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Open AccessArticle

Films Floating on Water Surface: Coupled Redox Cycling of Iron Species (Fe(III)/Fe(II)) at Soil/Water and Water/Air Interfaces

by Hong Zhang, Zac Rush, Zoe Penn, Kami Dunn, Sydney Asmus, Carolyn Cooke, Zach Cord, Shawna Coulter and Chance Morris

Water 2024, 16(9), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091298 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Naturally occurring Fe(III) films with rainbow reflection iridescence have been observed floating on the water surface of various spots covered with shallow water (e.g., edges of wetlands and creeks, standing water over soils). This natural phenomenon has become a scenic attraction and stimulated [...] Read more.

Naturally occurring Fe(III) films with rainbow reflection iridescence have been observed floating on the water surface of various spots covered with shallow water (e.g., edges of wetlands and creeks, standing water over soils). This natural phenomenon has become a scenic attraction and stimulated much curiosity. We pursued an experimental inquiry aimed at probing this interesting, curious natural wonder. As the first critical task, floating Fe(III) films were successfully generated in an assessable, controllable setting in our laboratory. This enabled us to establish this phenomenon reproducibly under controlled conditions and characterize the phenomenon over the entire span of the formation and transformation of the Fe(III) films. Our film generation method requires a few things: fresh soil (source for Fe(III) and microbes), glucose (energy source), and water in a container. The floating Fe(III) films as observed in the field occurred in ~1–3 day(s) on the water surface of the inundated soil mixed with the sugar. The Fe(III) films then grew from initial very thin, colorless, somewhat transparent films with rainbow reflection iridescence to colored thicker films and then to orange/orange-red/red crusts over the time. A comprehensive mechanistic picture was formulated to depict the formation of the Fe(III) films. Several sequential processes are operative. First, the Fe(III) (oxides, oxyhydroxides) in the soil is reduced to Fe(II) by the Fe(III)-reducing microbes during their anerobic respiration with Fe(III) as the electron (e⁻) acceptor after depletion of dissolved O₂ in the water as a result of aerobic microbial respiration with O₂ as the e⁻ acceptor. The Fe(II), being soluble, then diffuses to the water surface where it is oxidized to Fe(III). Subsequently, the Fe(III) hydrolyzes and various Fe(III) hydrolysis products polymerize to stabilize. A polymeric model was created to account for the Fe(III) film transformation. The Fe(III) films are considered to transform from the dimers and trimers and linear polymers of Fe(OH)₃ to Fe(III) polymer sheets (e.g., Fe(OH)₃, FeOOH), to 3D Fe(III) polymers, and eventually to Fe₂O₃ colloid particles. This floating Fe(III) film phenomenon boasts an environmental chemical drama of redox cycling of Fe(III)/Fe(II) at soil/water and water/air interfaces coupled with Fe(II) transport from the inundated soil to the water surface followed by ultimate mineralization of the Fe(III) polymers. Our Fe(III) film generation method can be readily scaled up to supply Fe(III) films of rich varieties in thickness, size, morphology, and structure over the entire span of various stages of their formation and transformation as desired for various uses. This setup offers a platform needed for further controlled studies on the kinetics, mechanism, and process of abiotic and biotic nature involved in the Fe(III) film phenomenon and for exploration of versatile roles of the Fe(III) films as nanofilms in Fe(III)/Fe(II)-surface catalyzed chemical and photochemical reactions involving various natural and synthetic compounds. Full article

45 pages, 2627 KiB

Open AccessReview

Changes in Sleep Duration and Sleep Timing in the General Population from before to during the First COVID-19 Lockdown: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Chiara Ceolin, Federica Limongi, Paola Siviero, Caterina Trevisan, Marianna Noale, Filippo Catalani, Silvia Conti, Elisa Di Rosa, Elena Perdixi, Francesca Remelli, Federica Prinelli and Stefania Maggi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(5), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050583 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 lockdown had a profound effect on everyday life, including sleep health. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated changes in quantitative sleep parameters during the first lockdown compared with pre-lockdown in the general population. Methods: A search in scientific databases was [...] Read more.

Background: The COVID-19 lockdown had a profound effect on everyday life, including sleep health. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated changes in quantitative sleep parameters during the first lockdown compared with pre-lockdown in the general population. Methods: A search in scientific databases was performed to identify eligible observational studies from inception to 8 February 2023. We performed a random effects meta-analysis of those studies reporting (a) means of sleep duration, time in bed (TIB), and sleep timing (bedtime and wake-up time); (b) the percentages of atypical sleep duration before and during the lockdown; (c) the percentages of change in sleep duration and sleep timing. Results: A total of 154 studies were included. A small increase in sleep duration (0.25 standardized mean difference, 95% CI 0.180–0.315) was found, with 55.0% of the individuals reporting changes, predominantly an increase (35.2%). The pooled relative risk for sleeping more than 8/9 h per night was 3.31 (95% IC 2.60–4.21). There was a moderately significant delay in sleep timing and a surge in napping. Conclusion: An increase in sleep duration and napping, and delayed sleep timing were observed. High-quality studies should evaluate whether these parameters have now become chronic or have returned to pre-lockdown values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)

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11 pages, 475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Macular Vascularization Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Prospective Clinical Study

by Laura Abdessater, Matthieu Hein and Florence Rasquin

Medicina 2024, 60(5), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050757 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Given the conflicting data available in the literature, this study aimed to investigate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) on the macular vascular density (VD) and perfusion density (PD). Materials and Methods: Based on the obstructive apnea–hypopnea index [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Given the conflicting data available in the literature, this study aimed to investigate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) on the macular vascular density (VD) and perfusion density (PD). Materials and Methods: Based on the obstructive apnea–hypopnea index (OAHI), 61 prospectively recruited patients were assigned to either a control group (n = 12; OAHI < 5/h) or an OSAS group (n = 49; OAHI ≥ 5/h). The macular VD and PD of the superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP and DCP, respectively) were measured in the parafoveolar and perifoveolar areas using Zeiss PLEX Elite 9000 (6 × 6 mm). The values were compared between the control and OSAS groups. Results: Compared with the control group, the OSAS group demonstrated an increased VD of the DCP in the parafoveolar and perifoveolar areas and PD of the DCP in the perifoveolar area. No significant differences in either the macular VD or PD of the SCP were observed. There was no correlation between the OAHI and macular VD or PD. Conclusions: This study indicates that collateral vessel formation and possible retinal vasodilation occur in the DCP of patients with OSAS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)

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17 pages, 9249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Yarn Quality Wavelength Spectrogram Analysis: A Semi-Supervised Anomaly Detection Approach with Convolutional Autoencoder

by Haoran Wang, Zhongze Han, Xiaoshuang Xiong, Xuewei Song and Chen Shen

Machines 2024, 12(5), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12050309 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Abnormal detection plays a pivotal role in the routine maintenance of industrial equipment. Malfunctions or breakdowns in the drafting components of spinning equipment can lead to yarn defects, thereby compromising the overall quality of the production line. Fault diagnosis of spinning equipment entails [...] Read more.

Abnormal detection plays a pivotal role in the routine maintenance of industrial equipment. Malfunctions or breakdowns in the drafting components of spinning equipment can lead to yarn defects, thereby compromising the overall quality of the production line. Fault diagnosis of spinning equipment entails the examination of component defects through Wavelet Spectrogram Analysis (WSA). Conventional detection techniques heavily rely on manual experience and lack generality. To address this limitation, this current study leverages machine learning technology to formulate a semi-supervised anomaly detection approach employing a convolutional autoencoder. This method trains deep neural networks with normal data and employs the reconstruction mode of a convolutional autoencoder in conjunction with Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) to determine the optimal threshold for anomaly detection. This facilitates the differentiation between normal and abnormal operational modes without the necessity for extensive labeled fault data. Experimental results from two sets of industrial data validate the robustness of the proposed methodology. In comparison to conventional Autoencoder and prevalent machine learning techniques, the proposed approach demonstrates superior performance across evaluation metrics such as Accuracy, Recall, Area Under the Curve (AUC), and F1-score, thereby affirming the feasibility of the suggested model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machines Testing and Maintenance)

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14 pages, 3739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Potential of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene in ZnSe-TiO₂ Composite Materials for Supercapacitor Electrode

by Hassan Akbar, Asghar Ali, Shoaib Mohammad, Faiza Anjum, Ashfaq Ahmad, Amir Muhammad Afzal, Munirah D. Albaqami, Saikh Mohammad and Jeong-Ryeol Choi

Molecules 2024, 29(9), 2103; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092103 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

The current study explores the prospective of a nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) incorporated into ZnSe-TiO₂ composites via hydrothermal method for supercapacitor electrodes. Structural, morphological, and electronic characterizations are conducted using XRD, SEM, Raman, and UV analyses. The electrochemical study is performed and galvanostatic [...] Read more.

The current study explores the prospective of a nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) incorporated into ZnSe-TiO₂ composites via hydrothermal method for supercapacitor electrodes. Structural, morphological, and electronic characterizations are conducted using XRD, SEM, Raman, and UV analyses. The electrochemical study is performed and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) are evaluated for the supercapacitor electrode material. Results demonstrate improved performance in the ZnSe-NG-TiO₂ composite, indicating its potential for advanced supercapacitors with enhanced efficiency, stability, and power density. Specific capacity calculations and galvanic charge-discharge experiments confirmed the promising electrochemical activity of ZnSe-NG-TiO₂, which has a specific capacity of 222 C/g. The negative link among specific capacity and current density demonstrated the composite’s potential for high energy density and high-power density electrochemical devices. Overall, the study shows that composite materials derived from multiple families can synergistically improve electrode characteristics for advanced energy storage applications. Full article

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26 pages, 5753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Upsampling Monte Carlo Reactor Simulation Tallies in Depleted Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Assemblies Using a Convolutional Neural Network

by Jessica Berry, Paul Romano and Andrew Osborne

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2177; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092177 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

The computational demand of neutron Monte Carlo transport simulations can increase rapidly with the spatial and energy resolution of tallied physical quantities. Convolutional neural networks have been used to increase the resolution of Monte Carlo simulations of light water reactor assemblies while preserving [...] Read more.

The computational demand of neutron Monte Carlo transport simulations can increase rapidly with the spatial and energy resolution of tallied physical quantities. Convolutional neural networks have been used to increase the resolution of Monte Carlo simulations of light water reactor assemblies while preserving accuracy with negligible additional computational cost. Here, we show that a convolutional neural network can also be used to upsample tally results from Monte Carlo simulations of sodium-cooled fast reactor assemblies, thereby extending the applicability beyond thermal systems. The convolutional neural network model is trained using neutron flux tallies from 300 procedurally generated nuclear reactor assemblies simulated using OpenMC. Validation and test datasets included 16 simulations of procedurally generated assemblies, and a realistic simulation of a European sodium-cooled fast reactor assembly was included in the test dataset. We show the residuals between the high-resolution flux tallies predicted by the neural network and high-resolution Monte Carlo tallies on relative and absolute bases. The network can upsample tallies from simulations of fast reactor assemblies with diverse and heterogeneous materials and geometries by a factor of two in each spatial and energy dimension. The network’s predictions are within the statistical uncertainty of the Monte Carlo tallies in almost all cases. This includes test assemblies for which burnup values and geometric parameters were well outside the ranges of those in assemblies used to train the network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B4: Nuclear Energy)

11 pages, 534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

‘Successful Ageing’ Needs a Future: Older Incarcerated Adults’ Views on Ageing in Prison

by Andrea Kenkmann and Christian Ghanem

J. Ageing Longev. 2024, 4(2), 72-82; https://doi.org/10.3390/jal4020006 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Demographic changes have led to an increase in older people in prisons. Whereas the rehabilitative process of younger offenders is geared towards their reintegration into the labour market, successful ageing should be a policy aim for older prisoners. This study explores how older [...] Read more.

Demographic changes have led to an increase in older people in prisons. Whereas the rehabilitative process of younger offenders is geared towards their reintegration into the labour market, successful ageing should be a policy aim for older prisoners. This study explores how older incarcerated persons view their ageing. A qualitative study using a written survey with only the single question What does ageing in prison mean to you? was conducted in Bavaria, Germany. A total of 64 prisoners (61 male, 3 female) supplied answers varying in length from a few words to several pages. The thematic analysis revealed that together with health concerns, social relations and everyday activities, the uncertainty of the future was a central focus point for the older adults in prison. The authors propose that a positive vision of the future needs to be included in any model of successful ageing. If successful ageing is used as an aim for older prisoners, more attention needs to be paid to support interventions during and after the release process. Full article

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18 pages, 9295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Evaluation of the B4 Topology for Implementing Grid-Connected Inverters in Microgrids

by Enric Torán, Marian Liberos, Iván Patrao, Raúl González-Medina, Gabriel Garcerá and Emilio Figueres

Electronics 2024, 13(9), 1755; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13091755 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

The B4 topology is an interesting alternative to the conventional B6 inverter due to its reduced number of parts and lower cost. Although it has been widely used in the past, especially in low-power motor drive applications, its application as a grid-connected inverter [...] Read more.

The B4 topology is an interesting alternative to the conventional B6 inverter due to its reduced number of parts and lower cost. Although it has been widely used in the past, especially in low-power motor drive applications, its application as a grid-connected inverter is an open area of research. In this regard, this paper analyses the feasibility of the B4 inverter topology for grid-connected applications. A versatile 7 kW inverter prototype, which may be configured as B4 and B6, was built, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of both topologies. Through an analytical study and experimental tests, the performance of the B4 and B6 topologies was comparatively evaluated in terms of efficiency, total harmonic distortion of line currents, current unbalance, cost, and mean time between failures. The study was carried out in the context of microgrid systems, highlighting their role in the integration of renewable energy and distributed generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Power Electronics Conversion Technologies)

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17 pages, 632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Approach for Modeling Vertical Dynamics of Motorcycles Based on Graph Theory

by Mouad Garziad, Abdelmjid Saka, Hassane Moustabchir and Maria Luminita Scutaru

Mathematics 2024, 12(9), 1390; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12091390 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

The main objective of this research is to establish a new formulation and mathematical model based on graph theory to create dynamic equations and provide clarity on the fundamental formulation. We have employed graph theory as a new approach to develop a new [...] Read more.

The main objective of this research is to establish a new formulation and mathematical model based on graph theory to create dynamic equations and provide clarity on the fundamental formulation. We have employed graph theory as a new approach to develop a new representation and formulate the vertical dynamics of a motorcycle with four degrees of freedom, including a suspension and tire model. We have outlined the principal procedural steps required to generate the mathematical and dynamic equations. This systematic approach ensures clarity and precision in our formulation process and representation. Subsequently, we implemented the dynamics equations to examine the dynamic behavior of both the sprung and unsprung masses’ vertical displacements, while considering the varying conditions of the road profile. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering Mathematics)

8 pages, 491 KiB

Open AccessReview

Uncovering the Role of the Early Visual Cortex in Visual Mental Imagery

by Nadine Dijkstra

Vision 2024, 8(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/vision8020029 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

The question of whether the early visual cortex (EVC) is involved in visual mental imagery remains a topic of debate. In this paper, I propose that the inconsistency in findings can be explained by the unique challenges associated with investigating EVC activity during [...] Read more.

The question of whether the early visual cortex (EVC) is involved in visual mental imagery remains a topic of debate. In this paper, I propose that the inconsistency in findings can be explained by the unique challenges associated with investigating EVC activity during imagery. During perception, the EVC processes low-level features, which means that activity is highly sensitive to variation in visual details. If the EVC has the same role during visual mental imagery, any change in the visual details of the mental image would lead to corresponding changes in EVC activity. Within this context, the question should not be whether the EVC is ‘active’ during imagery but how its activity relates to specific imagery properties. Studies using methods that are sensitive to variation in low-level features reveal that imagery can recruit the EVC in similar ways as perception. However, not all mental images contain a high level of visual details. Therefore, I end by considering a more nuanced view, which states that imagery can recruit the EVC, but that does not mean that it always does so. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Visual Mental Imagery System: How We Image the World)

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27 pages, 2276 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sentiment Dimensions and Intentions in Scientific Analysis: Multilevel Classification in Text and Citations

by Kampatzis Aristotelis, Sidiropoulos Antonis, Diamantaras Konstantinos and Ougiaroglou Stefanos

Electronics 2024, 13(9), 1753; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13091753 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Sentiment Analysis in text, especially text containing scientific citations, is an emerging research field with important applications in the research community. This review explores the field of sentiment analysis by focusing on the interpretation of citations, presenting a detailed description of techniques and [...] Read more.

Sentiment Analysis in text, especially text containing scientific citations, is an emerging research field with important applications in the research community. This review explores the field of sentiment analysis by focusing on the interpretation of citations, presenting a detailed description of techniques and methods ranging from lexicon-based approaches to Machine and Deep Learning models. The importance of understanding both the emotion and the intention behind citations is emphasized, reflecting their critical role in scientific communication. In addition, this study presents the challenges faced by researchers (such as complex scientific terminology, multilingualism, and the abstract nature of scientific discourse), highlighting the need for specialized language processing techniques. Finally, future research directions include improving the quality of datasets as well as exploring architectures and models to improve the accuracy of sentiment detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning Advances and Applications on Natural Language Processing (NLP))

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14 pages, 939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility and Acceptability of a Meditation Mobile App Intervention for Adolescent and Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer

by Gary Kwok, Archana Sharma, Ivelisse Mandato and Katie A. Devine

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(5), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050584 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Background: Adolescent and young adult (AYA) survivors of childhood cancer are increasingly recognized as a vulnerable group with unique emotional, social, and practical needs due to the intersection of cancer survivorship and normal developmental processes. Mindfulness meditation has shown early efficacy in improving [...] Read more.

Background: Adolescent and young adult (AYA) survivors of childhood cancer are increasingly recognized as a vulnerable group with unique emotional, social, and practical needs due to the intersection of cancer survivorship and normal developmental processes. Mindfulness meditation has shown early efficacy in improving psychological distress among cancer patients. However, the overall scientific study of app-based mindfulness-based interventions is still in its early stages. The goal of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a commercially available mindfulness mobile app intervention “Ten Percent Happier” among AYA survivors of childhood cancer. Methods: We conducted a single-arm pilot intervention with 25 AYA survivors of childhood cancer ages 18–29 years. Results: A total of 108 potentially eligible individuals were initially identified for screening. Of the 45 individuals reached (contact rate = 41.67%), 20 declined to participate; 25 were enrolled in the study and completed the baseline survey (enrollment rate = 55.56%). Twenty-one participants completed the study (retention rate = 84%). Changes in several outcomes were promising, with medium to large effect sizes: Mindfulness (d = 0.74), Negative Emotion (d = 0.48), Perceived Stress (d = 0.52), and Mental Health (d = 0.45). Furthermore, results suggested that participants with consistent app usage showed greater improvement in reported outcomes than those who stopped their usage (e.g., Mindfulness: d = 0.74, Perceived Stress: d = 0.83, Mental Health: d = 0.51; Meaning and Purpose: d = 0.84; and Sleep Disturbance: d = 0.81). Qualitative feedback indicated high satisfaction, but participants suggested adding group or individual peer support to improve their experience with the app. Conclusions: AYA survivors can be difficult to reach, but a mindfulness app was feasible and acceptable to this group. In particular, the robust retention rate and high satisfaction ratings indicate that the meditation mobile app was well received. Preliminary results suggest positive changes in health-related quality of life outcomes, warranting a larger efficacy trial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health of Cancer Patients and Caregivers)

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18 pages, 500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Appraising the Physical Activity Levels of Saudis with Physical Disabilities: Effects of Disability Type, Mobility Assistive Devices, and Demographic Factors

by Mohamed A. Said and Majed M. Alhumaid

Healthcare 2024, 12(9), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12090937 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Physical activity (PA) has numerous health benefits for individuals with physical disabilities (IWPD). However, it is common for activity levels to fall below the suggested limits. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, pattern, and levels of PA among IWPD in Saudi Arabia. [...] Read more.

Physical activity (PA) has numerous health benefits for individuals with physical disabilities (IWPD). However, it is common for activity levels to fall below the suggested limits. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, pattern, and levels of PA among IWPD in Saudi Arabia. It also investigated the effects of individuals’ type of disability, mobility assistive devices, and demographic features on PA levels. Data were collected from 238 participants, mostly male (62.2%), aged 39.76 ± 12.19 years. Among them, 19.3% had spinal conditions, 14.7% had progressive muscular dystrophy, 15.1% had multiple sclerosis, 17.6% had cerebral palsy, 16.4% had poliomyelitis, and 16.8% had limb or foot amputations. The participants were assessed using the Arabic version of the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD-AR). The results showed that 62.6% (64.9% of males and 58.9% of females) met the minimum PA guidelines specified by the WHO. The average PASIPD-AR score was 10.33 ± 10.67 MET-hours/day, indicating lower PA levels, and 8.4% of individuals did not participate in any form of PA. Significant discrepancies were detected in disability type and mobility assistive device use after age adjustment. Marital status, education, and occupation greatly affected PA components. Greater attention should be paid to promoting an active lifestyle among IWPD in Saudi Arabia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sport in People with Disabilities: Strategies for Health Promotion)

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13 pages, 2667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rosarugosides A and D from Rosa rugosa Flower Buds: Their Potential Anti-Skin-Aging Effects in TNF-α-Induced Human Dermal Fibroblasts

by Kang Sub Kim, So-Ri Son, Yea Jung Choi, Yejin Kim, Si-Young Ahn, Dae Sik Jang and Sullim Lee

Plants 2024, 13(9), 1266; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091266 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

This present study investigated the anti-skin-aging properties of Rosa rugosa. Initially, phenolic compounds were isolated from a hot water extract of Rosa rugosa’s flower buds. Through repeated chromatography (column chromatography, MPLC, and prep HPLC), we identified nine phenolic compounds (1 [...] Read more.

This present study investigated the anti-skin-aging properties of Rosa rugosa. Initially, phenolic compounds were isolated from a hot water extract of Rosa rugosa’s flower buds. Through repeated chromatography (column chromatography, MPLC, and prep HPLC), we identified nine phenolic compounds (1–9), including a previously undescribed depside, rosarugoside D (1). The chemical structure of 1 was elucidated via NMR, HR-MS, UV, and hydrolysis. Next, in order to identify bioactive compounds that are effective against TNF-α-induced NHDF cells, we measured intracellular ROS production in samples treated with each of the isolated compounds (1–9). All isolates reduced the level of ROS at a concentration of 10 μM. Particularly, two depsides—rosarugosides A and D (2 and 1)—significantly inhibited ROS expression in TNF-α-induced NHDFs compared to the other phenolic compounds. Subsequently, the production of MMP-1 and procollagen type Ι α1 by these two depsides was examined. Remarkably, rosarugoside A (2) significantly decreased MMP-1 secretion at all concentrations. In contrast, rosarugoside D (1) regulated the expression of procollagen type Ι α1. These findings collectively suggest that Rosa rugosa extracts and their isolated compounds, rosarugosides A (2) and D (1), hold significant potential for protecting against aging and skin damage. Overall, these findings suggest that Rosa rugosa extracts and their isolated compounds, rosarugosides A (2) and D (1), have the potential to prevent and protect against aging and skin damage, although more specific quantitative analysis is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activities and Constituents of Plant-Derived Natural Products and Their Application—II)

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13 pages, 726 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) vs. Standard Materials Used in Orthodontic Fixed Appliances: A Systematic Review

by Pyi-Phyo Win, Oak Gar Moe, De-Shing Chen, Tzu-Yu Peng and Hsin-Chung Cheng

Polymers 2024, 16(9), 1271; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16091271 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), an organic thermoplastic polymer, has gained interest in dentistry due to its excellent mechanical strength, flexibility, and biocompatibility. Furthermore, the ability to utilize CAD/CAM in the fabrication of PEEK enhances accuracy, reliability, and efficiency while also saving time. Hence, several orthodontic [...] Read more.

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), an organic thermoplastic polymer, has gained interest in dentistry due to its excellent mechanical strength, flexibility, and biocompatibility. Furthermore, the ability to utilize CAD/CAM in the fabrication of PEEK enhances accuracy, reliability, and efficiency while also saving time. Hence, several orthodontic studies have explored the utilization of PEEK in various applications, such as archwires, brackets, fixed lingual retainers, palatal expansion devices, transpalatal arches, Tübingen palatal plates, different types of space maintainers, mini-implant insertion guides, and more. However, a complete systematic review of the available data comparing the performance of PEEK with traditional orthodontic materials has not yet been conducted. Therefore, this systematic review seeks to assess if PEEK material meets the required mechanical criteria to serve as an alternative to conventional orthodontic appliances. To ensure clarity and precision, this review will specifically concentrate on fixed appliances. This systemic review followed the PRISMA guidelines and utilized databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Springer, Web of Science, and Wiley. Searches were restricted to English language articles from January 2013 to February 2024. Keywords such as “Polyetheretherketone” or “PEEK” and “Orthodontic” or “Orthodontic device” or “Orthodontic materials” were employed across all databases. Nine studies were incorporated, covering orthodontic archwires, brackets, and fixed lingual retainers. Based on the reviewed literature, PEEK demonstrates promising potential in orthodontic fixed appliances, offering advantages in force delivery, friction reduction, and aesthetic appeal. Further research is needed to fully explore its capabilities and optimize its application in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polymers for Medical Applications II)

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23 pages, 13719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study on the Formation Mechanism of Plume Bulge in the Pearl River Estuary under the Influence of River Discharge

by Chenyu Zhao, Nan Wang, Yang Ding, Dehai Song, Junmin Li, Mengqi Li, Lingling Zhou, Hang Yu, Yanyu Chen and Xianwen Bao

Water 2024, 16(9), 1296; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091296 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Previous studies have investigated the characteristics and influencing factors of plume bulge in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) using observations and numerical simulations. However, the understanding of how river discharge affects plume bulge is not consistent, and the response mechanism of plume bulge [...] Read more.

Previous studies have investigated the characteristics and influencing factors of plume bulge in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) using observations and numerical simulations. However, the understanding of how river discharge affects plume bulge is not consistent, and the response mechanism of plume bulge to changes in river discharge has not been revealed in detail. In this study, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) is constructed, and five experiments were set to characterize the horizontal and vertical distribution of the plume bulge outside the PRE under different river discharge conditions during spring tide. The physical mechanisms of plume bulge generation and its response mechanisms to river discharge were discussed through standardized analysis and momentum diagnostic analysis. The results indicate that the plume bulge is sensitive to changes in river discharge. When the river discharge is relatively low (e.g., less than 11,720 m³/s observed in the dry season), the bulge cannot be formed. Conversely, when the river discharge is relatively high (e.g., exceeding 23,440 m³/s observed in flood season), the bulge is more significant. The plume bulge is formed by the anticyclonic flow resulting from the action of the Coriolis force on the strongly mixed river plume. The bulge remains stable under the combined effects of barotropic force, baroclinic gradient force, and Coriolis force. The reduction of river discharge weakens the mixing of freshwater and seawater, resulting in the reduction of both the volume and momentum of the river plume, and the balance between advective diffusion and Coriolis forces are altered, resulting in the plume, which is originally flushed out from the Lantau Channel, not being able to maintain the anticyclonic structure and instead floating out along the coast of the western side of the PRE, with the disappearance of the plume bulge. Due to the significant influence of plume bulges on the physical and biogeochemical interactions between estuaries and terrestrial environments, studying the physical mechanisms behind the formation of plume bulges is crucial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coastal Management and Nearshore Hydrodynamics)

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16 pages, 3280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Photophysical Studies of Heteroleptic Silver Complexes Bearing 2,9-Bis(styryl)-1,10-phenanthroline Ligands and Bis[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl] Ether

by Dimitrios Glykos, Athanassios C. Tsipis, John C. Plakatouras and Gerasimos Malandrinos

Inorganics 2024, 12(5), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12050131 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Three new heteroleptic Ag(I) complexes, labeled as [AgL(POP)]BF₄ (1–3), were successfully synthesized and comprehensively characterized. Here, L represents 2,9-bis((E)-4-methoxystyryl)-1,10-phenanthroline (L1), 2,9-bis((E)-4-methylthiostyryl) -1,10-phenanthroline (L2), and 2,9-bis((E)-4-diethylaminostyryl)-1,10-phenanthroline (L3), while POP stands for Bis[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether. [...] Read more.

Three new heteroleptic Ag(I) complexes, labeled as [AgL(POP)]BF₄ (1–3), were successfully synthesized and comprehensively characterized. Here, L represents 2,9-bis((E)-4-methoxystyryl)-1,10-phenanthroline (L1), 2,9-bis((E)-4-methylthiostyryl) -1,10-phenanthroline (L2), and 2,9-bis((E)-4-diethylaminostyryl)-1,10-phenanthroline (L3), while POP stands for Bis[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether. The stability of these compounds in solution was confirmed through multinuclear 1D (¹H, ¹³C, ³¹P) and 2D NMR (COSY, NOESY, HMBC, HSQC) spectroscopies. Additionally, their molecular structure was elucidated via X-ray crystallography. The photophysical properties of the complexes were assessed both in the solid state and in solution (dichloromethane). Compounds 1–3 demonstrated moderate emissions in solution, with quantum yields ranging from 11–23%. Interestingly, their solid-state luminescent behavior differed. Large bathochromic shifts (42–75 nm) of the emission maxima and a decrease in quantum yields (2.5–9.5%) were evident, possibly due to the presence of excimers. Compound 3 stands out as a rare example of an Ag(I) red-color emitter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Luminescent Materials)

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14 pages, 2563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Product Placement in Animation on Generation Z Consumers

by Zitong Cheng and Yukari Nagai

Societies 2024, 14(5), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14050061 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

In recent years, the animation market in China has flourished, and many brands use animation as a popular promotional platform to showcase their products and brands through product placement, benefitting from this marketing approach. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate the [...] Read more.

In recent years, the animation market in China has flourished, and many brands use animation as a popular promotional platform to showcase their products and brands through product placement, benefitting from this marketing approach. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate the impact of product placement on Generation Z consumers—the primary audience for animation. In this study, we used popular Chinese animation to investigate Generation Z consumers’ cognition, attitude, and purchase intention regarding product placement. The results show a significant correlation between brand cognition, attitude, and purchase intention. Low-profile brands achieve better product placement effects in animation than high-profile brands. This study also established a mathematical model of participants’ post-cognition, post-attitude, and post-purchase intention regarding product placement in animation through factor analysis. This mathematical model intuitively shows that the effect of product placement in animation is primarily determined by the audience’s post-attitude. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Issues in Social Cognition and Consumer Preferences)

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14 pages, 3858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidural, Inadvertent Subdural, and Combined Epidural–Subdural Anesthesia in Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Retrospective Analysis

by Seung Youn Kang, Hae Sun Cho, Jihwan Yi, Sung Chan Jung, Hyeun Sung Kim, Il Tae Jang and Hyun Kang

J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(5), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14050486 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to categorize contrast media images associated with epidural, subdural, and combined epidural–subdural anesthesia in patients who had undergone fluoroscopy-guided epidural anesthesia using contrast media combined with monitored anesthesia care (MAC) targeted at deep sedation, incorporating capnography over 5 years. Additionally, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to categorize contrast media images associated with epidural, subdural, and combined epidural–subdural anesthesia in patients who had undergone fluoroscopy-guided epidural anesthesia using contrast media combined with monitored anesthesia care (MAC) targeted at deep sedation, incorporating capnography over 5 years. Additionally, a correlation was established between the anesthetic effects and radiographic findings according to the categorized imaging appearances. This study included 628 patients who underwent endoscopic, open, or fusion surgery under epidural anesthesia at Nanoori Hospital in Gangnam between March 2018 and September 2023. Fluoroscopy-guided epidural anesthesia using contrast media combined with MAC and capnography was used. The dataset included detailed radiographic imaging, nursing, and anesthesia records. Distinct patterns of anesthesia administration were observed, with 49%, 19.6%, and 31% of patients receiving epidural, subdural, and combined epidural–subdural anesthesia, respectively. The incidence and duration of motor block were significantly different among the three groups. Additionally, subdural anesthesia displayed a higher incidence of motor block and a prolonged motor deficit duration than epidural anesthesia. Fluoroscopic guidance using a contrast medium for epidural and subdural anesthesia ensures precise space identification and prevents serious anesthetic complications. Our findings suggest the potential to achieve stable anesthesia, particularly using subdural and combined epidural–subdural anesthesia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Medicine in Anesthesia and Anesthetics)

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12 pages, 2864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltammetric Sensing of Chloride Based on a Redox-Active Complex: A Terpyridine-Co(II)-Dipyrromethene Functionalized Anion Receptor Deposited on a Gold Electrode

by Kamila Malecka-Baturo, Mathias Daniels, Wim Dehaen, Hanna Radecka, Jerzy Radecki and Iwona Grabowska

Molecules 2024, 29(9), 2102; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092102 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

A redox-active complex containing Co(II) connected to a terpyridine (TPY) and dipyrromethene functionalized anion receptor (DPM-AR) was created on a gold electrode surface. This host-guest supramolecular system based on a redox-active layer was used for voltammetric detection of chloride anions in aqueous solutions. [...] Read more.

A redox-active complex containing Co(II) connected to a terpyridine (TPY) and dipyrromethene functionalized anion receptor (DPM-AR) was created on a gold electrode surface. This host-guest supramolecular system based on a redox-active layer was used for voltammetric detection of chloride anions in aqueous solutions. The sensing mechanism was based on the changes in the redox activity of the complex observed upon binding of the anion to the receptor. The electron transfer coefficient (α) and electron transfer rate constant (k₀) for the modified gold electrodes were calculated based on Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) experiments results. On the other hand, the sensing abilities were examined using Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV). More importantly, the anion receptor was selective to chloride, resulting in the highest change in Co(II) current intensity and allowing to distinguish chloride, sulfate and bromide. The proposed system displayed the highest sensitivity to Cl⁻ with a limit of detection of 0.50 fM. The order of selectivity was: Cl⁻ > SO₄²⁻ > Br⁻, which was confirmed by the binding constants (K) and reaction coupling efficiencies (RCE). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrochemical Methods in Molecular Detection)

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30 pages, 10347 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Oral Administration of Polystyrene Microplastics on Hepatic Lipid, Glucose, and Amino Acid Metabolism in C57BL/6Korl and C57BL/6-Lep^em1hwl/Korl Mice

by Yujeong Roh, Jieun Kim, Heejin Song, Ayun Seol, Taeryeol Kim, Eunseo Park, Kiho Park, Sujeong Lim, Suha Wang, Youngsuk Jung, Hyesung Kim, Yong Lim and Daeyoun Hwang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(9), 4964; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094964 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

The impact of microplastics (MPs) on the metabolic functions of the liver is currently unclear and not completely understood. To investigate the effects of the administration of MPs on the hepatic metabolism of normal and obese mice, alterations in the lipid, glucose (Glu), [...] Read more.

The impact of microplastics (MPs) on the metabolic functions of the liver is currently unclear and not completely understood. To investigate the effects of the administration of MPs on the hepatic metabolism of normal and obese mice, alterations in the lipid, glucose (Glu), and amino acid regulation pathways were analyzed in the liver and adipose tissues of C57BL/6Korl (wild type, WT) or C57BL/6-Lep^em1hwl/Korl mice (leptin knockout, Lep KO) orally administered polystyrene (PS) MPs for 9 weeks. Significant alterations in the lipid accumulation, adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis pathways were detected in the liver tissue of MP-treated WT and Lep KO mice compared to the vehicle-treated group. These alterations in their liver tissues were accompanied by an upregulation of the serum lipid profile, as well as alterations in the adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis pathways in the adipose tissues of MP-treated WT and Lep KO mice. Specifically, the level of leptin was increased in the adipose tissues of MP-treated WT mice without any change in their food intake. Also, MP-induced disruptions in the glycogenolysis, Glu transporter type 4 (GLUT4)-5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, levels of lipid intermediates, and the insulin resistance of the liver tissues of WT and Lep KO mice were observed. Furthermore, the levels of seven endogenous metabolites were remarkably changed in the serum of WT and Lep KO mice after MP administrations. Finally, the impact of the MP administration observed in both types of mice was further verified in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HepG2 cells. Thus, these results suggest that the oral administration of MPs for 9 weeks may be associated with the disruption of lipid, Glu, and amino acid metabolism in the liver tissue of obese WT and Lep KO mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism)

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16 pages, 6393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on a Calculation Model of Ankle-Joint-Torque-Based sEMG

by Xu Qiu, Haiming Zhao, Peng Xu and Jie Li

Sensors 2024, 24(9), 2906; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24092906 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to establish a prediction model of joint movements and realize the prediction of joint movemenst, and the research results are of reference value for the development of the rehabilitation equipment. This will be carried out by analyzing [...] Read more.

The purpose of this article is to establish a prediction model of joint movements and realize the prediction of joint movemenst, and the research results are of reference value for the development of the rehabilitation equipment. This will be carried out by analyzing the impact of surface electromyography (sEMG) on ankle movements and using the Hill model as a framework for calculating ankle joint torque. The table and scheme used in the experiments were based on physiological parameters obtained through the model. Data analysis was performed on ankle joint angle signal, movement signal, and sEMG data from nine subjects during dorsiflexion/flexion, varus, and internal/external rotation. The Hill model was employed to determine 16 physiological parameters which were optimized using a genetic algorithm. Three experiments were carried out to identify the optimal model to calculate torque and root mean square error. The optimized model precisely calculated torque and had a root mean square error of under 1.4 in comparison to the measured torque. Ankle movement models predict torque patterns with accuracy, thereby providing a solid theoretical basis for ankle rehabilitation control. The optimized model provides a theoretical foundation for precise ankle torque forecasts, thereby improving the efficacy of rehabilitation robots for the ankle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Sensors)

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10 pages, 554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Knee Injury Landscape: A Comprehensive Study of Youth Male Football Players in the Central Region of Saudi Arabia

by Latifah Almansour, Walaa Sayed Mohammad, Walaa Elsais, Asma Alonazi and Danah Alyahya

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3895; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093895 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Knee injuries represent a significant health concern for young male football players in Saudi Arabia. Despite global research on football-related injuries, there is a distinct lack of studies focusing on this demographic in the Saudi context. This research aims to fill this gap, [...] Read more.

Knee injuries represent a significant health concern for young male football players in Saudi Arabia. Despite global research on football-related injuries, there is a distinct lack of studies focusing on this demographic in the Saudi context. This research aims to fill this gap, offering insights into injury prevalence and risk factors, thereby contributing to athlete well-being and informing tailored interventions. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of knee injuries among youth male football players in Saudi Arabia, with a focus on injury patterns, risk factors, and associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 104 male football players who represent five Saudi clubs and are aged 18.82 ± 0.68 years. Injury data, including severity, timing, and mechanisms, were collected. Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the impact of various factors on the likelihood of knee injuries. The study revealed that 37.5% of participants reported prior knee injuries, predominantly muscle injuries (61.5%) occurring during training. Ligamentous injuries, particularly anterior cruciate ligament injuries, were also notable (25.6%). Logistic regression analyses indicated that factors such as age, weight, height, body mass index, playing position, duration of playing football, and playing surface significantly influenced the odds of sustaining a knee injury. This study provides insights into the prevalence and patterns of knee injuries among youth male football players in the central region of Saudi Arabia. Muscle injuries are common. Factors such as age, weight, and playing position contribute to the risk of knee injuries. The findings underscore the need for targeted injury prevention strategies and player education programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)

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