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22 pages, 9502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Foliar C, N, and P Concentrations in An Ecological Restoration Area with Mixed Plant Communities Based on LiDAR and Hyperspectral Data

by Yongjun Yang, Jing Dong, Jiajia Tang, Jiao Zhao, Shaogang Lei, Shaoliang Zhang and Fu Chen

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(9), 1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091624 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Interactions between carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), the vital indicators of ecological restoration, play an important role in signaling the health of ecosystems. Rapidly and accurately mapping foliar C, N, and P is essential for interpreting community structure, nutrient limitation, and [...] Read more.

Interactions between carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), the vital indicators of ecological restoration, play an important role in signaling the health of ecosystems. Rapidly and accurately mapping foliar C, N, and P is essential for interpreting community structure, nutrient limitation, and primary production during ecosystem recovery. However, research on how to rapidly map C, N, and P in restored areas with mixed plant communities is limited. This study employed laser imaging, detection, and ranging (LiDAR) and hyperspectral data to extract spectral, textural, and height features of vegetation as well as vegetation indices and structural parameters. Causal band, multiple linear regression, and random forest models were developed and tested in a restored area in northern China. Important parameters were identified including (1), for C, red-edge bands, canopy height, and vegetation structure; for N, textural features, height percentile of 40–95%, and vegetation structure; for P, spectral features, height percentile of 80%, and 1 m foliage height diversity. (2) R² was used to compare the accuracy of the three models as follows: R² values for C were 0.07, 0.42, and 0.56, for N they were 0.20, 0.48, and 0.53, and for P they were 0.32, 0.39, and 0.44; the random forest model demonstrated the highest accuracy. (3) The accuracy of the concentration estimates could be ranked as C > N > P. (4) The inclusion of LiDAR features significantly improved the accuracy of the C concentration estimation, with increases of 22.20% and 47.30% in the multiple linear regression and random forest models, respectively, although the inclusion of LiDAR features did not notably enhance the accuracy of the N and P concentration estimates. Therefore, LiDAR and hyperspectral data can be used to effectively map C, N, and P concentrations in a mixed plant community in a restored area, revealing their heterogeneity in terms of species and spatial distribution. Future efforts should involve the use of hyperspectral data with additional bands and a more detailed classification of plant communities. The application of this information will be useful for analyzing C, N, and P limitations, and for planning for the maintenance of restored plant communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Environmental Monitoring and Environmental Restoration for the Arid Lands and Wetlands)

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11 pages, 881 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Serial Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse—A Single-Center Retrospective Registry

by Maarten Blondeel, Wouter L’Hoyes, Tomas Robyns, Peter Verbrugghe, Pieter De Meester, Tom Dresselaers, Pier Giorgio Masci, Rik Willems, Jan Bogaert and Bert Vandenberk

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(9), 2669; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092669 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Background: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and mitral annular disjunction (MAD) are common valvular abnormalities that have been associated with ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has a key role in risk stratification of VA, including assessment of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). [...] Read more.

Background: Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) and mitral annular disjunction (MAD) are common valvular abnormalities that have been associated with ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has a key role in risk stratification of VA, including assessment of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). Methods: Single-center retrospective analysis of patients with MVP or MAD who had >1 CMR and >1 24 h Holter registration available. Data are presented in detail, including evolution of VA and presence of LGE over time. Results: A total of twelve patients had repeated CMR and Holter registrations available, of which in four (33%) patients, it was conducted before and after minimal invasive mitral valve repair (MVR). After a median of 4.7 years, four out of eight (50%) patients without surgical intervention had new areas of LGE. New LGE was observed in the papillary muscles and the mid to basal inferolateral wall. In four patients, presenting with syncope or high-risk non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), programmed ventricular stimulation was performed and in two (50%), sustained monomorphic VT was easily inducible. In two patients who underwent MVR, new LGE was observed in the basal inferolateral wall of which one presented with an increased burden of VA. Conclusions: In patients with MVP and MAD, repeat CMR may show new LGE in a small subset of patients, even shortly after MVR. A subgroup of patients who presented with an increase in VA burden showed new LGE upon repeat CMR. VA in patients with MVP and MAD are part of a heterogeneous spectrum that requires further investigation to establish risk stratification strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

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22 pages, 3161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Long Non-Coding RNA Gene AC027288.3 Plays a Role in Human Endometrial Stromal Fibroblast Decidualization

by Rupak Thapa, Kevin Marmo, Liang Ma, Donald S. Torry and Brent M. Bany

Cells 2024, 13(9), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13090778 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, endometrial fibroblast cells begin to change into large epithelial-like cells called decidual cells in a process called decidualization. This differentiation continues more broadly in the endometrium and forms the decidual tissue during early pregnancy. The [...] Read more.

During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, endometrial fibroblast cells begin to change into large epithelial-like cells called decidual cells in a process called decidualization. This differentiation continues more broadly in the endometrium and forms the decidual tissue during early pregnancy. The cells undergoing decidualization as well as the resulting decidual cells, support successful implantation and placentation during early pregnancy. This study was carried out to identify new potentially important long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes that may play a role in human endometrial stromal fibroblast cells (hESF) undergoing decidualization in vitro, and several were found. The expression of nine was further characterized. One of these, AC027288.3, showed a dramatic increase in the expression of hESF cells undergoing decidualization. When AC027288.3 expression was targeted, the ability of the cells to undergo decidualization as determined by the expression of decidualization marker protein-coding genes was significantly altered. The most affected markers of decidualization whose expression was significantly reduced were FOXO1, FZD4, and INHBA. Therefore, AC027288.3 may be a major upstream regulator of the WNT-FOXO1 pathway and activin-SMAD3 pathways previously shown as critical for hESF decidualization. Finally, we explored possible regulators of AC027288.3 expression during human ESF decidualization. Expression was regulated by cAMP and progesterone. Our results suggest that AC027288.3 plays a role in hESF decidualization and identifies several other lncRNA genes that may also play a role. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Select Topics in Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Mammalian Reproduction)

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24 pages, 5649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dual Effect of Microplastics and Cadmium on Stream Litter Decomposition and Invertebrate Feeding Behavior

by Hualong He, Sulin Cai, Siyuan Chen, Qiang Li, Yunchao Luo, Xiaoyi Zeng, Rumeng Ye, Pengwei Wan and Xingjun Tian

Water 2024, 16(9), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16091295 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

This study investigates the combined effect of microplastics and cadmium on the decomposition of litter, the structure of fungal communities, and the feeding behavior of invertebrates in an aquatic ecosystem. Through a series of microcosm experiments, we demonstrate that exposure to MPs and [...] Read more.

This study investigates the combined effect of microplastics and cadmium on the decomposition of litter, the structure of fungal communities, and the feeding behavior of invertebrates in an aquatic ecosystem. Through a series of microcosm experiments, we demonstrate that exposure to MPs and Cd significantly reduced the decomposition of leaf litter. Notably, the cumulative impact of combined MP and Cd exposure was found to be greater than their individual effects. During this process, the carbon–nitrogen ratio of the litter increased, while dehydrogenase activity and fungal biomass were inhibited. Additionally, the relative abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota fungi decreased, weakening their role in the decomposition of leaf litter. Conversely, MPs and Cd reduced the relative content of leaf litter lignin, improving its quality as food, thereby leading to an increase in the feeding rate of invertebrates. This dual effect indicates that micropollutants suppress the decomposition of litter by regulating microbial metabolic activity and fungal community structure but promote invertebrate feeding. Our findings provide crucial insights into the adverse effects of MPs and Cd on the structure and diversity of aquatic fungal communities, which could have long-term impacts on the food webs and nutrient cycling progress of aquatic ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)

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15 pages, 1336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Biomass Energy Potential for Biogas Technology Adoption and Its Determinant Factors in Rural District of Limmu Kossa, Jimma, Ethiopia

by Ashenafi Getaneh, Kasahun Eba and Gudina Terefe Tucho

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2176; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092176 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Increasing clean energy access for the rural population of developing countries is a priority to meet the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals-Zero hunger and affordable modern/clean energy for all. Similarly, to meet this goal, Ethiopia moved towards the development of renewable energy. However, [...] Read more.

Increasing clean energy access for the rural population of developing countries is a priority to meet the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals-Zero hunger and affordable modern/clean energy for all. Similarly, to meet this goal, Ethiopia moved towards the development of renewable energy. However, there is a limited knowledge on the biomass energy potential for biogas technology adoption at the local/district level. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the biomass energy potential for biogas technology adoption and its determinant factors among rural households in Limmu Kossa district, Ethiopia. Data was collected from 411 households from 13–24 June 2021. The quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical software Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23 and Microsoft Word-Excel. The qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis. The study showed that over 96% of households rely on the traditional use of biomass energy for cooking. Nevertheless, on average, about 1 m³ of biogas energy can be potentially available from livestock dung and human excreta per household per day. However, the huge potential of biomass energy did not contribute to improved energy technologies such as biogas. The adoption of biogas is hampered by the non-functionality of the installed biogas, a lack of awareness, the availability of firewood, and the socio-economic characteristics of the households. Thus, improving the awareness of the community, arranging financial access, and training biogas technicians, especially from the local community, would increase the adoption of the technology. However, meeting the digester water demand with the water collected from the walking distances of 15–20 min can be challenging. Community-based biogas digesters or biogas involving income generation with a water supply around the digester would be a better and more sustainable option for biogas energy adoption and use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A4: Bio-Energy)

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24 pages, 15183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Effects of Land-Use Conflicts in Xinjiang: Critical Thresholds and Implications for Optimal Zoning

by Jinhua Wu, Can Wang, Xiong He, Chunshan Zhou and Hongwei Wang

Land 2024, 13(5), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050612 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Land-use conflicts (LUCs) are pivotal in assessing human–land interaction, reflecting the intricate interplay between natural and anthropogenic drivers. However, existing studies often overlook nuanced non-linear responses and critical threshold recognition, focusing solely on linear correlations between isolated factors and LUCs. This study, situated [...] Read more.

Land-use conflicts (LUCs) are pivotal in assessing human–land interaction, reflecting the intricate interplay between natural and anthropogenic drivers. However, existing studies often overlook nuanced non-linear responses and critical threshold recognition, focusing solely on linear correlations between isolated factors and LUCs. This study, situated in Xinjiang, China’s arid and semiarid region, introduces a novel analytical framework and threshold application model for LUCs. Integrating land-use and socioeconomic data, we quantified LUCs using Fragstats, correlation analysis, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression. Exploring non-linear dynamics between LUCs and 14 potential drivers, including natural and anthropogenic factors, we identified critical thresholds. LUC zones were delineated using a four-quadrant method, allowing tailored mitigation strategies. Our findings reveal Xinjiang’s distinct LUC spatial pattern, with intense conflicts surrounding mountainous areas and milder conflicts in basin regions, showing marked diminishment from 2000 to 2020. RCS effectively identifies LUC thresholds, indicating persisting severity pre- or post-specific thresholds. Xinjiang’s LUCs are categorized into key control areas, urgent regulation zones, elastic development territories, and moderate optimization regions, each with significant regional disparities. Tailored optimization suggestions mitigate linear analysis limitations, providing a fresh perspective on land zoning optimization. This research supports comprehensive land management and planning in Xinjiang, China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial Optimization and Sustainable Development of Land Use)

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9 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Approximating a Function with a Jump Discontinuity—The High-Noise Case

by Qusay Muzaffar, David Levin and Michael Werman

AppliedMath 2024, 4(2), 561-569; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedmath4020030 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

This paper presents a novel deep-learning network designed to detect intervals of jump discontinuities in single-variable piecewise smooth functions from their noisy samples. Enhancing the accuracy of jump discontinuity estimations can be used to find a more precise overall approximation of the function, [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel deep-learning network designed to detect intervals of jump discontinuities in single-variable piecewise smooth functions from their noisy samples. Enhancing the accuracy of jump discontinuity estimations can be used to find a more precise overall approximation of the function, as traditional approximation methods often produce significant errors near discontinuities. Detecting intervals of discontinuities is relatively straightforward when working with exact function data, as finite differences in the data can serve as indicators of smoothness. However, these smoothness indicators become unreliable when dealing with highly noisy data. In this paper, we propose a deep-learning network to pinpoint the location of a jump discontinuity even in the presence of substantial noise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods in Science)

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14 pages, 1897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenolic Compounds Profile and Antioxidant Capacity of Plant-Based Protein Supplements

by Tomasz Sawicki, Monika Jabłońska, Anna Danielewicz and Katarzyna E. Przybyłowicz

Molecules 2024, 29(9), 2101; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29092101 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

The study aimed to determine the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of five protein supplements of plant origin. The content and profile of phenolics were determined using the UHPLC-DAD-MS method, while antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH assays) and total phenolic content (TPC) were [...] Read more.

The study aimed to determine the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of five protein supplements of plant origin. The content and profile of phenolics were determined using the UHPLC-DAD-MS method, while antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH assays) and total phenolic content (TPC) were evaluated using spectrophotometric tests. In the analyzed proteins, twenty-five polyphenols were detected, including eleven phenolic acids, thirteen flavonoids, and one ellagitannin. Hemp protein revealed the highest individual phenolics content and TPC value (1620 μg/g and 1.79 mg GAE/g, respectively). Also, hemp protein showed the highest antioxidant activity determined via ABTS (9.37 μmol TE/g) and DPPH (9.01 μmol TE/g) assays. The contents of p-coumaric acid, m-coumaric acid, kaempferol, rutin, isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, and TPC value were significantly correlated with antioxidant activity assays. Our findings indicate that plant-based protein supplements are a valuable source of phenols and can also be used in research related to precision medicine, nutrigenetics, and nutrigenomics. This will benefit future health promotion and personalized nutrition in the prevention of chronic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional and Bioactive Compounds from Food)

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30 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Algorithm of Gu and Eisenstat and D-Optimal Design of Experiments

by Alistair Forbes

Algorithms 2024, 17(5), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/a17050193 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

This paper addresses the following problem: given m potential observations to determine n parameters,

m > n

, what is the best choice of n observations. The problem can be formulated as finding the

n \times n

submatrix of the complete [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the following problem: given m potential observations to determine n parameters,

m > n

, what is the best choice of n observations. The problem can be formulated as finding the

n \times n

submatrix of the complete

m \times n

observation matrix that has maximum determinant. An algorithm by Gu and Eisenstat for a determining a strongly rank-revealing QR factorisation of a matrix can be adapted to address this latter formulation. The algorithm starts with an initial selection of n rows of the observation matrix and then performs a sequence of row interchanges, with the determinant of the current submatrix strictly increasing at each step until no further improvement can be made. The algorithm implements rank-one updating strategies, which leads to a compact and efficient algorithm. The algorithm does not necessarily determine the global optimum but provides a practical approach to designing an effective measurement strategy. In this paper, we describe how the Gu–Eisenstat algorithm can be adapted to address the problem of optimal experimental design and used with the QR algorithm with column pivoting to provide effective designs. We also describe implementations of sequential algorithms to add further measurements that optimise the information gain at each step. We illustrate performance on several metrology examples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Optimization and Algorithms: 2nd Edition)

20 pages, 293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering Education in the Age of AI: Analysis of the Impact of Chatbots on Learning in Engineering

by Flor A. Bravo and Juan M. Cruz-Bohorquez

Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050484 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of using AI chatbots on learning within the context of engineering education. We framed this study on the principles of how learning works in order to describe the contributions and challenges of AI [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of using AI chatbots on learning within the context of engineering education. We framed this study on the principles of how learning works in order to describe the contributions and challenges of AI chatbots in five categories: (1) facilitating the acquisition, completion, or activation of prior knowledge and helping organize knowledge and making connections; (2) enhancing student motivation to learn; (3) fostering self-directed learning and the acquisition, practice, and application of the skills and knowledge they acquire; (4) supporting goal-directed practice and feedback; and (5) addressing student diversity and creating a positive classroom environment. To elicit the uses, benefits, and drawbacks of using AI chatbots in students’ learning, we conducted a thematic analysis of qualitative data gathered from surveying 38 student volunteers from 5 different electronic and mechatronic engineering courses at a South American university. Based on a literature review and an evidence-based discussion, we offer practical suggestions for instructors who want to promote the use of AI to enhance their students’ learning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of AI Technologies in STEM Education)

18 pages, 7791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanopore-Based Surveillance of Leishmania Parasites in Culicoides Latrielle (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Caught from the Affected Community and Tham Phra Cave in Chiang Rai Province, the Endemic Area of Leishmaniasis in Northern Thailand

by Rinnara Ampol, Puckavadee Somwang, Pathamet Khositharattanakool, Chulaluk Promrangsee, Thanapat Pataradool, Piyapat Tepboonreung, Padet Siriyasatien and Kanok Preativatanyou

Insects 2024, 15(5), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050327 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

In this research, we elucidated the species composition of Culicoides biting midges, infection prevalence, and genetic diversity of Leishmania parasites circulating in the affected community in Chiang Rai Province, being the most endemic area in Northern Thailand. A total of 146 parous and [...] Read more.

In this research, we elucidated the species composition of Culicoides biting midges, infection prevalence, and genetic diversity of Leishmania parasites circulating in the affected community in Chiang Rai Province, being the most endemic area in Northern Thailand. A total of 146 parous and gravid females, belonging to at least twelve Culicoides species in five subgenera and one species group, were trapped from three collection sites with an overall Leishmania prevalence of 26.7% (39/146). Leishmania was detected, using ITS1-PCR, in C. mahasarakamense (15), C. guttifer (11), C. (Trithecoides) spp. (8), C. jacobsoni (2), C. oxystoma (2), and C. orientalis (1). The evidence of Leishmania infection in these last five species represents new records in Northern Thailand. Given a high infection rate in cavernicolous specimens, this indicates an increased risk of parasite exposure when visiting the cave. Using the nanopore amplicon sequencing, L. martiniquensis was ubiquitously identified in all positives, and more than half of these were also co-infected with L. orientalis. The genetic diversity analysis revealed 13 and 17 unique haplotypes for L. martiniquensis and L. orientalis, respectively. Higher haplotype diversity and relatively low nucleotide diversity were observed in both parasite populations, suggesting recent population divergence. Neutrality tests (Tajima’s D and Fu and Li’s D) showed to be significantly negative, indicating rapid population growth or a selective sweep. Moreover, dominant haplotypes of both Leishmania species were 100% identical to those in all leishmaniasis patients previously reported from Northern Thailand, strongly supporting the imperative role of Culicoides spp. in disease transmission. Essentially, this research provides the first entomological surveillance data representing the sympatric existence, transmission dynamics, and genetic complexity of two autochthonous Leishmania (Mundinia) parasites in several Culicoides species in the endemic area of Northern Thailand. This would contribute to a more complete understanding of the epidemiology of vector infection and facilitate the development of vector control programs to effectively reduce the transmission of this neglected tropical disease in endemic areas of Northern Thailand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Vectors of Human and Zoonotic Diseases)

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15 pages, 10317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BAP31 Plays an Essential Role in Mouse B Cell Development via Regulation of BCR Signaling

by Bo Zhao, Fei An, Zhenzhen Hao, Wanting Zhang and Bing Wang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(9), 4962; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094962 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

B cell receptor-associated protein 31 (BAP31) is a transmembrane protein that is widely expressed and primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). B cells play a crucial role in the immune system, and BAP31 significantly contributes to the functions of various immune cells. [...] Read more.

B cell receptor-associated protein 31 (BAP31) is a transmembrane protein that is widely expressed and primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). B cells play a crucial role in the immune system, and BAP31 significantly contributes to the functions of various immune cells. However, the specific role of BAP31 in B lymphocytes development remains unknown. In this study, we utilized a mouse model with BAP31 deleted from B cells to investigate its effects. Our findings reveal a block in early B cell development in the bone marrow and a significant decrease in the number of B cells in peripheral lymphoid organs taken from BAP31 B cell conditional knockout (BAP31-BCKO) mice. B cell receptor (BCR) signaling is crucial for the normal development and differentiation of B lymphocytes. BAP31, an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein, directly regulates the BCR signaling pathway and was shown to be significantly positively correlated with B cell activation and proliferation. These findings establish BAP31 as a crucial regulator of early B cell development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)

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12 pages, 1300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Hydro-Liquefaction Kinetics of Shengli Lignite during the Heating-Up and Isothermal Stages under Mild Conditions

by Liang Li, Quan Zhang, Shunjin Huang, Yanyan Yan, Yingyue Qin, Xiaochen Huang, Muxin Liu, Shiyong Wu and Jinsheng Gao

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2174; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092174 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Studying the hydro-liquefaction kinetics of lignite contributes to optimizing the mild liquefaction process for lignite. In this paper, the direct liquefaction performance of Shengli lignite (SL) was investigated using a H₂/THN system with 4 MPa of initial pressure, and reaction kinetic [...] Read more.

Studying the hydro-liquefaction kinetics of lignite contributes to optimizing the mild liquefaction process for lignite. In this paper, the direct liquefaction performance of Shengli lignite (SL) was investigated using a H₂/THN system with 4 MPa of initial pressure, and reaction kinetic models were established for the heating-up stage and the isothermal stage. The result showed that the liquefaction performance of the SL was excellent, with a conversion of 62.18% and an oil and gas (O + G) yield of 29.88% at 698.15 K. After one hour of reaction, the conversion and O + G yield were 94.61% and 76.78%, respectively. During the heating-up stage, the easily reactive part of the SL was 50.07%, and it was converted directly into oil, gas, asphaltene (AS), and preasphaltene (PA) simultaneously. There was no significant secondary hydrogenation conversion of the AS and PA products. During the isothermal stage, the hard-to-react part was predominantly converted into AS and PA, while the remaining easily reactive part continue to react completely. The conversion of AS and PA into oil and gas was a rate-controlling step during this stage. The amount of unreacted coal estimated using the model calculated in the isothermal stage was 2.98%, which was significantly consistent with the experimental value of 2.81%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section I1: Fuel)

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21 pages, 3218 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Starvation-Induced Changes to the Midgut Proteome and Neuropeptides in Manduca sexta

by Gurlaz Kaur, David R. Quilici, Rebekah J. Woolsey, Juli Petereit and Andrew B. Nuss

Insects 2024, 15(5), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050325 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Starvation is a complex physiological state that induces changes in protein expression to ensure survival. The insect midgut is sensitive to changes in dietary content as it is at the forefront of communicating information about incoming nutrients to the body via hormones. Therefore, [...] Read more.

Starvation is a complex physiological state that induces changes in protein expression to ensure survival. The insect midgut is sensitive to changes in dietary content as it is at the forefront of communicating information about incoming nutrients to the body via hormones. Therefore, a DIA proteomics approach was used to examine starvation physiology and, specifically, the role of midgut neuropeptide hormones in a representative lepidopteran, Manduca sexta. Proteomes were generated from midguts of M. sexta fourth-instar caterpillars, starved for 24 h and 48 h, and compared to fed controls. A total of 3047 proteins were identified, and 854 of these were significantly different in abundance. KEGG analysis revealed that metabolism pathways were less abundant in starved caterpillars, but oxidative phosphorylation proteins were more abundant. In addition, six neuropeptides or related signaling cascade proteins were detected. Particularly, neuropeptide F1 (NPF1) was significantly higher in abundance in starved larvae. A change in juvenile hormone-degrading enzymes was also detected during starvation. Overall, our results provide an exploration of the midgut response to starvation in M. sexta and validate DIA proteomics as a useful tool for quantifying insect midgut neuropeptide hormones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Neuropeptides and Their Receptors: Molecular and Physiological Advances)

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13 pages, 2458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pancreatic Iodine Density and Fat Fraction on Dual-Energy Computed Tomography in Acute Pancreatitis

by Zrinka Matana Kaštelan, Ivan Brumini, Goran Poropat, Lovro Tkalčić, Tiana Grubešić and Damir Miletić

Diagnostics 2024, 14(9), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14090955 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

The aim of our study was to investigate iodine density (ID) and fat fraction (FF) on dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). This retrospective study included 72 patients with clinically confirmed AP and 62 control subjects with DECT of [...] Read more.

The aim of our study was to investigate iodine density (ID) and fat fraction (FF) on dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). This retrospective study included 72 patients with clinically confirmed AP and 62 control subjects with DECT of the abdomen. Two radiologists assessed necrosis and measured attenuation values, ID, and FF in three pancreatic segments. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to determine the optimal threshold for ID for the differentiation between AP groups. The ID was significantly higher in interstitial edematous AP compared to necrotizing AP and the control group (both p < 0.05). The ROC curve analysis revealed the thresholds of ID for detecting pancreatic necrosis ≤ 2.2, ≤2.3, and ≤2.4 mg/mL (AUC between 0.880 and 0.893, p > 0.05) for the head, body, and tail, respectively. The FF was significantly higher for pancreatitis groups when compared with the control group in the head and body segments (both p < 0.001). In the tail, the difference was significant in necrotizing AP (p = 0.028). The ID values were independent of attenuation values correlated with the FF values in pancreatic tissue. Iodine density values allow for differentiation between morphologic types of AP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computed Tomography Imaging for Clinical Diagnosis)

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22 pages, 14624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drought Risk Assessment of Winter Wheat at Different Growth Stages in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain Based on Nonstationary Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index and Crop Coefficient

by Wenhui Chen, Rui Yao, Peng Sun, Qiang Zhang, Vijay P. Singh, Shao Sun, Amir AghaKouchak, Chenhao Ge and Huilin Yang

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(9), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091625 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Soil moisture plays a crucial role in determining the yield of winter wheat. The Huang-Huai-Hai (HHH) Plain is the main growing area of winter wheat in China, and frequent occurrence of drought seriously restricts regional agricultural development. Hence, a daily-scale Non-stationary Standardized Precipitation [...] Read more.

Soil moisture plays a crucial role in determining the yield of winter wheat. The Huang-Huai-Hai (HHH) Plain is the main growing area of winter wheat in China, and frequent occurrence of drought seriously restricts regional agricultural development. Hence, a daily-scale Non-stationary Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (NSPEI), based on winter wheat crop coefficient (Kc), was developed in the present study to evaluate the impact of drought characteristics on winter wheat in different growth stages. Results showed that the water demand for winter wheat decreased with the increase in latitude, and the water shortage was affected by effective precipitation, showing a decreasing trend from the middle to both sides in the HHH Plain. Water demand and water shortage showed an increasing trend at the jointing stage and heading stage, while other growth stages showed a decreasing trend. The spatial distributions of drought duration and intensity were consistent, which were higher in the northern region than in the southern region. Moreover, the water shortage and drought intensity at the jointing stage and heading stage showed an increasing trend. The drought had the greatest impact on winter wheat yield at the tillering stage, jointing stage, and heading stage, and the proportions of drought risk vulnerability in these three stages accounted for 0.25, 0.21, and 0.19, respectively. The high-value areas of winter wheat loss due to drought were mainly distributed in the northeast and south-central regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biogeosciences Remote Sensing)

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19 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding the Pathophysiology of Preeclampsia: Exploring the Role of Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Future Directions

by Melinda-Ildiko Mitranovici, Diana Maria Chiorean, Raluca Moraru, Liviu Moraru, Laura Caravia, Andreea Taisia Tiron, Marius Craina and Ovidiu Simion Cotoi

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(9), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092668 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder in pregnancy associated with significant fetal and maternal complications. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired form of thrombophilia characterized by recurrent venous or arterial thrombosis and obstetric complications that significantly increases morbidity and mortality rates. While preeclampsia [...] Read more.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder in pregnancy associated with significant fetal and maternal complications. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired form of thrombophilia characterized by recurrent venous or arterial thrombosis and obstetric complications that significantly increases morbidity and mortality rates. While preeclampsia may not be the most prevalent obstetric complication in APS, it significantly impacts the long-term health of both mother and child. The treatment of preeclampsia in antiphospholipid syndrome is different from the treatment of preeclampsia as an independent disease. Despite current treatments involving anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and antihypertensive drugs, obstetric complications may persist, underscoring the need for cohesive management and effective treatments. The objective of our review is to briefly present knowledge about the physiopathology of preeclampsia and the role of antiphospholipid antibodies in this process. Based on the existing literature, our review aims to identify future directions in molecular pathology toward the discovery of biomarkers and targeted treatments. The application of multidisciplinary approaches and prognostic models, including new biomarkers, could be beneficial in the prediction of PE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management, Diagnosis and Pathophysiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Current Practice and Future Perspectives—Volume II)

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11 pages, 1255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the First Three Years of Treatment of Children with Congenital Hypothyroidism Identified through the Alberta Newborn Screening Program

by Iveta Sosova, Alyssa Archibald, Erik W. Rosolowsky, Sarah Rathwell, Susan Christian and Elizabeth T. Rosolowsky

Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2024, 10(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns10020035 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

The effectiveness of newborn screening (NBS) for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) relies on timely screening, confirmation of diagnosis, and initiation and ongoing monitoring of treatment. The objective of this study was to ascertain the extent to which infants with CH have received timely and [...] Read more.

The effectiveness of newborn screening (NBS) for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) relies on timely screening, confirmation of diagnosis, and initiation and ongoing monitoring of treatment. The objective of this study was to ascertain the extent to which infants with CH have received timely and appropriate management within the first 3 years of life, following diagnosis through NBS in Alberta, Canada. Deidentified laboratory data were extracted between 1 April 2014 and 31 March 2019 from Alberta Health administrative databases for infants born in this time frame. Time to lab collection was anchored from date of birth. Timeliness was assessed as the frequency of monitoring of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and appropriateness as the frequency of children maintaining biochemical euthyroidism. Among 160 term infants, 95% had confirmation of diagnosis by 16 days of age. The cohort had a median of 2 (range 0–5) TSH measurements performed in the time interval from 0 to 1 month, 4 (0–12) from 1 to 6 months, 2 (0–10) from 6 to 12 months, and 7 (0–21) from 12 to 36 months. Approximately half were still biochemically hypothyroid (TSH > 7 mU/L) at 1 month of age. After becoming euthyroid, at least some period of hypo- (60%) or hyperthyroidism (TSH < 0.2 mU/L) (39%) was experienced. More work needs to be performed to discern factors contributing to prolonged periods of hypothyroidism or infrequent lab monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newborn Screening for Congenital Hypothyroidism)

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15 pages, 3997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wire Bow In Situ Measurement for Monitoring the Evolution of Sawing Capability of Diamond Wire Saw during Slicing Sapphire

by Zixing Yang, Hui Huang, Xinjiang Liao, Zhiyuan Lai, Zhiteng Xu and Yanjun Zhao

Materials 2024, 17(9), 2134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092134 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Electroplated diamond wire sawing is widely used as a processing method to cut hard and brittle difficult-to-machine materials. Currently, obtaining the sawing capability of diamond wire saw through the wire bow is still difficult. In this paper, a method for calculating the sawing [...] Read more.

Electroplated diamond wire sawing is widely used as a processing method to cut hard and brittle difficult-to-machine materials. Currently, obtaining the sawing capability of diamond wire saw through the wire bow is still difficult. In this paper, a method for calculating the sawing capability of diamond wire saw in real-time based on the wire bow is proposed. The influence of the renewed length per round trip, crystal orientation of sapphire, wire speed, and feed rate on the wire sawing capability has been revealed via slicing experiments. The results indicate that renewing the diamond wire saw, and reducing the wire speed and feed rate can delay the reduction in sawing capability. Furthermore, controlling the value of renewed length per round trip can make the diamond wire saw enter a stable cutting state, in which the capability of the wire saw no longer decreases. The sawing capability of diamond wire saw cutting in the A-plane of the sapphire is smaller than that of the C-plane, and a suitable feed rate or wire speed within the range of sawing parameters studied in this study can avoid a rapid decrease in the sawing capability of the wire saw during the cutting process. The knowledge obtained in this study provides a theoretical basis for monitoring the performance of the wire saw, and guidance for the wire cutting process in semiconductor manufacturing. In the future, it may even be possible to provide real-time performance parameters of diamond wire saw for the digital twin model of wire sawing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Efficiency Machining Technologies and Advanced Tools for Hard and Brittle Materials)

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19 pages, 1074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Moringa, Milk Thistle, and Jujube Seed Cold-Pressed Oils: Characteristic Profiles, Thermal Properties, and Oxidative Stability

by Haifa Sebii, Sirine Karra, Abir Mokni Ghribi, Sabine Danthine, Christophe Blecker, Hamadi Attia and Souhail Besbes

Foods 2024, 13(9), 1402; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091402 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Cold-pressed moringa, milk thistle, and jujube seed oils were investigated in terms of their characteristic profiles, thermal properties, and oxidative stability. The findings proved that the extracted oils were characterized by high nutritional values, which encourages their use in various fields. Results showed [...] Read more.

Cold-pressed moringa, milk thistle, and jujube seed oils were investigated in terms of their characteristic profiles, thermal properties, and oxidative stability. The findings proved that the extracted oils were characterized by high nutritional values, which encourages their use in various fields. Results showed significant differences between the obtained oils. Overall, jujube seed oil exhibited the best quality parameters, with acidity equal to 0.762 versus 1% for the moringa and milk thistle seed oils. Milk thistle seed oil showed absorbance in the UV-C (100–290 nm), UV-B (290–320 nm), and UV-A (320–400 nm) ranges, while the moringa and jujube seed oils showed absorbance only in the UV-B and UV-A ranges. Concerning bioactive compounds, jujube seed oil presented the highest content of polyphenols, which promoted a good scavenging capacity (90% at 10 µg/mL) compared to the moringa and milk thistle seed oils. Assessing the thermal properties of the obtained oils showed the presence of four groups of triglycerides in the moringa and milk thistle seed oils, and two groups of triglycerides in the jujube seed oil. The thermograms were constant at temperatures above 10 °C for milk thistle seed oil, 15 °C for jujube seed oil, and 30 °C for moringa seed oil, which corresponded to complete liquefaction of the oils. The extinction coefficients K₂₃₂ and K₂₇₀, monitored during storage for 60 days at 60 °C, proved that jujube seed oil had the highest polyphenols content and was the most stable against thermal oxidation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracts from Plant Foods: Biological Characterization and Application)

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12 pages, 8355 KiB

Open AccessReview

Re-Expansion Pulmonary Edema as a Life-Threatening Complication in Massive, Long-Standing Pneumothorax: A Case Series and Literature Review

by Giacomo Cusumano, Luigi La Via, Alberto Terminella and Massimiliano Sorbello

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(9), 2667; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092667 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

Re-expansion pulmonary edema is a rare and potentially life-threatening complication that can occur after the rapid re-expansion of a collapsed lung due to pneumothorax or pleural effusion. It has a multifactorial pathogenesis, and risk factors for re-expansion pulmonary edema, such as chronic lung [...] Read more.

Re-expansion pulmonary edema is a rare and potentially life-threatening complication that can occur after the rapid re-expansion of a collapsed lung due to pneumothorax or pleural effusion. It has a multifactorial pathogenesis, and risk factors for re-expansion pulmonary edema, such as chronic lung collapse, rapid re-expansion, and changes in pulmonary vascular permeability, have been identified. Clinical manifestations vary, ranging from almost asymptomatic to a rapidly fatal condition, and its incidence may be more common and less fatal than previously believed. The literature emphasizes the importance of early recognition and management to ensure favorable outcomes. However, there is ongoing debate regarding the indications for ventilatory support and the timing of non-invasive or invasive ventilation. Herein, we report a case series of three paradigmatic examples of massive re-expansion pulmonary edema occurring over a period of 10 years in our institution among a population of 815 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax. We also conducted a literature review on re-expansion pulmonary edema, with a particular focus on diagnosis and management. In each case, despite initially normal clinical parameters, severe respiratory distress developed following the insertion of a thoracic drainage tube for a massive spontaneous pneumothorax. Two patients required High-Flow Nasal Oxygen, and one was addressed to intensive management, including CPAP. In all cases, the patient’s outcome was optimal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances in Thoracic Surgery)

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17 pages, 5632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Oxygen Reduction Catalyst Electrodes by Electrochemical Acidification and Synergistic Electrodeposition

by Liheng Zhou, Yongjian Guo, Yu Xu, Ping Li and Qi Zhang

Catalysts 2024, 14(5), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14050300 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an efficient and environmentally friendly power production technology that uses hydrogen energy. The cathodic oxygen reduction electrode is a critical component in the development of PEMFC. Most techniques deposit catalyst nanoparticles in areas that are [...] Read more.

A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an efficient and environmentally friendly power production technology that uses hydrogen energy. The cathodic oxygen reduction electrode is a critical component in the development of PEMFC. Most techniques deposit catalyst nanoparticles in areas that are inaccessible for catalytic processes, reducing platinum utilization. The substrate used in this study was carbon paper (CP) with a self-supporting structure. First, electrochemical acidification technology was employed to modify the CP’s surface, followed by nanoparticle manufacturing and fixation on the CP in a single step by electrodeposition. The Pt/C_0.5V_2.24CP catalyst electrode demonstrated high-quality activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), with a homogeneous particle dispersion and particle size of around 50 nm. The mass activity and electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) of the Pt/C_0.5V_2.24CP catalyst electrode were 1.74 and 3.98 times higher than those of the Pt/C/CP-1 electrodes made with commercial catalysts, respectively. After 5000 cycles of accelerated durability testing (ADT), the mass activity and ECSA were 1.28 times and 6.16 times more than Pt/C/CP-1. This paper successfully proved the viability of electrodepositing Pt nanoparticles on CP following acidification, and that the electrochemical acidification methods have a positive influence on improving electrode ORR activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Hydrogen Energy Technologies, 2nd Volume)

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17 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Downside Risk in Australian and Japanese Stock Markets: Evidence Based on the Expectile Regression

by Kohei Marumo and Steven Li

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(5), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17050189 (registering DOI) - 02 May 2024

Abstract

The expectile-based Value at Risk (EVaR) has gained popularity as it is more sensitive to the magnitude of extreme losses than the conventional quantile-based VaR (QVaR). This paper applies the expectile regression approach to evaluate the EVaR of stock market indices of Australia [...] Read more.

The expectile-based Value at Risk (EVaR) has gained popularity as it is more sensitive to the magnitude of extreme losses than the conventional quantile-based VaR (QVaR). This paper applies the expectile regression approach to evaluate the EVaR of stock market indices of Australia and Japan. We use an expectile regression model that considers lagged returns and common risk factors to calculate the EVaR for each stock market and to evaluate the interdependence of downside risk between the two markets. Our findings suggest that both Australian and Japanese stock markets are affected by their past development and the international stock markets. Additionally, ASX 200 index has significant impact on Nikkei 225 in terms of downside tail risk, while the impact of Nikkei 225 on ASX is not significant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Journal of Risk and Financial Management)

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