found to be 75% alcohol disinfection for 40 s and 10% sodium hypochlorite disinfection for 10 min. The best media tested for callus induction in cotyledons and hypocotyls of sterile seedlings were 1/3 MS + 0.5 mg/L KT + 0.75 mg/L NAA and 1/3 MS + 0.3 mg/L 6-BA + 1.5 mg/L IBA, respectively. As the explants, cotyledons yielded larger calli with a greater size and differentiation ability than hypocotyls. For the induction of indeterminate shoots and proliferation, the most suitable media were 1/3 MS + 0.5 mg/L IAA + 0.75 mg/L 6-BA and 1/3 MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.05 mg/L IBA + 0.1 mg/L KT, respectively. Lastly, the best worked rooting formulation was 1/4 MS + 0.3 mg/L IBA. This study marks a significant milestone in the establishment of a systematic tissue culture regeneration system for H. gyantsensis, which will facilitate the industrial rapid propagation of high-quality seedlings and provide the foundation for improvement through genetic transformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)

13 pages, 2491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy and Simple Algorithm Analysis for Rapid and Non-Destructive Assessment of Cotton Fiber Maturity and Crystallinity for Plant Mapping

by Hee-Jin Kim, Yongliang Liu and Linghe Zeng

Sensors 2024, 24(9), 2888; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24092888 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Information on boll distribution within a cotton plant is critical to evaluate the adaptation and response of cotton plants to environmental and biotic stress in cotton production. Cotton researchers have applied available conventional fiber measurements, such as the high volume instrument (HVI) and [...] Read more.

Information on boll distribution within a cotton plant is critical to evaluate the adaptation and response of cotton plants to environmental and biotic stress in cotton production. Cotton researchers have applied available conventional fiber measurements, such as the high volume instrument (HVI) and advanced fiber information system (AFIS), to map the location and the timing of boll development and distribution within plants and further to determine within-plant variability of cotton fiber properties. Both HVI and AFIS require numerous cotton bolls combined for the measurement. As an alternative approach, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy was proposed to measure fiber maturity (M_IR) and crystallinity (CI_IR) of a sample as little as 0.5 mg lint. Extending fiber maturity and crystallinity measurement into a single boll for node-by-node mapping, FT-IR method might be advantageous due to less sampling amount compared with HVI and AFIS methods. Results showed that FT-IR technique enabled the evaluation of fiber M_IR and CI_IR at a boll level, which resulted in average M_IR and CI_IR values highly correlated with HVI micronaire (MIC) and AFIS maturity ratio (M). Hence, FT-IR technique possesses a good potential for a rapid and non-destructive node-by-node mapping of cotton boll maturity and crystallinity distribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Smart Agriculture)

17 pages, 603 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Advances in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapies Applied to Wounds and Skin, Eye, and Neuromuscular Diseases in Companion Animals

by Rosa Ana Picazo, Concepción Rojo, Jesus Rodriguez-Quiros and Alfredo González-Gil

Animals 2024, 14(9), 1363; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091363 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a very promising alternative tool in cell therapies and regenerative medicine due to their ease of obtaining from various tissues and their ability to differentiate into different cell types. This manuscript provides a review of current knowledge [...] Read more.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a very promising alternative tool in cell therapies and regenerative medicine due to their ease of obtaining from various tissues and their ability to differentiate into different cell types. This manuscript provides a review of current knowledge on the use of MSC-based therapies as an alternative for certain common pathologies in dogs and cats where conventional treatments are ineffective. The aim of this review is to assist clinical veterinarians in making decisions about the suitability of each protocol from a clinical perspective, rather than focusing solely on research. MSC-based therapies have shown promising results in certain pathologies, such as spinal cord injuries, wounds, and skin and eye diseases. However, the effectiveness of these cell therapies can be influenced by a wide array of factors, leading to varying outcomes. Future research will focus on designing protocols and methodologies that allow more precise and effective MSC treatments for each case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Research, Epidemiology and New Therapeutic Options in Companion and Wild Animals)

31 pages, 864 KiB

Open AccessReview

RGB Imaging as a Tool for Remote Sensing of Characteristics of Terrestrial Plants: A Review

by Anastasiia Kior, Lyubov Yudina, Yuriy Zolin, Vladimir Sukhov and Ekaterina Sukhova

Plants 2024, 13(9), 1262; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091262 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Approaches for remote sensing can be used to estimate the influence of changes in environmental conditions on terrestrial plants, providing timely protection of their growth, development, and productivity. Different optical methods, including the informative multispectral and hyperspectral imaging of reflected light, can be [...] Read more.

Approaches for remote sensing can be used to estimate the influence of changes in environmental conditions on terrestrial plants, providing timely protection of their growth, development, and productivity. Different optical methods, including the informative multispectral and hyperspectral imaging of reflected light, can be used for plant remote sensing; however, multispectral and hyperspectral cameras are technically complex and have a high cost. RGB imaging based on the analysis of color images of plants is definitely simpler and more accessible, but using this tool for remote sensing plant characteristics under changeable environmental conditions requires the development of methods to increase its informativity. Our review focused on using RGB imaging for remote sensing the characteristics of terrestrial plants. In this review, we considered different color models, methods of exclusion of background in color images of plant canopies, and various color indices and their relations to characteristics of plants, using regression models, texture analysis, and machine learning for the estimation of these characteristics based on color images, and some approaches to provide transformation of simple color images to hyperspectral and multispectral images. As a whole, our review shows that RGB imaging can be an effective tool for estimating plant characteristics; however, further development of methods to analyze color images of plants is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Emerging Climatic Changes and Responses in Plant Sciences Using Remote Sensing)

12 pages, 379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Biomarkers and Their Association with Myocardial Function and Exercise Capacity in Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis

by Luis Nieto-Roca, Andrea Camblor Blasco, Ana Devesa, Sandra Gómez-Talavera, Jorge Balaguer-Germán, Jairo Lumpuy-Castillo, Ana María Pello, Luis Martínez Dhier, Gregoria Lapeña, Lucía Llanos Jiménez, Óscar Lorenzo, José Tuñón, Borja Ibáñez and Álvaro Aceña

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2024, 11(5), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11050142 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Background: Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR amyloidosis) is a frequent etiology of heart failure. Inflammation and mineral metabolism are associated with myocardial dysfunction and clinical performance. Cardiac global longitudinal strain (GLS) allows function assessment and is associated with prognosis. Our aim was to [...] Read more.

Background: Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR amyloidosis) is a frequent etiology of heart failure. Inflammation and mineral metabolism are associated with myocardial dysfunction and clinical performance. Cardiac global longitudinal strain (GLS) allows function assessment and is associated with prognosis. Our aim was to describe possible correlations between GLS, biomarker levels and clinical performance in ATTR amyloidosis. Methods: Thirteen patients with ATTR amyloidosis were included. Clinical characteristics; echocardiographic features, including strain assessment and 6 min walk test (6MWT); and baseline inflammatory, mineral metabolism and cardiovascular biomarker levels were assessed. Results: Of the 13 patients, 46.2% were women, and the mean age was 79 years. TAPSE correlated with NT-ProBNP (r −0.65, p < 0.05) and galectin-3 (r 0.76, p < 0.05); E/E’ ratio correlated with hsCRP (r 0.58, p < 0.05). Left ventricular GLS was associated with NT-ProBNP (r 0.61, p < 0.05) (patients have a better prognosis if the strain value is more negative) and left atrial GLS with NT-ProBNP (r −0.73, p < 0.05) and MCP1 (r 0.55, p < 0.05). Right ventricular GLS was correlated with hsTnI (r 0.62, p < 0.05) and IL6 (r 0.881 p < 0.05). Klotho levels were correlated with 6MWT (r 0.57, p < 0.05). Conclusions: While inflammatory biomarkers were correlated with cardiac function, klotho levels were associated with clinical performance in the population with TTR-CA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Clinical Research)

15 pages, 6125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subcranial Encephalic Temnograph-Shaped Helmet For Brain Stroke Monitoring

by Antonio Cuccaro, Angela Dell’Aversano, Bruno Basile, Maria Antonia Maisto and Raffaele Solimene

Sensors 2024, 24(9), 2887; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24092887 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

In this contribution, a wearable microwave imaging system for real-time monitoring of brain stroke in the post-acute stage is described and validated. The system exploits multistatic/multifrequency (only 50 frequency samples) data collected via a low-cost and low-complexity architecture. Data are collected by an [...] Read more.

In this contribution, a wearable microwave imaging system for real-time monitoring of brain stroke in the post-acute stage is described and validated. The system exploits multistatic/multifrequency (only 50 frequency samples) data collected via a low-cost and low-complexity architecture. Data are collected by an array of only 16 antennas moved by pneumatic system. Phantoms, built from ABS material and filled with appropriate Triton X-100-based mixtures to mimic the different head human tissues, are employed for the experiments. The microwave system exploits the differential scattering measures and the Incoherent MUSIC algorithm to provide a 3D image of the region under investigation. The shown results, although preliminary, confirm the potential of the proposed microwave system in providing reliable results, including for targets whose evolution is as small as 16 mL in volume. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Short-Range Radar-Based Techniques for Remote Monitoring and Medical Related Applications)

17 pages, 4814 KiB

Open AccessTechnical Note

Analysis of Multipath Changes in the Polish Permanent GNSS Stations Network

by Jacek Rapiński, Dariusz Tomaszewski and Renata Pelc-Mieczkowska

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(9), 1617; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091617 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

This study examines the influence of multipath errors on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements collected at ASG-EUPOS reference stations between 2010 and 2021. Multipath occurs when GNSS signals reflect off surrounding objects before reaching the receiver antenna, leading to positioning errors. In [...] Read more.

This study examines the influence of multipath errors on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements collected at ASG-EUPOS reference stations between 2010 and 2021. Multipath occurs when GNSS signals reflect off surrounding objects before reaching the receiver antenna, leading to positioning errors. In the case of reference stations, all available mitigation techniques were used to minimize the impact of multipath. However, it is still detectable and affects the measurement results. For carrier phase differential positioning, it increases the ambiguous search space, which results in a decrease in determining rover—reference station vector accuracy. The study employs two linear combinations (Code-Minus-Carrier and Multipath Pseudorange Observable) to quantify the multipath effect on both pseudorange and carrier phase measurements. Based on the research, it was found that the multipath values changed depending on the change of the receiver and the terrain around the reference stations. The study observed a gradual decrease in multipath errors from 2010 to 2021, likely due to technological advancements in receiver design. No significant increase in multipath errors was observed due to environmental changes around the stations, suggesting a minimal influence from new reflecting objects nearby. Based on the analyses conducted, it is also recommended to perform periodic tests to detect incorrect receiver configuration or operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Satellite Missions for Earth and Planetary Exploration)

25 pages, 1353 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicles

by Tingke Fang, Coleman Vairin, Annette von Jouanne, Emmanuel Agamloh and Alex Yokochi

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2160; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092160 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

This paper presents an overview of the status and future prospects of fuel-cell electric vehicles (FC-EVs). As global concerns about emissions escalate, FC-EVs have emerged as a promising substitute for traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. This paper discusses the fundamentals of fuel-cell technology [...] Read more.

This paper presents an overview of the status and future prospects of fuel-cell electric vehicles (FC-EVs). As global concerns about emissions escalate, FC-EVs have emerged as a promising substitute for traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. This paper discusses the fundamentals of fuel-cell technology considering the major types of fuel cells that have been researched and delves into the most suitable fuel cells for FC-EV applications, including comparisons with mainstream vehicle technologies. The present state of FC-EVs, ongoing research, and the challenges and opportunities that need to be accounted for are discussed. Furthermore, the comparison between promising proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technologies used in EVs provides valuable insights into their respective strengths and challenges. By synthesizing these aspects, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding and facilitate decision-making for future advancements in sustainable FC-EV transportation, thereby contributing to the realization of a cleaner, greener, and more environmentally friendly future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E: Electric Vehicles)

10 pages, 2655 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Mucin-Producing Lobular Breast Carcinoma Metastasis to an Ovarian Fibroma: Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Analysis of a Rare Case and Literature Review

by Alexandra Corina Faur, Camelia Vidiţa Gurban, Ecaterina Dăescu, Răzvan Vlad Tîrziu, Daniela Cornelia Lazăr and Laura Andreea Ghenciu

Diagnostics 2024, 14(9), 953; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14090953 (registering DOI) - 30 Apr 2024

Abstract

Breast cancer stands as the primary cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide, often presenting with distant metastases upon diagnosis. Ovarian metastases originating from breast cancer represent a range of 3–30% of all ovarian neoplasms. Case Report: Herein, we present the histopathological, histochemical, [...] Read more.

Breast cancer stands as the primary cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide, often presenting with distant metastases upon diagnosis. Ovarian metastases originating from breast cancer represent a range of 3–30% of all ovarian neoplasms. Case Report: Herein, we present the histopathological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical findings of a rare case involving mucin-producing lobular breast carcinoma metastasizing to an ovarian fibroma in an 82-year-old female previously diagnosed with lobular breast carcinoma. Histopathological examination of the excised tissues revealed a biphasic neoplasm characterized by tumor cells expressing AE-1/AE-3 cytokeratin, mammaglobin, GCDFP-15, inhibin, and calretinin. Positive mucin staining was observed using histochemical techniques, and reticulin fibers were demonstrated using the Gordon–Sweets technique. A final diagnosis of mucin-producing lobular breast carcinoma metastatic to a benign ovarian fibroma was rendered. Conclusion: The occurrence of metastatic breast carcinoma overlaid on an ovarian tumor represents a rare and diagnostically challenging scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Gynecological Oncology)

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