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25 pages, 14948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tailoring Microemulsification Techniques for the Encapsulation of Diverse Cargo: A Systematic Analysis of Poly (Urea-Formaldehyde) Microcapsules

by Sivashankari P. Rajasekaran, Bao Huynh and Ana Paula P. Fugolin

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(5), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15050117 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

Cargo encapsulation through emulsion-based methods has been pondered over the years. Although several microemulsification techniques have been employed for the microcapsule’s synthesis, there are still no clear guidelines regarding the suitability of one technique over the others or the impacts on the morphological [...] Read more.

Cargo encapsulation through emulsion-based methods has been pondered over the years. Although several microemulsification techniques have been employed for the microcapsule’s synthesis, there are still no clear guidelines regarding the suitability of one technique over the others or the impacts on the morphological and physicochemical stability of the final particles. Therefore, in this systematic study, we investigated the influence of synthesis parameters on the fabrication of emulsion-based microcapsules concerning morphological and physicochemical properties. Using poly(urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) microcapsules as a model system, and after determining the optimal core/shell ratio, we tested three different microemulsification techniques (magnetic stirring, ultrasonication, and mechanical stirring) and two different cargo types (100% TEGDMA (Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and 80% TEGDMA + 20% DMAM (N,N-Dimethylacrylamide)). The resulting microcapsules were characterized via optical and scanning electron microscopies, followed by size distribution analysis. The encapsulation efficiency was obtained through the extraction method, and the percentage reaction yield was calculated. Physicochemical properties were assessed by incubating the microcapsules under different osmotic pressures for 1 day and 1, 2, or 4 weeks. The data were analyzed statistically with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (α = 0.05). Overall, the mechanical stirring resulted in the most homogeneous and stable microcapsules, with an increased reaction yield from 100% to 50% in comparison with ultrasonication and magnetic methods, respectively. The average microcapsule diameter ranged from 5 to 450 µm, with the smallest ones in the ultrasonication and the largest ones in the magnetic stirring groups. The water affinities of the encapsulated cargo influenced the microcapsule formation and stability, with the incorporation of DMAM leading to more homogeneous and stable microcapsules. Environmental osmotic pressure led to cargo loss or the selective swelling of the shells. In summary, this systematic investigation provides insights and highlights commonly overlooked factors that can influence microcapsule fabrication and guide the choice based on a diligent analysis of therapeutic niche requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)

20 pages, 3112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Improvement of Granite Residual Soil Caused by Fly Ash and Its Slope Stability under Rainfall Conditions

by Bowen Hu, Qizhi Hu, Yiming Liu and Gaoliang Tao

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3734; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093734 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

Granite residual soil has distinctive engineering characteristics due to its unique properties, and the resulting slopes are less stable and less resistant to rain erosion. The granite residual soil was improved by the addition of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% fly ash, and [...] Read more.

Granite residual soil has distinctive engineering characteristics due to its unique properties, and the resulting slopes are less stable and less resistant to rain erosion. The granite residual soil was improved by the addition of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% fly ash, and the effects of fly ash on the intensity index and penetration of granite residual soil were investigated by triaxial strength tests and permeability tests. In combination with scanning electron microscopy measurements, a study of the stability of fly ash-modified granite residual soil slopes by modeling rainfall using the finite element software ABAQUS revealed the following: (1) the permeability coefficients of the residual granitic soils decreased by one order of magnitude when fly ash was added; (2) the improvement in the triaxial strength index of the improved soil was most pronounced when the dosage of fly ash was 15%, so that a dosage of 15% was considered optimal; and (3) numerical simulations concluded that the stability of the slope formed by 15% fly ash-improved soil fill improved significantly relative to the original slope, with the coefficient of safety increasing from 1.06 to 1.42, and the resistance to water seepage also significantly improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Slope Erosion Monitoring and Anti-erosion)

15 pages, 1393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Lentinan on the Hematological and Immune Indices of Dairy Cows

by Lun Tan, Caiyun Fan, Dian Wang, Xiao Li, Meng Wang, Zhao Zhuo, Shuaihong Li, Yuhang Ding, Zixi Yang and Jianbo Cheng

Animals 2024, 14(9), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091314 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the effects of lentinan (LNT) on hematological parameters, immune indices, and metabolite levels in dairy cows. We randomly assigned forty Holstein cows to four treatment groups. The treatments consisted of 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/d of LNT. [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated the effects of lentinan (LNT) on hematological parameters, immune indices, and metabolite levels in dairy cows. We randomly assigned forty Holstein cows to four treatment groups. The treatments consisted of 0, 5, 10, and 15 g/d of LNT. Compared with the control group, the addition of 10 g/d of LNT decreased the content of ALT and IL-8 but simultaneously increased the content of IL-4 in the cows’ serum. Supplementation with 10 g/d of LNT decreased the levels of lymphocyte, RDW, ALT, AST, TC, IL-2, and IL-8, but, concurrently, in-creased the levels of granulocytes and IL-4 in their serum. In addition, supplementation with 15 g/d of LNT decreased the levels of RDW, TC, IL-2, and IL-8, but, at the same time, increased the levels of IL-4 and IgM in their serum. For the metabolomic analysis, cows fed with 0 and 10 g/d of LNT were selected. The results showed that 10 metabolites, including reduced nicotinamide riboside and trehalose, were upregulated in the 10 g/d group. These differential metabolites were enriched in tyrosine metabolism and trehalose degradation and altered two metabolic pathways of ubiquinone and other terpene quinone biosynthesis, as well as starch and sucrose metabolism. These findings provide evidence that LNT could be used to reduce the risk of inflammation in dairy cows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

18 pages, 4618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability in Natural Grassland in the Brazilian Pampa Biome: Livestock Production with CO₂ Absorption

by Débora Regina Roberti, Alecsander Mergen, Ricardo Acosta Gotuzzo, Gustavo Pujol Veeck, Tiago Bremm, Luciana Marin, Fernando Luiz Ferreira de Quadros and Rodrigo Josemar Seminoti Jacques

Sustainability 2024, 16(9), 3672; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093672 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

The Brazilian Pampa biome has natural pastures that have been used for centuries for cattle grazing. This is considered a sustainable system because it combines the conservation of natural vegetation and high-quality meat production, protecting the biome from commercial agriculture’s advances. However, whether [...] Read more.

The Brazilian Pampa biome has natural pastures that have been used for centuries for cattle grazing. This is considered a sustainable system because it combines the conservation of natural vegetation and high-quality meat production, protecting the biome from commercial agriculture’s advances. However, whether it is a source or a sink of carbon dioxide (CO₂) has yet to be evaluated. Hence, this study aimed to quantify the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of the CO₂ of a natural pasture of the Pampa biome used for livestock production. The experimental area is located in a subtropical region of southern Brazil, where eddy covariance (EC) measurements were conducted from 2015 to 2021 in a rotational cattle grazing system. The seven months of the warm season (September to March) were characterized as CO₂ absorbers, while the five months of the cold season (April to August) were CO₂ emitters. Throughout the six years and with complete data, the ecosystem was an absorber of atmospheric CO₂, with an average value of −207.6 g C m⁻² year⁻¹. However, the significant interannual variability in NEE was observed, with cumulative values ranging from −82.0 to −385.3 g C m⁻² year⁻¹. The results suggest the coupling of climatic conditions to pasture management can be the factor that modulated the NEE interannual variability. The cattle raising system on the natural pastures of the Pampa absorbs CO₂, which is further evidence of its sustainability and need for conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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15 pages, 713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Risk Perception of the Chinese Diaspora during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Targeting Cognitive Dissonance through Storytelling

by Doris Yuet Lan Leung, Shoilee Khan, Hilary Hwu, Aaida Mamuji, Jack Rozdilsky, Terri Chu and Charlotte Lee

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(5), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21050556 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

The global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 required risk communications to mitigate the virus’ spread. However, social media not only conveyed health information to minimize the contagion, but also distracted from the threat by linking it to an externalized ‘other’—primarily those appearing to be [...] Read more.

The global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 required risk communications to mitigate the virus’ spread. However, social media not only conveyed health information to minimize the contagion, but also distracted from the threat by linking it to an externalized ‘other’—primarily those appearing to be of Chinese descent. This disinformation caused the attribution of blame to Chinese people worldwide. In Canada’s Greater Toronto Area, Chinese individuals reported widespread public stigma that compounded their risk of contagion; to the degree that it was driven by cognitive dissonance, it generated experiences of social and cultural vulnerability. In this paper, we draw on the aforementioned study’s findings to explain how the risk perception and threat appraisal of Chinese diaspora individuals were impacted by different cognitive dissonance pathways. These findings explore how storytelling is a viable intervention with which to target and mitigate cognitive dissonance. Indeed, the mechanisms of cognitive dissonance can modify risk perception and mitigate social and cultural vulnerability, thereby averting potential long-term negative consequences for one’s mental health and well-being. We hope our guidance, training educators to target pathways of cognitive dissonance by drawing on storytelling (with humour), can assist them to better convey information in ways that are more inclusive during public health emergencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of COVID-19, Healthcare Quality, Patient Safety and Quality of Life)

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14 pages, 1534 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vitamin Nutritional Status in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer: A Narrative Review

by Elena Azzini, Tiziano Furini, Angela Polito, Luca Scalfi, Alessandro Pinto, Valeria Gasperi, Isabella Savini and on behalf of the SINU “Nutrition in Oncology” Working Group

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(9), 4773; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094773 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

Due to the high mortality rate in Western countries, pancreatic cancer is considered one of the big killers, leaving patients and their families with little hope upon diagnosis. Although surgical and drug therapies are critical for cancer patients to improve life expectancy [...] Read more.

Due to the high mortality rate in Western countries, pancreatic cancer is considered one of the big killers, leaving patients and their families with little hope upon diagnosis. Although surgical and drug therapies are critical for cancer patients to improve life expectancy and alleviation of suffering, nutrition plays a key role in improving cancer treatment outcomes. This narrative review, conducted as part of the activities of the Italian Society of Human Nutrition (SINU) working group in oncology, focuses on the prevalence of vitamin malnutrition among pancreatic cancer patients. The results of the literature search show that pancreatic cancer patients are at a heightened risk of water-soluble vitamin deficiencies, particularly of vitamins B1, B3, and B6. Additionally, they also face an increased risk of deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins. Among these vitamins, the potential role of vitamin D in pancreatic cancer has garnered the most attention, with its plasma levels being identified as a significant factor in patient survival. Investigating vitamin nutritional status could provide valuable insights for incorporating nutritional approaches into the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer, thereby reducing the exacerbation of symptoms associated with the diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism)

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14 pages, 2660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnaporthe oryzae Effector AvrPik-D Targets Rice Rubisco Small Subunit OsRBCS4 to Suppress Immunity

by Linlin Song, Tao Yang, Xinxiao Wang, Wenyu Ye and Guodong Lu

Plants 2024, 13(9), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13091214 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae), is a highly destructive disease that significantly impacts rice yield and quality. During the infection, M. oryzae secretes effector proteins to subvert the host immune response. However, the interaction between [...] Read more.

Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae), is a highly destructive disease that significantly impacts rice yield and quality. During the infection, M. oryzae secretes effector proteins to subvert the host immune response. However, the interaction between the effector protein AvrPik-D and its target proteins in rice, and the mechanism by which AvrPik-D exacerbates disease severity to facilitate infection, remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that the M. oryzae effector AvrPik-D interacts with the Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) small subunit OsRBCS4. The overexpression of the OsRBCS4 gene in transgenic rice not only enhances resistance to M. oryzae but also induces more reactive oxygen species following chitin treatment. OsRBCS4 localizes to chloroplasts and co-localizes with AvrPik-D within these organelles. AvrPik-D suppresses the transcriptional expression of OsRBCS4 and inhibits Rubisco activity in rice. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the M. oryzae effector AvrPik-D targets the Rubisco small subunit OsRBCS4 and inhibits its carboxylase and oxygenase activity, thereby suppressing rice innate immunity to facilitate infection. This provides a novel mechanism for the M. oryzae effector to subvert the host immunity to promote infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant-Fungal Pathogen Interaction)

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23 pages, 1743 KiB

Open AccessReview

Targeting TRPV4 Channels for Cancer Pain Relief

by Caren Tatiane de David Antoniazzi, Náthaly Andrighetto Ruviaro, Diulle Spat Peres, Patrícia Rodrigues, Fernanda Tibolla Viero and Gabriela Trevisan

Cancers 2024, 16(9), 1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16091703 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

Despite the unique and complex nature of cancer pain, the activation of different ion channels can be related to the initiation and maintenance of pain. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a cation channel broadly expressed in sensory afferent neurons. This [...] Read more.

Despite the unique and complex nature of cancer pain, the activation of different ion channels can be related to the initiation and maintenance of pain. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a cation channel broadly expressed in sensory afferent neurons. This channel is activated by multiple stimuli to mediate pain perception associated with inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Here, we focused on summarizing the role of TRPV4 in cancer etiology and cancer-induced pain mechanisms. Many studies revealed that the administration of a TRPV4 antagonist and TRPV4 knockdown diminishes nociception in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Although the evidence on TRPV4 channels’ involvement in cancer pain is scarce, the expression of these receptors was reportedly enhanced in cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP), perineural, and orofacial cancer models following the inoculation of tumor cells to the bone marrow cavity, sciatic nerve, and tongue, respectively. Effective pain management is a continuous problem for patients diagnosed with cancer, and current guidelines fail to address a mechanism-based treatment. Therefore, examining new molecules with potential antinociceptive properties targeting TRPV4 modulation would be interesting. Identifying such agents could lead to the development of treatment strategies with improved pain-relieving effects and fewer adverse effects than the currently available analgesics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cancer Pain: From Basic Research to Drug Discovery and Clinical Studies)

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22 pages, 4551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Leachate Generated by Sargassum spp. in the Mexican Caribe: Part 1 Spatial Variations

by Rosa Maria Leal-Bautista, Juan Carlos Rodriguez-Garcia, Gilberto Acosta-González, Rubi Chablé-Villacis, Raul Tapia-Tussell, Jose Epigmenio Bautista-García, Edgar Olguìn-Maciel, Liliana Alzate-Gaviria and Gloria González-López

Water 2024, 16(9), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091251 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

In this study, we evaluate the degradation by Sargassum spp. as a consortium in 2020 and 2021, and by species during 2021, collected at different distances from a coastline and in land deposits. The year 2021 had the largest leachate volume and the [...] Read more.

In this study, we evaluate the degradation by Sargassum spp. as a consortium in 2020 and 2021, and by species during 2021, collected at different distances from a coastline and in land deposits. The year 2021 had the largest leachate volume and the offshore site with the highest volume (60 mL/day) among five sites of collection. In relation to species’ leachate generation, S. fluitans reached 47.67 mL/day as its peak, which is earlier than S. natans (41.67 mL/day 14 days after S. fluitans). pH shows alkaline behavior and EC reflects the saline condition in the leachate, the consortium and species reaching values of pH 7.5 to 8.3 and 80 to 150 mS/cm of EC; the results do not show significant differences among sites, or between species. Despite a BOD/COD ratio of less than 0.1, the degradation process occurs as evidenced by the presence of leachate. The results confirm the existence of a variability in leachate production and the composition of Sargassum under the influence of factors such as the periodicity, site of collection, and proportions of species. Thus, even though these results emphasize leachate generation, knowing the limitations of leachate generation is crucial information for decision making on Sargassum storage and environmental management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Ecological Monitoring, Assessment and Protection)

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19 pages, 770 KiB

Open AccessReview

Characterizations of White Mulberry, Sea-Buckthorn, Garlic, Lily of the Valley, Motherwort, and Hawthorn as Potential Candidates for Managing Cardiovascular Disease—In Vitro and Ex Vivo Animal Studies

by Aleksandra Witkowska, Anna Gryn-Rynko, Patrycja Syrkiewicz, Klaudia Kitala-Tańska and Michał S. Majewski

Nutrients 2024, 16(9), 1313; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091313 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are a broadly understood concept focusing on vascular and heart dysfunction. Lack of physical exercise, type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, thromboembolism, and kidney and lung diseases all contribute to the development of heart and blood vessel dysfunction. Although effective and [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases are a broadly understood concept focusing on vascular and heart dysfunction. Lack of physical exercise, type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, thromboembolism, and kidney and lung diseases all contribute to the development of heart and blood vessel dysfunction. Although effective and important, traditional treatment with diuretics, statins, beta blockers, calcium inhibitors, ACE inhibitors, and anti-platelet drugs remains a second-line treatment after dietary interventions and lifestyle changes. Scientists worldwide are still looking for an herbal product that would be effective and free from side effects, either taken together with or before the standard pharmacological intervention. Such herbal-originated medication therapy may include Morus alba L. (white mulberry), Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson (sea-buckthorn), Allium sativum L. (garlic), Convallaria majalis L. (lily of the valley), Leonurus cardiaca L. (motherwort), and Crataegus spp. (hawthorn). Valuable herbal raw materials include leaves, fruits, seeds, and even thorns. This short review focuses on six herbs that can constitute an interesting and potential therapeutic option in the management of cardiovascular disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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16 pages, 2510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sonographic Characterization of the Pericruciate Fat Pad with the Use of Compression Elastography—A Cross-Sectional Study among Healthy and Post-Injured Patients

by Michał Kanak, Natalia Pawłuś, Marcin Mostowy, Marcin Piwnik, Marcin Domżalski and Jędrzej Lesman

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(9), 2578; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092578 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

Background: The pericruciate fat pad (PCFP) in the knee joint is still insufficiently studied despite its potential role in knee pathologies. This is the first reported study which aimed to clarify the characteristics of the PCFP in healthy individuals and contrast them with [...] Read more.

Background: The pericruciate fat pad (PCFP) in the knee joint is still insufficiently studied despite its potential role in knee pathologies. This is the first reported study which aimed to clarify the characteristics of the PCFP in healthy individuals and contrast them with cases of post-traumatic injuries. Methods: Conducted as a retrospective cross-sectional study (n = 110 knees each) following STROBE guidelines, it employed grayscale ultrasound with echogenicity measurement, compression elastography with elasticity measurement, and Color Doppler for blood flow assessment. Results: PCFP showed a homogenic and hyperechoic echostructure. The echogenicity of the PCFP was higher than that of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) (p < 0.001, z-score = 8.97) and of the medial head of gastrocnemius (MHG) (p = 0.007, z-score = 2.72) in healthy knees, but lower than subcutaneous fat (SCF) (p < 0.001, z-score = −6.52). Post-injury/surgery, PCFP echogenicity surpassed other structures (p < 0.001; z-score for PCL 12.2; for MHG 11.65 and for SCF 12.36) and notably exceeded the control group (p < 0.001, z-score = 8.78). PCFP elasticity was lower than MHG and SCF in both groups, with significantly reduced elasticity in post-traumatic knees (ratio SCF/PCFP 15.52 ± 17.87 in case group vs 2.26 ± 2.4 in control group; p < 0.001; z-score = 9.65). Blood flow was detected in 71% of healthy PCFPs with three main patterns. Conclusions: The main findings, indicating increased echogenicity and reduced elasticity of PCFP post-trauma, potentially related to fat pad fibrosis, suggest potential applications of echogenicity and elasticity measurements in detecting and monitoring diverse knee pathologies. The description of vascularity variations supplying the PCFP adds additional value to the study by emphasizing the clinically important role of PCFP as a bridge for the middle genicular artery on its way to the inside of the knee joint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances in Musculoskeletal Disorders)

20 pages, 3859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance of ESKAPE Group Bacteria Isolated from Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of a County Emergency Hospital in Romania

by Alina-Simona Bereanu, Rareș Bereanu, Cosmin Mohor, Bogdan Ioan Vintilă, Ioana Roxana Codru, Ciprian Olteanu and Mihai Sava

Antibiotics 2024, 13(5), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13050400 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

The ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp.) is a group of bacteria very difficult to treat due to their high ability to acquire resistance to antibiotics and are the [...] Read more.

The ESKAPE group (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp.) is a group of bacteria very difficult to treat due to their high ability to acquire resistance to antibiotics and are the main cause of nosocomial infections worldwide, posing a threat to global public health. Nosocomial infections with MDR bacteria are found mainly in Intensive Care Units, due to the multitude of maneuvers and invasive medical devices used, the prolonged antibiotic treatments, the serious general condition of these critical patients, and the prolonged duration of hospitalization. Materials and Methods: During a period of one year, from January 2023 to December 2023, this cross-sectional study was conducted on patients diagnosed with sepsis admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the Sibiu County Emergency Clinical Hospital. Samples taken were tracheal aspirate, catheter tip, pharyngeal exudate, wound secretion, urine culture, blood culture, and peritoneal fluid. Results: The most common bacteria isolated from patients admitted to our Intensive Care Unit was Klebsiella pneumoniae, followed by Acinetobacter baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gram-positive cocci (Enterococcus faecium and Staphilococcus aureus) were rarely isolated. Most of the bacteria isolated were MDR bacteria. Conclusions: The rise of antibiotic and antimicrobial resistance among strains in the nosocomial environment and especially in Intensive Care Units raises serious concerns about limited treatment options. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance and Epidemiological Study of Clinically Relevant Pathogens)

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18 pages, 4516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cognitive Control Architecture for the Practical Realization of UAV Collision Avoidance

by Qirui Zhang, Ruixuan Wei and Songlin Huang

Sensors 2024, 24(9), 2790; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24092790 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

A highly intelligent system often draws lessons from the unique abilities of humans. Current humanlike models, however, mainly focus on biological behavior, and the brain functions of humans are often overlooked. By drawing inspiration from brain science, this article shows how aspects of [...] Read more.

A highly intelligent system often draws lessons from the unique abilities of humans. Current humanlike models, however, mainly focus on biological behavior, and the brain functions of humans are often overlooked. By drawing inspiration from brain science, this article shows how aspects of brain processing such as sensing, preprocessing, cognition, obstacle learning, behavior, strategy learning, pre-action, and action can be melded together in a coherent manner with cognitive control architecture. This work is based on the notion that the anti-collision response is activated in sequence, which starts from obstacle sensing to action . In the process of collision avoidance, cognition and learning modules continuously control the UAV’s repertoire. Furthermore, simulated and experimental results show that the proposed architecture is effective and feasible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Target Tracking, Guidance, and Navigation for Autonomous Systems)

10 pages, 797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anatomical Possibilities of the Alveolar Bone at the Upper Second Premolar Level

by Alexandru Nicolae Mureşan, Carol Antonio Dandoczi, Răzvan Costin Tudose, Sorin Hostiuc and Mugurel Constantin Rusu

Medicina 2024, 60(5), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050726 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The upper posterior teeth are typically regarded as being exclusively inferior to the maxillary sinus (MS). The expansion of the nasal fossa above the maxillary alveolar base (MAB) needs better investigation. The hypothesis was raised that the MAB in [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: The upper posterior teeth are typically regarded as being exclusively inferior to the maxillary sinus (MS). The expansion of the nasal fossa above the maxillary alveolar base (MAB) needs better investigation. The hypothesis was raised that the MAB in the upper premolar region, which is usually addressed by surgeons for the elevation of the antral floor, is not exclusively beneath the MS. Therefore, we aimed to document the possible upper relations of the MAB as antral, nasal, or both. Materials and Methods: A total of 145 CBCT scans were used to study four types of MAB: type 1—antral; type 2—antral with a palatal recess; type 3—antral and nasal; type 4—nasal. In type 2, the orthoradial width of the alveolar bone, the rectilinear width of the antral floor, and the maximum depth of the palatal recess were measured. For type 3, the MAB width and the straight widths of the antral and nasal segments of the MAB were measured. Results: Type 1 was found in 67.24%, type 2 in 13.45%, type 3 in 16.21%, and type 4 in 3.1% of the 290 MSs investigated. Palatal recesses were found in 11.72% of the MSs on the right side and 15.17% of the MSs on the left side. Types 1 and 2 exhibited strongly statistically significant bilateral symmetry (Pearson’s Chi2 = 86.42, p < 0.001). Type 3 correlated equally with contralateral types 1 and 3. The bilateral symmetry for types 1–3 was stronger in the males (Pearson’s Chi2 = 47.83, p < 0.001) than in the females (Pearson’s Chi2 = 56.96, p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant associations between sex and the unilateral anatomical type. Conclusions: The MAB in the upper second premolar area should not be considered to be exclusively antral during surgeries or in anatomical teaching. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Human Anatomy and Pathophysiology, 2nd Volume)

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12 pages, 1804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precision Agriculture: Assessment of Ergonomic Risks of Assisted Driving System

by Ermanno Vitale, Francesca Vella, Serena Matera, Giuseppe Christian Rizzo, Lucia Rapisarda, Federico Roggio, Giuseppe Musumeci, Venerando Rapisarda, Elio Romano and Veronica Filetti

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3738; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093738 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

Background: the precision agriculture field optimizes resource use, enhancing performance. However, this leads to exposure to ergonomic risks for operators, in particular, tractor drivers, potentially causing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study investigates how the display position in a semi-automatic tractor system influences operator [...] Read more.

Background: the precision agriculture field optimizes resource use, enhancing performance. However, this leads to exposure to ergonomic risks for operators, in particular, tractor drivers, potentially causing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This study investigates how the display position in a semi-automatic tractor system influences operator comfort and muscle activation during harrowing operations. Methods: the assessment of muscular strain involved the use of surface electromyographic devices, while posture was evaluated throughout the analysis of the distribution of pressure exerted by the operator’s body on the seat, which was observed using two barometric pads, each positioned on the backrest and base of the seat. Finally, infrared thermography (IRT), a non-invasive tool to assess muscle activation, was used to measure the surface temperature of the driver’s back. The results showed a significantly greater muscular activation display for the position of display in semi-automatic driving at 50° and 80°. Conclusions: this study showed how the position of the display on the vehicle negatively influences posture, exposing workers to the risk of developing fatigue and, therefore, discomfort, with the potential onset of MSDs. The combined use of sEMG and IRT allowed for a non-invasive, cheap, and repeatable mechanical and functionality analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)

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11 pages, 256 KiB

Open AccessEntry

COVID-19 and Participatory Music-Making

by Esther M. Morgan-Ellis

Encyclopedia 2024, 4(2), 709-719; https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia4020044 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Definition

Participatory music-making is any music-making activity in which individuals engage for the sake of the activity itself. It can be contrasted with presentational music-making, which takes the production of a performance or recording for consumption by an audience as a principal objective. During [...] Read more.

Participatory music-making is any music-making activity in which individuals engage for the sake of the activity itself. It can be contrasted with presentational music-making, which takes the production of a performance or recording for consumption by an audience as a principal objective. During the COVID-19 pandemic, participatory musicians adopted a variety of technological means by which to make music together online. While virtual activities allowed these individuals to sustain their communities and grow as musicians, they did not satisfy all the needs met by in-person music-making. Additionally, online music-making increased access for some but posed barriers to access for others. Virtual participatory music-making remains relevant following the relaxation of pandemic restrictions, and it will likely grow in significance as communications technologies and internet access improve. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Encyclopedia of COVID-19)

23 pages, 913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Yield, Protein Content and Water-Related Physiologies of Spring Wheat Affected by Fertilizer System and Weather Conditions

by Felicia Chețan, Diana Hirișcău, Teodor Rusu, Marius Bărdaș, Cornel Chețan, Alina Șimon and Paula Ioana Moraru

Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050921 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

Technological and climatic factors significantly influence the expression of quality and quantity properties of spring wheat. This study aims to quantify the effects of weather conditions and fertilizer systems on spring wheat yield, quality (protein content), and physiological indicators (leaf vapor pressure deficit, [...] Read more.

Technological and climatic factors significantly influence the expression of quality and quantity properties of spring wheat. This study aims to quantify the effects of weather conditions and fertilizer systems on spring wheat yield, quality (protein content), and physiological indicators (leaf vapor pressure deficit, evapotranspiration, surface temperature of the flag leaf) and to identify a suitable spring wheat genotype for the Transylvanian Plain. The experimental factors were: Y represents the year (Y₁, 2019; Y₂, 2020); F represents the fertilizer variant (F₁, a single rate of fertilization: 36 kg ha⁻¹ of nitrogen; F₂, two rates of fertilization: 36 kg ha⁻¹ of nitrogen + 72 kg ha⁻¹ of nitrogen; F₃, two rates of fertilization: 36 kg ha⁻¹ of nitrogen + 105 kg ha⁻¹ of nitrogen); and S represents the genotype (S1, Pădureni; S2, Granny; S3, Triso; S4, Taisa; S5, Ciprian; and S6, Lennox). This multifactorial experiment with three factors was conducted on Phaeozem soil. Regardless of weather conditions, fertilization with N_100–110 at the head swollen sheath (stage 10, Feeks Growth Scale for Wheat) is deemed the most suitable variant because it yields an average grain yield of 5000 kg ha⁻¹ of good quality (13.84% protein) with a considerable flag leaf area (29 cm²) where physiological processes can optimally support the well-being of the spring wheat plants. Beyond this level of fertilization, the average grain yield tends to plateau, but the protein content considerably increases by 13–23%, depending on the genotype. High yields were achieved in the Lennox and Triso genotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Potential for Crop Productivity by Applying Novel Agrochemicals, including Fertilizers, Biochar, Biostimulants, and Plant Nutrition Regulators)

10 pages, 426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Dairy Manure-Based Compost Using Competitive Exclusion Microorganisms

by Xiuping Jiang and Jingxue Wang

Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050361 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

Background: Animal manure-based compost is a valuable organic fertilizer and biological soil amendment. To ensure the microbiological safety of compost products, the effectiveness of competitive exclusion microorganisms (CE) in reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy manure-based compost was evaluated. Methods: A cocktail of [...] Read more.

Background: Animal manure-based compost is a valuable organic fertilizer and biological soil amendment. To ensure the microbiological safety of compost products, the effectiveness of competitive exclusion microorganisms (CE) in reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 in dairy manure-based compost was evaluated. Methods: A cocktail of E. coli O157:H7 strains were inoculated into dairy compost along with CE strains isolated from compost, and the reduction in E. coli O157:H7 by CE was determined in compost with 20%, 30%, and 40% moisture levels at 22 °C and 30 °C under laboratory conditions, as well as in fall, winter, and summer seasons under greenhouse settings. Results: Under lab conditions, CE addition resulted in 1.1–3.36 log reductions in E. coli O157:H7 in compost, with enhanced pathogen reduction by higher moisture and lower temperature. In the greenhouse, >99% of the E. coli O157:H7 population in compost with ≥30% moisture due to cross-contamination can be effectively inactivated by CE within 2 days during colder seasons. However, it took ≥8 days to achieve the same level of reduction for heat-adapted E. coli O157:H7 cells. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that the competitive exclusion of microorganisms can be an effective tool for controlling foodborne pathogens in compost and reducing the potential for soil and crop contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)

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22 pages, 5267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-System-Level Analysis with RNA-Seq on Pterygium Inflammation Discovers Association between Inflammatory Responses, Oxidative Stress, and Oxidative Phosphorylation

by Ye-Ah Kim, Yueun Choi, Tae Gi Kim, Jisu Jeong, Sanghyeon Yu, Taeyoon Kim, Kisung Sheen, Yoonsung Lee, Taesoo Choi, Yong Hwan Park, Min Seok Kang and Man S. Kim

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(9), 4789; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094789 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

A pterygium is a common conjunctival degeneration and inflammatory condition. It grows onto the corneal surface or limbus, causing blurred vision and cosmetic issues. Ultraviolet is a well-known risk factor for the development of a pterygium, although its pathogenesis remains unclear, with only [...] Read more.

A pterygium is a common conjunctival degeneration and inflammatory condition. It grows onto the corneal surface or limbus, causing blurred vision and cosmetic issues. Ultraviolet is a well-known risk factor for the development of a pterygium, although its pathogenesis remains unclear, with only limited understanding of its hereditary basis. In this study, we collected RNA-seq from both pterygial tissues and conjunctival tissues (as controls) from six patients (a total of twelve biological samples) and retrieved publicly available data, including eight pterygium samples and eight controls. We investigated the intrinsic gene regulatory mechanisms closely linked to the inflammatory reactions of pterygiums and compared Asian (Korea) and the European (Germany) pterygiums using multiple analysis approaches from different perspectives. The increased expression of antioxidant genes in response to oxidative stress and DNA damage implies an association between these factors and pterygium development. Also, our comparative analysis revealed both similarities and differences between Asian and European pterygiums. The decrease in gene expressions involved in the three primary inflammatory signaling pathways—JAK/STAT, MAPK, and NF-kappa B signaling—suggests a connection between pathway dysfunction and pterygium development. We also observed relatively higher activity of autophagy and antioxidants in the Asian group, while the European group exhibited more pronounced stress responses against oxidative stress. These differences could potentially be necessitated by energy-associated pathways, specifically oxidative phosphorylation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of High-Throughput Omics Sequencing in Personalized Medicine)

12 pages, 794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Method to Estimate Rock Mass Deformation Modulus Based on BQ System

by Huishi Xue, Yanhui Song, Man Feng and Guanghong Ju

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3736; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093736 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

The rock mass deformation modulus is one of the most important design parameters in a range of rock engineering applications. Its value is usually obtained directly through in situ testing or estimated indirectly on the basis of a rock mass quality classification system. [...] Read more.

The rock mass deformation modulus is one of the most important design parameters in a range of rock engineering applications. Its value is usually obtained directly through in situ testing or estimated indirectly on the basis of a rock mass quality classification system. Because in situ testing is generally costly, time-consuming, and presents operational difficulties, it cannot be carried out extensively, and many researchers have concentrated on developing indirect procedures to obtain information on the modulus of deformation, such as the RMR method, Q method, and GSI method. The purpose of this paper is to present a new system for estimating the rock mass deformation modulus called the BQ method, which is based on the BQ (basic quality) system. In this paper, the BQ system is first briefly reviewed, and then more than 60 in situ measurements from three large hydropower stations in China are used to develop a new relationship between BQ and the deformation modulus, based on a power function relationship. The paper also derives correlations based on the existing estimation formula and the relationship between BQ and other classification schemes, resulting in several recommended formulas for estimating the deformation modulus of a rock mass using the BQ method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rock Mass Characterization: Failure and Mechanical Behavior)

18 pages, 1732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Wet and Dry Cycles on the Strength and the Surface Characteristics of Coromandel Lacquer Coatings

by Wenjia Liu, Ling Zhu, Varodi Anca Maria, Xinyou Liu and Jiufang Lv

Forests 2024, 15(5), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15050770 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

Research on the degradation mechanism of coating materials is crucial for the preservation of cultural heritage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Coromandel coatings on wooden substrates by analyzing their dimensions, weight, adhesion strength, hydrophobicity, and glossiness. [...] Read more.

Research on the degradation mechanism of coating materials is crucial for the preservation of cultural heritage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of Coromandel coatings on wooden substrates by analyzing their dimensions, weight, adhesion strength, hydrophobicity, and glossiness. The results indicate that after five cycles, the radial moisture expansion rate of the wood specimen is 0.332%, while that of the lacquer specimen is 0.079%, representing 23.8% of the radial moisture expansion rate of untreated wood specimens. This performance is superior to that of the ash and pigment specimens. Across different experimental conditions, the change in the mass of the Coromandel specimens aligns with the trend in their dimensional changes, indicating that moisture absorption and desorption are the primary reasons for dimensional changes. The influence of temperature on mass and dimensional stability is significant only in terms of dry shrinkage rate. After wet and dry cycles at 40 °C, the adhesion strength of the Coromandel specimens decreases the most, with the ash specimens decreasing by 7.2%, the lacquer specimens by 3.2%, and the pigment specimens by 4.5%. Following wet and dry cycles at three different temperatures, the contact angle of the lacquer layers changes by less than 5%, with their contact angle values exceeding 120°. These data indicate that among the Coromandel coatings, the lacquer layer provides the best protection for the wooden substrate, while the ash coating is the most fragile. The degradation rate of the Coromandel specimens increases with rising temperatures. These findings emphasize the critical roles of humidity and temperature in protecting wooden coatings and aim to provide theoretical insights and practical significance for the preservation of wooden artifacts and the assessment of coating performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood- and Bamboo-Based Materials)

14 pages, 1985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Apricot Yield and Quality with Biostimulant Interventions: A Comprehensive Analysis

by Aurora Cirillo, Luana Izzo, Andrea Ciervo, Ivana Ledenko, Marco Cepparulo, Alfonso Piscitelli and Claudio Di Vaio

Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050447 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

Biostimulant products are recognized for their ability to improve the agronomic parameters of plants and the qualitative and nutraceutical parameters of fruits and confer greater resistance to plants under abiotic and biotic stress conditions. In our study, we tested three different biostimulants on [...] Read more.

Biostimulant products are recognized for their ability to improve the agronomic parameters of plants and the qualitative and nutraceutical parameters of fruits and confer greater resistance to plants under abiotic and biotic stress conditions. In our study, we tested three different biostimulants on cultivar “Lady Cot” apricot plants: animal-derived protein hydrolysate, plant-derived protein hydrolysate, and one based on algae to evaluate their effects on improving the agronomic parameters of plants and fruit quality. The product that stood out for providing positive effects was the protein hydrolysate-based product, which increased plant production by 53.80% and yield efficiency by 56.38%. At the same time, it also increased the fruit’s diameter growth by approximately 8.3%, showing positive effects on fruit weight as well. The animal-derived protein hydrolysate also reduced acidity by 13.8% and showed a significant increase compared to the control in terms of total polyphenols. Additional research is scheduled to validate these results and ascertain which categories of biostimulant products are most effective in enhancing the agronomic, qualitative, and sensory characteristics of other apricot cultivars. Full article

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19 pages, 346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Market Power Exertion in the U.S. Beef Packing Industry: An Illustration of Data Aggregation Bias Using Simulated Data

by Jung Min Lee and Chanjin Chung

Sustainability 2024, 16(9), 3673; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16093673 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024

Abstract

This study investigates data aggregation bias in estimating market power in the U.S. beef packing industry using New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO) models and shows empirical procedures that can alleviate the bias. Unlike many earlier studies in estimating market power exertion, our study [...] Read more.

This study investigates data aggregation bias in estimating market power in the U.S. beef packing industry using New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO) models and shows empirical procedures that can alleviate the bias. Unlike many earlier studies in estimating market power exertion, our study examines the data aggregation bias when market-level data are used in place of firm-level data and show how the bias could be reduced. We first derive data aggregation bias analytically, then empirically investigate the aggregation bias by estimating both firm and aggregate industry models. Because the firm-level data are not available, we use simulated data generated from the Monte Carlo simulation method. Hybrid models, combining limited firm-level data with aggregate data, are also estimated to illustrate how the aggregation bias could be reduced. Our results show that aggregate models with industry-level data tend to underestimate market power exertion in the U.S. beef packing industry, and the aggregation bias is statistically significant at the 1% level. Comparing results from hybrid models with firm-level estimates, we find that hybrid models reduce the bias but do not remove the aggregation bias significantly. The sensitivity analysis shows that market power estimate and aggregation bias are sensitive to functional forms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agribusiness and Rural Development)

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