MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

20 pages, 5969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ziziphus jujuba Miller Ethanol Extract Restores Disrupted Intestinal Barrier Function via Tight Junction Recovery and Reduces Inflammation

by Ye Jin Yang, Min Jung Kim, Ho Jeong Lee, Won-Yung Lee, Ju-Hye Yang, Hun Hwan Kim, Min Sup Shim, Ji Woong Heo, Jae Dong Son, Woo H. Kim, Gon Sup Kim, Hu-Jang Lee, Young-Woo Kim, Kwang Youn Kim and Kwang Il Park

Antioxidants 2024, 13(5), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050575 (registering DOI) - 07 May 2024

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by the disruption of the intestinal barrier. The intestinal barrier is maintained by tight junctions (TJs), which sustain intestinal homeostasis and prevent pathogens from entering the microbiome and mucosal tissues. Ziziphus jujuba Miller [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by the disruption of the intestinal barrier. The intestinal barrier is maintained by tight junctions (TJs), which sustain intestinal homeostasis and prevent pathogens from entering the microbiome and mucosal tissues. Ziziphus jujuba Miller (Z. jujuba) is a natural substance that has been used in traditional medicine as a therapy for a variety of diseases. However, in IBD, the efficacy of Z. jujuba is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated ZJB in Caco2 cells and a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mouse model to demonstrate its efficacy in IBD. Z. jujuba extracts were prepared using 70% ethanol and were named ZJB. ZJB was found to be non-cytotoxic and to have excellent antioxidant effects. We confirmed its anti-inflammatory properties via the down-regulation of inflammatory factors, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). To evaluate the effects of ZJB on intestinal barrier function and TJ improvement, the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa (FITC-Dextran 4) permeability were assessed. The TEER value increased by 61.389% and permeability decreased by 27.348% in the 200 μg/mL ZJB group compared with the 50 ng/mL IL-6 group after 24 h. Additionally, ZJB alleviated body weight loss, reduced the disease activity index (DAI) score, and induced colon shortening in 5% DSS-induced mice; inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin (IL)-6 were down-regulated in the serum. TJ proteins, such as Zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and occludin, were up-regulated by ZJB in an impaired Caco2 mouse model. Additionally, according to the liquid chromatography results, in tandem with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, seven active ingredients were detected in ZJB. In conclusion, ZJB down-regulated inflammatory factors, protected intestinal barrier function, and increased TJ proteins. It is thus a safe, natural substance with the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent in IBD treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Gastrointestinal Diseases—2nd Edition)

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Open AccessReview

Innovation Helps with Sustainable Business, Law, and Digital Technologies: Economic Development and Dispute Resolution

by Shumin Wang, Yincheng Li and Muhammad Bilawal Khaskheli

Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 3910; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103910 (registering DOI) - 07 May 2024

Abstract

This paper discusses the dispute resolution procedure that innovative digital commerce has adopted for the future for sustainable business. As digital trade becomes increasingly important for economic growth, trade-related disputes must be settled in both business and consumer situations. This study examines the [...] Read more.

This paper discusses the dispute resolution procedure that innovative digital commerce has adopted for the future for sustainable business. As digital trade becomes increasingly important for economic growth, trade-related disputes must be settled in both business and consumer situations. This study examines the advantages of using digital technology to resolve disputes involving digital trade and discusses how digital technology is changing traditional dispute resolution procedures. Conventional trade disputes differ from their digital counterparts because the digital sphere gives rise to more complex trade conflicts that require stronger regulatory resources. The utilization of digital technologies such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, innovation-based models, digital strategies, and others can enhance the efficacy of conflict resolution. Digital technology can assist in resolving disputes with digital trade, even though procedural fairness issues including prejudice and algorithmic opacity may also arise. The research highlights the importance of developing innovative techniques to set up trade dispute resolution procedures and building legal frameworks for jurisdiction, trial, and enforcement procedures in addition to stressing the usage of digital technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability and Innovation in SMEs)

10 pages, 1404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Nasopalatine Canal Length and Shape Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Morphometric Study

by Cristalle Soman

Diagnostics 2024, 14(10), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14100973 (registering DOI) - 07 May 2024

Abstract

The anatomical position of the nasopalatine canal in the anterior maxilla makes it one of the most important vital structures in the region. Surgical and implant procedures in this area require local anesthesia to be administered. It is, therefore, important to morphologically assess [...] Read more.

The anatomical position of the nasopalatine canal in the anterior maxilla makes it one of the most important vital structures in the region. Surgical and implant procedures in this area require local anesthesia to be administered. It is, therefore, important to morphologically assess the length and shape of the nasopalatine canal for performing surgical procedures with more accuracy in this area. Cone-Beam Computed tomography scans were scrutinized using inclusion criteria of age 18 years and above, absence of any pathological lesions/fracture/surgery in the nasopalatine area, absence of orthodontic treatment or maxillary jaw correction surgeries, and exclusion criteria including CBCT scans with artifacts or error s in the area of interest, anterior implants, absence of bone diseases, trauma, surgeries, and impactions in the area of interest. A total of 360 scans were analyzed for the length and shape of the nasopalatine canals. The results of the study showed that the mean nasopalatine canal length was 12.51 mm. The hourglass shape of the canal was most common and had the highest representation in both genders, with male 80.62% and female 87.01%. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) was noted in nasopalatine canal length between males and females. The study provides insight into the significant association of gender with the canal’s shape and length of the canal. The length of the canal does not influence with age. These parameters are helpful for surgical planning and interventions in the anterior maxillary region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Cone Beam Computed Tomography for Maxillofacial Diseases, Second Edition)

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Open AccessArticle

Electroencephalogram-Based ConvMixer Architecture for Recognizing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children

by Min Feng and Juncai Xu

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(5), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050469 (registering DOI) - 07 May 2024

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuro-developmental disorder that affects approximately 5–10% of school-aged children worldwide. Early diagnosis and intervention are essential to improve the quality of life of patients and their families. In this study, we propose ConvMixer-ECA, a novel deep [...] Read more.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuro-developmental disorder that affects approximately 5–10% of school-aged children worldwide. Early diagnosis and intervention are essential to improve the quality of life of patients and their families. In this study, we propose ConvMixer-ECA, a novel deep learning architecture that combines ConvMixer with efficient channel attention (ECA) blocks for the accurate diagnosis of ADHD using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. The model was trained and evaluated using EEG recordings from 60 healthy children and 61 children with ADHD. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the ConvMixer-ECA. The results showed that the ConvMixer-ECA performed well in ADHD recognition with 94.52% accuracy. The incorporation of attentional mechanisms, in particular ECA, improved the performance of ConvMixer; it outperformed other attention-based variants. In addition, ConvMixer-ECA outperformed state-of-the-art deep learning models including EEGNet, CNN, RNN, LSTM, and GRU. t-SNE visualization of the output of this model layer validated the effectiveness of ConvMixer-ECA in capturing the underlying patterns and features that separate ADHD from typically developing individuals through hierarchical feature learning. These outcomes demonstrate the potential of ConvMixer-ECA as a valuable tool to assist clinicians in the early diagnosis and intervention of ADHD in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Prediction of Neurological Diseases: Application of EEG-Based Technology)

Open AccessReview

Chemiresistive Materials for Alcohol Vapor Sensing at Room Temperature

by Anna Maria Laera and Michele Penza

Chemosensors 2024, 12(5), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12050078 (registering DOI) - 07 May 2024

Abstract

The development of efficient sensors able to detect alcoholic compounds has great relevance in many fields including medicine, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, safety, and security. In addition, the measurements of alcohols in air are significant for environmental protection because volatile alcohols can have [...] Read more.

The development of efficient sensors able to detect alcoholic compounds has great relevance in many fields including medicine, pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, safety, and security. In addition, the measurements of alcohols in air are significant for environmental protection because volatile alcohols can have harmful effects on human health not only through ingestion, but also through inhalation or skin absorption. The analysis of alcohols in breath is a further expanding area, being employed for disease diagnoses. The analyses performed by using chromatography, mass-spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, or Raman spectroscopy often require complex sampling and procedures. As a consequence, many research groups have focused their efforts on the development of efficient portable sensors to replace conventional methods and bulky equipment. The ability to operate at room temperature is a key factor in designing portable light devices suitable for in situ real-time monitoring. In the present review, we provide a survey of the recent literature on the most efficient chemiresistive materials for alcohol sensing at room temperature. Remarkable gas-sensing performances have mainly been obtained by using metal oxides semiconductors (MOSs), metal organic frameworks (MOFs), 2D materials, and polymers. Among 2D materials, we mainly consider graphene-based materials, graphitic carbon nitride, transition metal chalcogenides, and MXenes. We discuss scientific advances and innovations published in the span of the last five years, focusing on sensing mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Nanomaterials-Based Chemosensor Devices for Air Quality Monitoring)

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Chlorinated Water on Neurite Length of Cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons and Semaphorin 3A Content of Cultured Epidermal Keratinocytes

by Kazuhisa Maeda, Neneka Okumura, Aoba Ogawa and Hatsumi Takeda

Cosmetics 2024, 11(3), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11030075 (registering DOI) - 07 May 2024

Abstract

The tap water that we normally use contains certain concentrations of free residual chlorine to kill microorganisms and viruses and make it safe for use. Water containing free residual chlorine not only dries out our hair and skin but can also cause irritation [...] Read more.

The tap water that we normally use contains certain concentrations of free residual chlorine to kill microorganisms and viruses and make it safe for use. Water containing free residual chlorine not only dries out our hair and skin but can also cause irritation and itching in some people—especially those with sensitive skin or reduced skin barrier function. We investigated the effects of free residual chlorine on cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons and cultured epidermal keratinocytes. First, we measured neurite length in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Next, to evaluate the effects of chlorine on semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) and nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes, we used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure NGF in the supernatant and polymerase chain reaction and Western blot to determine Sema3A and NGF levels. Chlorine elongated the neurite length and increased the number of projections in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Although there were no changes in NGF mRNA or protein levels in the supernatant of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes in the presence of chlorine, Sema3A mRNA and protein levels decreased, and the ratio of Sema3A to NGF was also reduced. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Cosmetics—Recent Advances and Perspectives)

Open AccessArticle

Frequency Analysis of Asymmetric Circular Organic Solar Cells Embedded in an Elastic Medium under Hygrothermal Conditions

by Muneer Alali, Mohammad A. Abazid and Mohammed Sobhy

Symmetry 2024, 16(5), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16050577 (registering DOI) - 07 May 2024

Abstract

This research represents the first theoretical investigation about the vibration behavior of circular organic solar cells. Therefore, the vibration response of asymmetric circular organic solar cells that represent a perfect renewable energy source is demonstrated. For this purpose, the differential quadrature method (DQM) [...] Read more.

This research represents the first theoretical investigation about the vibration behavior of circular organic solar cells. Therefore, the vibration response of asymmetric circular organic solar cells that represent a perfect renewable energy source is demonstrated. For this purpose, the differential quadrature method (DQM) is employed. The organic solar cell is modeled as a laminated plate consisting of five layers of Al, P3HT:PCBM, PEDOT:PSS, ITO, and Glass. This cell is rested on a Winkler–Pasternak elastic foundation and assumed to be exposed to various types of hygrothermal loadings. There are three different kinds of temperature and moisture variations that are taken into account: uniform, linear, and nonlinear distribution throughout the cell’s thickness. The displacement field is presented based on a new inverse hyperbolic shear deformation theory considering only two unknowns. The motion equations including hygrothermal effect and plate–foundation interaction are established within the framework of Hamilton’s principle. The DQM is utilized to solve these equations. In order to ensure the accuracy of the proposed theory, the present results are compared with those reported by other higher-order theories. A comprehensive parametric illustration is conducted on the impacts of different parameters involving the geometrical configuration, elastic foundation parameters, temperature, and moisture concentration on the deduced eigenfrequency of the circular organic solar cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)

20 pages, 8014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Olive Pit Powder as a Filler for Enhanced Thermal Insulation in Epoxy Mortars to Increase Sustainability in Building Construction

by Veronica D’Eusanio, Andrea Marchetti, Stefano Pastorelli, Michele Silvestri, Lucia Bertacchini and Lorenzo Tassi

AppliedChem 2024, 4(2), 192-211; https://doi.org/10.3390/appliedchem4020013 - 07 May 2024

Abstract

This article explores the use of olive pit powder (OPP) as a promising resource for enhancing the thermal insulation properties of epoxy mortars. A comprehensive analysis of the chemical and physical characteristics of OPP was conducted, employing analytical techniques including scanning electron microscopy [...] Read more.

This article explores the use of olive pit powder (OPP) as a promising resource for enhancing the thermal insulation properties of epoxy mortars. A comprehensive analysis of the chemical and physical characteristics of OPP was conducted, employing analytical techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis and emitted gas analysis (TG-MS-EGA), and proximal analysis. Experimental samples of epoxy grout were prepared by using different proportions of a conventional inorganic filler, quartz powder, and OPP within an epoxy mortar matrix. As the percentage of OPP in the formulation increased, the microstructure of the samples gradually became more porous and less compact. Consequently, there was a decrease in density with the increase in OPP content. The 28-day compressive strength decreased from 46 MPa to 12.8 MPa, respectively, in the samples containing only quartz (Sample E) and only OPP (Sample A) as a filler. Similarly, flexural strength decreased from 35.2 to 5.3 MPa. The thermal conductivity decreased from 0.3 W/mK in Sample E to 0.11 in Sample A. Therefore, increasing the %wt of OPP improved insulating properties while reducing the mechanical resistance values. This study highlights the potential of OPP as an environmentally friendly and thermally efficient filler for epoxy mortars, thereby promoting sustainable construction practices. Full article

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Open AccessReview

Spiritual Distress, Hopelessness, and Depression in Palliative Care: Simultaneous Concept Analysis

by Helga Martins, Rita S. Silva, Joana Bragança, Joana Romeiro and Sílvia Caldeira

Healthcare 2024, 12(10), 960; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12100960 (registering DOI) - 07 May 2024

Abstract

Spiritual distress, hopelessness, and depression are concepts that are often used in palliative care. A simultaneous concept analysis (SCA) of these concepts is needed to clarify the terminology used in palliative care. Therefore, the aim of this study is to conduct a SCA [...] Read more.

Spiritual distress, hopelessness, and depression are concepts that are often used in palliative care. A simultaneous concept analysis (SCA) of these concepts is needed to clarify the terminology used in palliative care. Therefore, the aim of this study is to conduct a SCA of spiritual distress, hopelessness, and depression in palliative care. A SCA was performed using the methodology of Haase’s model. A literature search was conducted in March 2020 and updated in April 2022 and April 2024. The search was performed on the following online databases: CINAHL with Full-Text, MEDLINE with Full-Text, MedicLatina, LILACS, SciELO, and PubMed. The search was achieved without restrictions on the date of publication. A total of 84 articles were included in this study. The results highlight that the three concepts are different but also share some overlapping points. Spiritual distress is embedded in the rupture of their spiritual/religious belief systems, a lack of meaning in life, and existential issues. Hopelessness is a sense of giving up and an inability to control and fix the patient’s situation. Finally, depression is a state of sadness with a multi-impaired situation. In conclusion, refining the three concepts in palliative care is essential since it promotes clarification and enhances knowledge development towards intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nursing)

13 pages, 419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Coping Strategies in Children’s Repeated Suggestive Interviews

by Monia Vagni and Valeria Giostra

Forensic Sci. 2024, 4(2), 221-233; https://doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci4020015 - 07 May 2024

Abstract

Often in the forensic context, child victims and witnesses are interviewed several times, exposing them to suggestive questions and social pressures. The present study had the main purpose of verifying the effect of coping strategies on the levels of immediate suggestibility and on [...] Read more.

Often in the forensic context, child victims and witnesses are interviewed several times, exposing them to suggestive questions and social pressures. The present study had the main purpose of verifying the effect of coping strategies on the levels of immediate suggestibility and on the Resistant Behavioral Responses (RBRs) of children subjected to repeated suggestive interviews. A sample of 90 children, aged between 11 and 14, were administered the two parallel Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales (GSS2 and GSS1) a few months apart and the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) to detect their coping strategies. The results showed that the avoidance coping increased suggestive vulnerability and reduced resistant responses. Task-oriented coping favored responses with greater source monitoring, which allow for the rejection of misleading information. Coping strategies did not show direct effects on the management of the socioemotional aspects involved in the suggestive interaction. After the negative feedback that invites children to be more accurate, a smaller effect of the avoidance strategy was recorded, indicating how actively requesting greater source monitoring can lead children to better recognize misleading information. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abuse and Violence in Families)

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11 pages, 1413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endoscopic Ultrasonography-Guided Fine-Needle Biopsy for Patients with Resectable Pancreatic Malignancies

by Ming-Sheng Chien, Ching-Chung Lin and Jian-Han Lai

Gastroenterol. Insights 2024, 15(2), 375-385; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15020026 - 07 May 2024

Abstract

Clinicians often use endoscopic ultrasonography to survey pancreatic tumors. When endoscopists conduct this examination and find the tumor to be unresectable, a fine-needle biopsy is subsequently performed for tissue confirmation. However, if the tumor is deemed resectable, the necessity of a pre-operative fine-needle [...] Read more.

Clinicians often use endoscopic ultrasonography to survey pancreatic tumors. When endoscopists conduct this examination and find the tumor to be unresectable, a fine-needle biopsy is subsequently performed for tissue confirmation. However, if the tumor is deemed resectable, the necessity of a pre-operative fine-needle biopsy remains debatable. Therefore, we performed a retrospective analysis of a single-center cohort of patients with pancreatic tumors who underwent an endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy or aspiration (EUS-FNB or FNA) between 2020 and 2022. This study focused on patients diagnosed with resectable malignant pancreatic tumors. The exclusion criteria included individuals diagnosed with benign pancreatic lesions and those with unresectable tumors. A total of 68 patients were enrolled in this study. Histological examination revealed that pancreatic adenocarcinoma was the predominant type of tumor (n = 42, 61.8%), followed by neuroendocrine tumors (n = 22, 32.3%), and metastasis (n = 4, 5.9%). Notably, 17 patients had a history of other cancers, with 23.5% being diagnosed with a metastatic tumor rather than primary pancreatic cancer. Therefore, EUS-FNA/FNB is crucial in patients with a resectable pancreatic tumor and a history of cancer to differentiate between a primary and a metastatic tumor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pancreas)

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12 pages, 1167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Restoration of Lactobacillus johnsonii and Enterococcus faecalis Caused the Elimination of Tritrichomonas sp. in a Model of Antibiotic-Induced Dysbiosis

by Yulia Makusheva, Elena Goncharova, Victoria Bets, Anastasya Korel, Elena Arzhanova and Ekaterina Litvinova

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5090; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105090 (registering DOI) - 07 May 2024

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease involving the interaction of the gut microbiota, genes, host immunity, and environmental factors. Dysbiosis in IBD is associated with pathobiont proliferation, so targeted antibiotic therapy is a rational strategy. When restoring the microbiota with probiotics, [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease involving the interaction of the gut microbiota, genes, host immunity, and environmental factors. Dysbiosis in IBD is associated with pathobiont proliferation, so targeted antibiotic therapy is a rational strategy. When restoring the microbiota with probiotics, it is necessary to take into account the mutual influence of co-cultivated microorganisms, as the microbiota is a dynamic community of species that mediates homeostasis and physiological processes in the intestine. The aim of our study was to investigate the recovery efficacy of two potential probiotic bacteria, L. johnsonii and E. faecalis, in Muc2^−/− mice with impaired mucosal layer. Two approaches were used to determine the efficacy of probiotic supplementation in mice with dysbiosis caused by mucin-2 deficiency: bacterial seeding on selective media and real-time PCR analysis. The recovery time and the type of probiotic bacteria relocated affected only the number of E. faecalis. A significant positive correlation was found between colony-forming unit (CFU) and the amount of E. faecalis DNA in the group that was replanted with probiotic E. faecalis. As for L. johnsonii, it could be restored to its original level even without any additional bacteria supplementation after two weeks. Interestingly, the treatment of mice with L. johnsonii caused a decrease in the amount of E. faecalis. Furthermore, either L. johnsonii or E. faecalis treatment eliminated protozoan overgrowth caused by antibiotic administration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease)

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11 pages, 2375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 among Pregnant Women in South-Western Romania

by Cristiana Luiza Radoi, Oana Mariana Cristea, Dan Dumitru Vulcanescu, Adela Voinescu, Tiberiu Liviu Dragomir, Laurentiu Vasile Sima, Sonia Tanasescu, Octavia Oana Harich, Andrei Theodor Balasoiu, Dominic Gabriel Iliescu and Ovidiu Zlatian

Life 2024, 14(5), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050596 (registering DOI) - 07 May 2024

Abstract

Background: Pregnancy-related infections with the human herpes simplex virus (HSV) strains HSV-1 and HSV-2 are particularly noteworthy. There are numerous reported examples of intrapartum transmission of herpes infection, notwithstanding the extreme rarity of intrauterine transfer from mother to fetus. The purpose of this [...] Read more.

Background: Pregnancy-related infections with the human herpes simplex virus (HSV) strains HSV-1 and HSV-2 are particularly noteworthy. There are numerous reported examples of intrapartum transmission of herpes infection, notwithstanding the extreme rarity of intrauterine transfer from mother to fetus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies in pregnant women in the western region of Romania. Methods: Pregnant women who presented for routine pregnancy monitoring at Romania’s County Clinical Emergency Hospital in Craiova between 2013 and 2016 and 2019 and 2022 were included in the study. In order to find anti-HSV-1/2 IgG antibodies, we conducted serological testing on the patients and gathered demographic information from them. Results: HSV-1 seroprevalence was shown to have declined in rural areas and increased in urban areas, with values between 2013 and 2016 being 89.30% and those between 2019 and 2022 being 84.96%, respectively. Women over 35 who were pregnant had the highest seroprevalence. The seroprevalence of HSV-2 decreased from 16.16% in 2013–2016 to 12.43% in 2019–2022, and both rural and urban areas continued to experience this declining trend. Similarly, pregnant women over 35 years old had the highest frequency of HSV-1 infections. Conclusions: Establishing educational programs and other actions to reduce the transmission rate and ultimately the prevalence of the disease can be made easier with knowledge about the seroprevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

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8 pages, 215 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Ethical Considerations for Artificial Intelligence Applications for HIV

by Renee Garett, Seungjun Kim and Sean D. Young

AI 2024, 5(2), 594-601; https://doi.org/10.3390/ai5020031 - 07 May 2024

Abstract

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a stigmatizing disease that disproportionately affects African Americans and Latinos among people living with HIV (PLWH). Researchers are increasingly utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze large amounts of data such as social media data and electronic health records [...] Read more.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a stigmatizing disease that disproportionately affects African Americans and Latinos among people living with HIV (PLWH). Researchers are increasingly utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze large amounts of data such as social media data and electronic health records (EHR) for various HIV-related tasks, from prevention and surveillance to treatment and counseling. This paper explores the ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI for HIV with a focus on acceptability, trust, fairness, and transparency. To improve acceptability and trust towards AI systems for HIV, informed consent and a Federated Learning (FL) approach are suggested. In regard to unfairness, stakeholders should be wary of AI systems for HIV further stigmatizing or even being used as grounds to criminalize PLWH. To prevent criminalization, in particular, the application of differential privacy on HIV data generated by data linkage should be studied. Participatory design is crucial in designing the AI systems for HIV to be more transparent and inclusive. To this end, the formation of a data ethics committee and the construction of relevant frameworks and principles may need to be concurrently implemented. Lastly, the question of whether the amount of transparency beyond a certain threshold may overwhelm patients, thereby unexpectedly triggering negative consequences, is posed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Standards and Ethics in AI)

15 pages, 6034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed-Drive Vehicle Lateral-Stability Coordinated Control Based on Phase-Plane Stability Region

by Jun Liu and Ang Dai

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050202 - 07 May 2024

Abstract

The lateral stability control of vehicles is one of the most crucial aspects of vehicle safety. This article introduces a coordinated-control strategy designed to enhance the handling stability of distributed-drive electric vehicles. The upper controller uses active front steering and direct yaw moment-control [...] Read more.

The lateral stability control of vehicles is one of the most crucial aspects of vehicle safety. This article introduces a coordinated-control strategy designed to enhance the handling stability of distributed-drive electric vehicles. The upper controller uses active front steering and direct yaw moment-control controllers designed based on sliding-mode control theory. The lower controller optimally allocates control inputs to the upper controller, considering factors such as load transfer and tire load rate. It divides the stability region by relying on the phase plane and develops a coordinated-control strategy based on the degree of deviation of the vehicle state from the stability region. The results of the simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed control strategy effectively improves handling stability under extreme working conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Electric Vehicle Control, Testing and Evaluation)

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14 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessReview

Clinical and Paraclinical Considerations Regarding ki67’s Role in the Management of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma—A Literature Review

by Claudiu Peștean, Alexandru Pavel and Doina Piciu

Medicina 2024, 60(5), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050769 - 07 May 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The ki67 nuclear protein is a tool for diagnosis and prognosis in oncology that is used to evaluate cell proliferation. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma is usually a slow-growing neoplasm, the most common type being the papillary form. Some clinical and [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: The ki67 nuclear protein is a tool for diagnosis and prognosis in oncology that is used to evaluate cell proliferation. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma is usually a slow-growing neoplasm, the most common type being the papillary form. Some clinical and pathological aspects may predict aggressive behaviour. There are reported cases of recurrence without clinico-pathological findings of aggressiveness. To obtain better predictions of the disease outcome in thyroid carcinoma, many immunohistochemical markers have been studied. The aim of this narrative literature review is to identify the benefits that ki67 may add to the management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, according to the latest evidence. Materials and Methods: We performed a search on the PubMed and Google Scholar databases using controlled vocabulary and keywords to find the most suitable published articles. A total number of sixty-eight items were identified, and five other articles were selected from other sources. After refining the selection, the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were applied, and a total number of twenty-nine articles were included in this literature review. Results and Discussion: The studies consist of retrospective studies (89.66%), case reports (6.9%) and literature reviews (3.45%), evaluating the role, implications and other parameters of ki67 as a diagnostic and/or prognostic tool. The statistical correlations between ki67 and other features were systematized as qualitative results of this review in order to improve the treatment strategies presented in the included articles. Conclusions: The included studies present converging data regarding most of the aspects concerning ki67. The ki67 proliferation index is a diagnostic/prognostic tool of interest in differentiated thyroid carcinoma and a good predictor of disease-free survival, disease recurrence and metastatic development. Prospective studies on large cohorts may add value for ki67 as a specific tool in the management strategy of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)

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20 pages, 1348 KiB

Open AccessReview

Quality of Life of Dialysis Patients: Exploring the Influence of Membrane Hemocompatibility and Dialysis Practices on Psychosocial and Physical Symptoms

by Victoria Doan, Ahmed Shoker and Amira Abdelrasoul

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(5), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050172 - 07 May 2024

Abstract

Hemodialysis (HD) is a life-sustaining membrane-based therapy that is essential for managing kidney failure. However, it can have significant physical and psychological effects on patients due to chronic or acute consequences related to membrane bioincompatibility. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis have [...] Read more.

Hemodialysis (HD) is a life-sustaining membrane-based therapy that is essential for managing kidney failure. However, it can have significant physical and psychological effects on patients due to chronic or acute consequences related to membrane bioincompatibility. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis have a high incidence of psychiatric illness, particularly depression and anxiety disorders, and poor quality of life has been observed. Dialysis can also lead to physical symptoms of its own, such as fatigue, loss of appetite, anemia, low blood pressure, and fluid overload, in addition to the symptoms associated with kidney failure. Therefore, this critical review aims to comprehensively understand the impact of dialysis membrane bioincompatibility and the use of varying molecular weight cut-off membranes on the physical and psychological symptoms experienced by dialysis patients. We analyzed the latest research on the correlation between major inflammatory biomarkers released in patients’ blood due to membrane incompatibility, as well as the critical influence of low levels of hemoglobin and vital proteins such as human serum albumin due to the use of high-cut-off membranes and correlated these factors with the physical and psychological symptoms experienced by dialysis patients. Furthermore, our study aims to provide valuable insights into the impact of dialysis on critical symptoms, higher hospitalization rates, and the quality of life of First Nations, as well as child and youth dialysis patients, in addition to diabetic dialysis patients. Our goal is to identify potential interventions aiming to optimize the dialysis membrane and minimize its negative effects on patients, ultimately improving their well-being and long-term outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biocomposites)

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13 pages, 3419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Waste Marble and Bi₂O₃-NPs as a Sustainable Replacement for Lead Materials for Radiation Shielding Applications

by Khalid Alsafi, Mohamed A. El-Nahal, Wafa M. Al-Saleh, Haifa M. Almutairi, Esraa H. Abdel-Gawad and Mohamed Elsafi

Ceramics 2024, 7(2), 639-651; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7020042 - 07 May 2024

Abstract

In an attempt to reutilize marble waste, a new approach is presented in the current study to promote its use in the field of shielding against ionizing radiation. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel and sustainable/eco-friendly lead-free radiation shielding material [...] Read more.

In an attempt to reutilize marble waste, a new approach is presented in the current study to promote its use in the field of shielding against ionizing radiation. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel and sustainable/eco-friendly lead-free radiation shielding material by improving artificial marble (AM) produced from marble waste combined with polyester by reinforcing it with bismuth oxide (Bi₂O₃) nanoparticles. Six samples of AM samples doped with different concentrations (

0 %

,

5 %

,

10 %

,

15 %

,

20 %

, and

25 %

) of Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles were prepared. The linear attenuation coefficient (

L A C

) values were measured experimentally through the narrow beam method at different energies

(0.0595 M e V

,

0.6617 M e V

,

1.1730 M e V

, and

1.330 M e V

) for all samples with various concentrations of Bi₂O₃. Radiological shielding parameters such as half value layer (

H V L

), tenth-value layer (

T V L

), and radiation shielding efficiency (

R S E

) were estimated and compared for all the different samples. The results prove that increasing the concentration of Bi₂O₃ leads to the enhancement of the radiation shielding properties of the AM as a shielding material. It was observed that as the energy increases, the efficiency of the samples falls. High energy dependence was found when calculating the

H V L

and

T V L

values of the samples, which increased with increases in the energy of the incident photons. A comparison between the sample with the most efficient gamma radiation attenuation capability (AM-

25 %

), concrete, and lead was conducted, and a discussion regarding their radiation shielding properties is presented herein. The results show that the AM-

25 %

sample is superior to the ordinary concrete over all the studied energy ranges, as evidenced by its significantly lower

H V L s

. On the contrary, lead is superior to the AM-

25 %

sample over all the studied energy ranges owing to its unbeatable density as a shielding material. Overall, this new type of artificial marble has the potential to be used as a radiation shielding material at low- to medium-gamma energy regions, specifically in medical imaging and radiation therapy. Full article

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16 pages, 4845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Degradation of Levofloxacin by Electroactivated Sodium Persulfate on Carbon Cloth Cathode Modified with Cerium-Based Metal Organic Frameworks (Ce-MOF) Derivatives

by Xinbiao Mao, Mingyu Ou, Wenjun Zhao, Shuangting Yu and Hao Xu

Separations 2024, 11(5), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11050144 - 07 May 2024

Abstract

Levofloxacin (LFX), which is difficult to degrade effectively due to its molecular stability, has become an problem that needs to be solved urgently. The advanced oxidation technology of persulfate has received increasing attention from researchers. In this study, a Ce-MOF derivative (Ce-MOF-T) was [...] Read more.

Levofloxacin (LFX), which is difficult to degrade effectively due to its molecular stability, has become an problem that needs to be solved urgently. The advanced oxidation technology of persulfate has received increasing attention from researchers. In this study, a Ce-MOF derivative (Ce-MOF-T) was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and calcination, which synergistically responded to electroactivation to generate sulfate radicals for the efficient degradation of LFX. It has been proven that electrical activation and the Ce-MOF derivatives work together to generate sulfate radicals and effectively degrade LFX. Ce-MOF-550-modified carbon cloth was used as the cathode and a platinum electrode as the anode, the concentration of LFX was 20 mg·L⁻¹, the loading of Ce-MOF-550 was 15 mg, pH = 5, the concentration of sodium persulfate (PMS) was 0.3 g·L⁻¹, the current density was 100 A·m⁻², and the degradation rate was 82.05% after 1 h of reaction and 95% after 3 h of reaction. After five cycle tests, the degradation rate was still higher than 75.00%, indicating that the material had good stability. In addition, the degradation of LFX was consistent with a quasi-primary kinetic reaction with apparent rate constants of 2.26 × 10⁻² min⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electrochemistry in Water and Wastewater Treatment)

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24 pages, 10774 KiB

Open AccessReview

Achievements in Preparation of Cyclodextrin–Based Porous Materials for Removal of Pollutants

by Kaiyue Bao, Anyun Zhang, Yiyao Cao and Lei Xu

Separations 2024, 11(5), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11050143 - 07 May 2024

Abstract

Cyclodextrin–based porous materials have been widely applied in removing various organic pollutants from water environments, due to their unique physical and chemical properties, like the size–matching effect and hydrophobic interaction. Large numbers of hydroxyl groups in its external structure give cyclodextrin a high [...] Read more.

Cyclodextrin–based porous materials have been widely applied in removing various organic pollutants from water environments, due to their unique physical and chemical properties, like the size–matching effect and hydrophobic interaction. Large numbers of hydroxyl groups in its external structure give cyclodextrin a high solubility in water, but the existence of these hydroxyl groups also endows cyclodextrin with the ability to be chemically modified with various functional groups to reduce its solubility in water and, meanwhile, to develop some novel functionalized cyclodextrin–based porous materials for selective removal of the target organic pollutants. This review focuses on the recent development in the synthesis of cyclodextrin–based porous materials (crosslinked cyclodextrin polymers and immobilized cyclodextrins), as well as highlighting their applications and mechanisms in the removal of dyes, endocrine disruptors, and mixed pollutants from water. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives in related research fields are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption and Remediation of Emerging Pollutants from Water and Soil)

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13 pages, 3191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Separation of Re (VII) and Mo (VI) by Extraction Using E-1006–Ammonium Sulfate Aqueous Two-Phase System

by Linlin Fan, Wenhui Li, Zilong Dai, Min Zhou and Yunren Qiu

Separations 2024, 11(5), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11050142 - 07 May 2024

Abstract

Aqueous two-phase extraction (APTE) stands out as an environmentally friendly technique for the separation of metal ions. The separation of Re (VII) and Mo (VI) in an aqueous solution was investigated using a novel aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) consisting of isodecanol polyoxyethylene ether [...] Read more.

Aqueous two-phase extraction (APTE) stands out as an environmentally friendly technique for the separation of metal ions. The separation of Re (VII) and Mo (VI) in an aqueous solution was investigated using a novel aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) consisting of isodecanol polyoxyethylene ether (E-1006), ammonium sulfate, and water. A phase diagram of this system was developed, and the effects of pH, temperature, extraction time, the concentrations of E-1006 and (NH₄)₂SO₄, and metal ions on the separation of Re (VII) and Mo (VI) were examined. The results show that at pH 7.0, Mo (VI) had almost transformed into the (NH₄)₂SO₄-rich phase, while Re (VI) was extracted into the E-1006-rich phase. The increase in temperature induces a transition of Mo (VI) to the salt-rich phase, which is unfavorable for the extraction of Re (VII). The increase in the concentrations of E-1006 and (NH₄)₂SO₄ has a positive effect on the separation of rhenium and molybdenum. Overall, the ATPS consisting of 200 g/L of E-1006, 200 g/L of (NH₄)₂SO₄, and water yields an extraction efficiency of 97.2% for Re and a high separation factor of 2700 for Re (VII) and Mo (VI) from a mixture of 0.1 g/L of Re (VII) and 5 g/L of Mo (VI) at pH 7.0 and 323.15 K. Separation studies of the simulated leaching solution show that the extraction efficiency for Re (VI) is 99.1% and the separation factor of Re (VII) and Mo (VI) is 5100. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Processes and Technologies for Wastewater: Collection, Treatment, and Resource)

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29 pages, 15101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multimodal Embodiment Research of Oral Music Traditions: Electromyography in Oud Performance and Education Research of Persian Art Music

by Stella Paschalidou

Multimodal Technol. Interact. 2024, 8(5), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/mti8050037 - 07 May 2024

Abstract

With the recent advent of research focusing on the body’s significance in music, the integration of physiological sensors in the context of empirical methodologies for music has also gained momentum. Given the recognition of covert muscular activity as a strong indicator of musical [...] Read more.

With the recent advent of research focusing on the body’s significance in music, the integration of physiological sensors in the context of empirical methodologies for music has also gained momentum. Given the recognition of covert muscular activity as a strong indicator of musical intentionality and the previously ascertained link between physical effort and various musical aspects, electromyography (EMG)—signals representing muscle activity—has also experienced a noticeable surge. While EMG technologies appear to hold good promise for sensing, capturing, and interpreting the dynamic properties of movement in music, which are considered innately linked to artistic expressive power, they also come with certain challenges, misconceptions, and predispositions. The paper engages in a critical examination regarding the utilisation of muscle force values from EMG sensors as indicators of physical effort and musical activity, particularly focusing on (the intuitively expected link to) sound levels. For this, it resides upon empirical work, namely practical insights drawn from a case study of music performance (Persian instrumental music) in the context of a music class. The findings indicate that muscle force can be explained by a small set of (six) statistically significant acoustic and movement features, the latter captured by a state-of-the-art (full-body inertial) motion capture system. However, no straightforward link to sound levels is evident. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multimodal Interaction in Education)

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19 pages, 3560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional or Neglected Border Regions? Analysis of the Integrated Development Plans of Borderland Municipalities in South Africa

by Thato L. Maila and Klára Czimre

Urban Sci. 2024, 8(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8020046 - 07 May 2024

Abstract

The mainstream approach of regional integration impact assessments is mainly limited to assessing cross-border development projects/programmes. There is still a lack of critical assessment of how stakeholders at different institutional levels conceptualise the border. Local (municipal) strategic plans provide a reflection of the [...] Read more.

The mainstream approach of regional integration impact assessments is mainly limited to assessing cross-border development projects/programmes. There is still a lack of critical assessment of how stakeholders at different institutional levels conceptualise the border. Local (municipal) strategic plans provide a reflection of the spatial imaginaries of stakeholders, perception planners, institutional power structures, and, to some extent meaning of the border to the local people. Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) in South Africa were adopted as an important development planning strategy in the post-apartheid era. IDPs of 49 borderland municipalities were systematically reviewed using the Key-Word-in-Context (KWIC) content analysis technique of the keyword ‘border’ to determine the importance of state borders in light of regional integration. Border security and management is one of the most common themes associated with the border. This suggested that borders were mainly perceived as threats and barely considered as a potential resource for cross-border cooperation or integration. Full article

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