The production of pure water plays a pivotal role in enabling sustainable green hydrogen production through electrolysis. The current industrial approach for generating pure water relies on energy-intensive techniques such as reverse osmosis. This study unveils a straightforward method to produce pure water, employing real-world units derived from previously simulated and developed laboratory devices. This demonstrated system is cost-effective and boasts low energy consumption, utilizing membrane distillation (MD) driven by the waste heat harnessed from photovoltaic (PV) panels. In a previous study, modeling simulations were conducted to optimize the multi-layered MD system, serving as a blueprint for the construction of prototype devices with a suitable selection of materials, enabling the construction of field-testable units. The most efficient PV-MD device, featuring evaporation and condensation zones constructed from steel sheets and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes, is capable of yielding high-purity water with conductivity levels below 145 μS with high flux rates. Full article

Male-perpetrated intimate partner violence (IPV) is a severe human rights violation that negatively affects women’s well-being worldwide. Although many studies have examined the factors influencing IPV, few have investigated the changes in attitudes toward IPV during rapid economic growth. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify changes in attitudes toward husband-on-wife violence by gender, from 2007 to 2017, using individual data from the Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys. The estimation results revealed that, despite being more accepting of IPV, young women, women living in rural areas other than Java and Bali, and women belonging to lower social classes have significantly increased their negative attitudes toward IPV over the past decade. Although negative attitudes toward IPV have increased significantly among men living in eastern Indonesia, men in their teens, 20s, and 30s and those living in Sumatra have become more accepting of IPV. This suggests that the overall awareness of IPV resistance among men has not increased. The acceptance of IPV is more prevalent among employed women in the middle and lower socioeconomic strata than among their unemployed counterparts. However, the reverse trend has become clearer among women in the upper strata over the past decade. Full article

Single-phase input rectifier brushless DC motor drives with a small film capacitor have many advantages, such as high power density and high reliability. However, when the motor system operates in regenerative braking mode, the dc-link capacitor with reduced capacitance may suffer from overvoltage without adding additional hardware circuits. At the same time, the braking torque control of the motor will be affected by speed variations. In order to ensure smooth and reliable operation of the motor system, an anti-overvoltage braking torque control method is proposed in this article. The relationship among the dc-link capacitance, the dc-link capacitor voltage, and the speed during regenerative braking is analyzed quantitatively, and the speed at which the regenerative braking is switched to the plug braking is obtained, which in turn consumes the capacitor energy to avoid dc-link overvoltage. Additionally, based on the relationship between the controllability of the braking torque and the speed, a reference value of the braking current that matches the speed is designed. The proposed method makes use of the capacitor’s energy storage during regenerative braking. Meanwhile, it mitigates the impact of motor speed on braking torque. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on a motor platform equipped with the dc-link film capacitor. Full article

Variations in environments, including climate, diet, and agricultural practices, significantly impact the composition and microbial activity. A profound understanding of these adaptations allows for the improvement of nutrition and ruminant production. Therefore, this review aims to compile data from the literature on the rumen microbiota and molecular techniques for identifying the different types of microorganisms from the rumen fluid of ruminants. Analyzing the literature on rumen microbiology in different ruminants is complex due to microbial interactions, influenced by the environment and nutrition of these animals. In addition, it is worth noting that the genera of protozoa and fungi most evident in the studies used in this review on the microbiology of rumen fluid were Entodinium spp. and Aspergillus spp., respectively, and Fibrobacter spp. for bacteria. About the techniques used, it can be seen that DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing were the most cited in the studies evaluated. Therefore, this review describes what is present in the literature and provides an overview of the main microbial agents in the rumen and the molecular techniques used. Full article

This study aimed to investigate the effect of age and genetics on the fecal microbiota of beef calves. Ten purebred Nellore (Bos taurus indicus) and ten crossbreed 50% Nellore-50% European breed (Bos taurus taurus) calves co-habiting on the same pasture paddock had fecal samples collected on days five (5 d), 14 d, 28 d, 60 d, 90 d, 180 d, 245 d (weaning) and 260 d after birth. All calves were kept with their mothers, and six Nellore dams were also sampled at weaning. Microbiota analysis was carried out by amplification of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene following high-throughput sequencing with a MiSeq Illumina platform. Results revealed that bacterial richness increased with age and became more similar to adults near weaning. Differences in microbiota membership between breeds were found at 60 d and 90 d and for structure at 60 d, 90 d, 245 d, and 260 d (p < 0.05). In addition, crossbreed calves presented less variability in their microbiota. In conclusion, the genetic composition significantly impacted the distal gut microbiota of calves co-habiting in the same environment, and further studies investigating food intake can reveal possible associations between microbiota composition and performance. Full article

In recent years, biomonitoring has gained more attention, particularly when assessing the environmental health of significant areas, such as those near waste-to-energy facilities. These requirements coincide with the chance to detect environmental pollutants using sensitive organisms. Bees were shown to be quite effective in evaluating the presence of certain compounds by analyzing their associated matrices, such as pollen, honey, or wax. In our study, we employed the honey bee (Apis mellifera) as an indicator to initially monitor the vicinity of the waste-to-energy plant in Acerra, which is situated in the Campania region of Italy. The primary aim was to determine whether the facility was accountable for any environmental releases of dioxins or dioxin-like compounds. Then, we assessed the presence of additional pollutants in the same area, including trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticides, released by human activities. To obtain further information about environmental quality, a second biomonitoring station was installed near the Caivano S.T.I.R. (Waste Shredding, Sifting, and Packaging Plant). The results showed the dioxin levels did not exceed predetermined limitations at the Acerra site, thus demonstrating the efficacy of the waste-to-energy facility and the bees’ ability to detect the presence of other pollutants. Additionally, this biomonitoring system exhibited sensitivity to environmental variations, thereby enabling the evaluation of xenobiotic flux between two proximate zones and across temporal scales. This pioneering study suggests the advantages of utilizing bees to detect a wide range of contaminants, thereby providing valuable insights into environmental quality and potential health risks for both ecosystems and human populations. Full article

In countries like Japan, Australia, France, Denmark, and South Korea, the numbers of single-person households and older adults living alone have been steadily increasing each year, leading to the social issue of lonely deaths among older adults. Against this backdrop, this study proposes a method to develop a system for preventing lonely deaths based on information technology, including the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT sensor data, which include nine environmental variables such as indoor temperature, relative humidity, CO₂ concentration, fine dust particle levels, illuminance, total volatile organic compound levels, and occupancy data collected from passive infrared sensors, provide empirical evidence so that anomalies can be detected in the behavior patterns of older adults when they remain in one place for an unusually long time. Detecting such risky situations for older adults living alone involves anomaly detection through occupancy monitoring. The data from occupancy monitoring were analyzed using four classification models, namely Logistic Regression, k-Nearest Neighbor, Decision Tree, and Random Forest, with the performance of occupancy detection being compared across these models. Furthermore, the method proposed in this study includes data processing for environmental variables to improve the performance of occupancy detection. Full article

Machine Learning (ML) has developed rapidly in recent years, achieving exciting advancements in applications such as data mining, computer vision, natural language processing, data feature extraction, and prediction. ML methods are increasingly being utilized in various aspects of seismic engineering, such as predicting the performance of various construction materials, monitoring the health of building structures or components, forecasting their seismic resistance, predicting potential earthquakes or aftershocks, and evaluating the residual performance of post-earthquake damaged buildings. This study conducts a scientometric-based review on the application of machine learning in seismic engineering. The Scopus database was selected for the data search and retrieval. During the data analysis, the sources of publications relevant to machine learning applications in seismic engineering, relevant keywords, influential authors based on publication count, and significant articles based on citation count were identified. The sources, keywords, and publications in the literature were analyzed and scientifically visualized using the VOSviewer software tool. The analysis results will help researchers understand the trending and latest research topics in the related field, facilitate collaboration among researchers, and promote the exchange of innovative ideas and methods. Full article

With the development of Chinese society, there is an increasing demand for emissions reduction and the stable operation of the power grid. Regional comprehensive energy supply systems have entered the public’s view owing to their advantages of reducing capacity, unified dispatch, improving efficiency, and reducing energy consumption. This paper focuses on a system under construction in Chongqing, which adopts a combined gas tri-supply (combined cooling, heat, and power, CCHP) and dynamic ice storage cooling system as the research object. By establishing a mathematical model for the simulation research, this study examines the start–stop priority sequence of the gas tri-supply subsystem and the heat pump subsystem under the ice storage priority strategy in winter and summer and proposes corresponding optimization solutions. By comparing the annual operating energy consumption of the system, we conclude that the gas tri-supply composite system has good economic efficiency and peak-shaving capability, indicating that regional gas tri-supply composite systems have great application potential in the future. The proposed optimized operation strategy and simulated energy consumption calculation provide theoretical guidance for the construction and operation of both this project and similar projects. Full article

The present study investigates the degree of visual regularity perceived by viewers in architectural compositions, specifically concerning the type of pattern used. The research is grounded in psychological and neuropsychological universal determinants of visual perception, particularly the perception of visual regularity. The study is based on an empirical survey that involved 48 participants who rated various compositions on a Likert scale. The stimuli presented consisted of a typology of compositional patterns of facades of Polish multifamily buildings developed by Malewczyk, Taraszkiewicz, and Czyż in 2022. The survey results were subjected to statistical analyses, which revealed a clear relationship between the type of composition and its perceived regularity. This implies that architects can predict the perceived regularity of a composition based on its type, which is crucial since visual regularity is closely linked to the sense of spatial order and aesthetic value. Both of these aspects are vital for perceiving architecture as a built environment. The study highlights the significance of visual perception in architectural design, particularly how the public perceives composition types. Full article

The ‘Beautification of Roads and Parks in Qatar’ is an urban development project that intends to provide space for exercising in roadside greenery in central Doha due to a lack of accessible open spaces. Considering the potential health risks associated with inhaling traffic-borne PM2.5, this study investigated the efficacy of four common road vegetation scenarios in reducing traffic-borne PM2.5 concentration in roadside user zones using ENVI-met. It examined Spearman’s rank correlation between air temperature, relative humidity, traffic emission rate, and PM2.5 concentration in roadside user zones. Based on the results, (1) hedgerows lower PM2.5 concentrations in roadside user zones, while trees significantly increase the concentration. (2) There is a strong association between air temperature and relative humidity and the PM2.5 concentration. The PM2.5 concentration decreases as air temperature increases but it increases as relative humidity increases. (3) There is a moderately negative association between the traffic emission rate and the PM2.5 concentration; however, this association is not found to be statistically significant. The ENVI-met simulation showed a slight overestimation of PM2.5 concentration compared to the wind tunnel simulation. These findings provide insight into planning road vegetation to reduce traffic-borne PM2.5 in roadside user zones in the local hot arid climate. Full article

Based on the post-earthquake investigation of the Beiling and Hanshen earthquakes, many welded rigid beam–column joints were found to exhibit brittle failure. The failure modes of the joint region and the overall steel frame structure under the action of the earthquake need to be studied. The seismic performance of different types of weakened beam-end interior joints was investigated. The finite element method was verified by high-strength steel beam–column joint tests conducted by our research team. Finite element modeling of weakened steel beam flanges and weakened steel beam web joints was carried out based on the validated finite element modeling method. The joints were studied and analyzed using seismic parameters such as joint stress clouds, equivalent story shear–inter-story displacement ratio curves, panel zone bending moment–shear ratio curves, ductility, stiffness, and energy dissipation. The results of this study showed that honeycomb open hole-type joints exhibit a better deformation and energy dissipation capacity compared to open circular web hole-type joints. However, their load carrying capacity is reduced, which is mainly due to the larger area of the web openings. Additionally, double reduced beam section (DRBS) joints exhibit superior seismic performance and plastic hinge outward movement characteristics compared to single reduced beam section (RBS) joints. It was also found that the deformation and energy dissipation of DRBS joints and steel beam honeycomb hole-type joints are mainly borne by the beams, with the panel zone’s participation in energy dissipation accounting for a smaller proportion of the energy. Full article

Canyoning activities require physical effort, highlighting the importance of maintaining a proper physical fitness. Canyoning guides emerge as key figures, not only to ensure safety during the experience but also to handle unforeseen situations promptly. This study aims to assess the physiological profile of canyoning guides and the cardiorespiratory demands experienced during rope activities by means of oxygen uptake and heart rate measurements. Seventeen canyoning guides (42.6 y ± 10.78; BMI of 24.0 kg/m² ± 2.95) carried out coordinative and conditional tests. The participants showed good values in strength tests (27.3 cm ± 5.97 and 23.3 rep ± 8.06 in SJ and PUp tests, respectively), while the flexibility of males and females was below and well above the average, respectively. A noteworthy result was observed in the reaction test, in which a better performance was recorded with the non-dominant hand (168.1 ms vs. 202.0 ms). All subjects exhibited a low aerobic capacity by means of an RD test (10.6 ua ± 6.62). During rope activities and emergency/support simulations, metabolic and cardiovascular data indicated that a moderate/high effort was exerted, confirmed by an oxidative stress analysis. In conclusion, this study demonstrated how canyoning guides face significant physical requirements, but their physiological profile regarding aerobic power was not appropriate. Therefore, these findings could offer valuable insights into the development of specific training to ensure an appropriate aerobic fitness to perform canyoning safely. Full article

Recent research in the field of cognitive motor action decoding focuses on data acquired from Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) and its analysis. This research aims to classify two different motor activities, namely, mental drawing (MD) and spatial navigation (SN), using fNIRS data from non-motor baseline data and other motor activities. Accurate activity detection in non-stationary signals like fNIRS is challenging and requires complex feature descriptors. As a novel framework, a new feature generation by fusion of wavelet feature, Hilbert, symlet, and Hjorth parameters is proposed for improving the accuracy of the classification. This new fused feature has statistical descriptor elements, time-localization in the frequency domain, edge feature, texture features, and phase information to detect and locate the activity accurately. Three types of independent component analysis, including FastICA, Picard, and Infomax were implemented for preprocessing which removes noises and motion artifacts. Two independent binary classifiers are designed to handle the complexity of classification in which one is responsible for mental drawing (MD) detection and the other one is spatial navigation (SN). Four different types of algorithms including nearest neighbors (KNN), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), light gradient-boosting machine (LGBM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBOOST) were implemented. It has been identified that the LGBM classifier gives high accuracies—98% for mental drawing and 97% for spatial navigation. Comparison with existing research proves that the proposed method gives the highest classification accuracies. Statistical validation of the proposed new feature generation by the Kruskal–Wallis H-test and Mann–Whitney U non-parametric test proves the reliability of the proposed mechanism. Full article

Background: This study aims to evaluate PD-L1 expression in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) by using the tumor proportion score (TPS) and the combined positive score (CPS), and to investigate whether there is a correlation with clinicopathologic features. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted that included samples from patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma treated with colon resection and rectal resection after neoadjuvant radio- and chemotherapy at the Department of Abdominal Surgery at Požega Hospital in the period from 2017 to 2022. The study included 102 tumor tissue samples from patients after resection and the pathohistological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. Results: In our study, the PD-L1 positivity rate after the TPS was 42 (41%) samples, and after the CPS, 97 (95%) of them (p < 0.001). The positive expression of PD-L1 in tumor cells using the TPS method showed a statistically significant association with adenocarcinoma (TPS ≥ 10–50% and ≥50%). There were significantly more that were moderately differentiated, with TPS ≥ 50%, and those poorly differentiated had values ≥ 10–50%. There were significantly more patients with a status of more than one positive lymph node with TPS values ≥ 10–50%. Patients without metastases in the lymph nodes are significantly more likely to have CPS values > 50%, compared with other lymph node statuses. Conclusions: These results suggest that the total number of PD-L1-expressing cells, including tumor and immune cells, is a more sensitive biomarker than the number of PD-L1-expressing tumor cells alone in CRC. Full article

Background: The aim of this study was to exploit integrated PET/MRI to simultaneously evaluate the morphological, component, and metabolic features of advanced atherosclerotic plaques and explore their incremental value. Methods: In this observational prospective cohort study, patients with advanced plaque in the carotid artery underwent ¹⁸F-FDG PET/MRI. Plaque morphological features were measured, and plaque component features were determined via MRI according to AHA lesion-types. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUV_max) and tissue to background ratio (TBR) on PET were calculated. Area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were used to compare the incremental contribution of FDG uptake when added to AHA lesion-types for symptomatic plaque classification. Results: A total of 280 patients with advanced plaque in the carotid artery were recruited. A total of 402 plaques were confirmed, and 87 of 402 (21.6%) were symptomatic plaques. ¹⁸F-FDG PET/MRI was performed a mean of 38 days (range 1–90) after the symptom. Increased stenosis degree (61.5% vs. 50.0%, p < 0.001) and TBR (2.96 vs. 2.32, p < 0.001) were observed in symptomatic plaques compared with asymptomatic plaques. The performance of the combined model (AHA lesion type VI + stenosis degree + TBR) for predicting symptomatic plaques was the best among all models (AUC = 0.789). The improvement of the combined model (AHA lesion type VII + stenosis degree + TBR) over AHA lesion type VII model for predicting symptomatic plaques was the highest (AUC = 0.757/0.454, combined model/AHA lesion type VII model), and the NRI was 50.7%. Conclusions: Integrated PET/MRI could simultaneously evaluate the morphological component and inflammation features of advanced atherosclerotic plaques and provide supplementary optimization information over AHA lesion-types for identifying vulnerable plaques in atherosclerosis subjects to achieve further stratification of stroke risk. Full article

(1) Background: We reviewed a stem cell-derived therapeutic strategy for advanced neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) using a human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (hESC-RPE) monolayer delivered on a coated, synthetic basement membrane (BM)—the patch—and assessed the presence and distribution of hESC-RPE over 5 years following transplantation, as well as functional outcomes. (2) Methods: Two subjects with acute vision loss due to sub-macular haemorrhage in advanced nAMD received the hESC-RPE patch. Systematic immunosuppression was used peri-operatively followed by local depot immunosuppression. The subjects were monitored for five years with observation of RPE patch pigmentation, extension beyond the patch boundary into surrounding retina, thickness of hESC-RPE and synthetic BM and review for migration and proliferation of hESC-RPE. Visual function was also assessed. (3) Results: The two study participants showed clear RPE characteristics of the patch, preservation of some retinal ultrastructure with signs of remodelling, fibrosis and thinning on optical coherence tomography over the 5-year period. For both participants, there was evidence of pigment extension beyond the patch continuing until 12 months post-operatively, which stabilised and was preserved until 5 years post-operatively. Measurement of hESC-RPE and BM thickness over time for both cases were consistent with predefined histological measurements of these two layers. There was no evidence of distant RPE migration or proliferation in either case beyond the monolayer. Sustained visual acuity improvement was apparent for 2 years in both subjects, with one subject maintaining the improvement for 5 years. Both subjects demonstrated initial improvement in fixation and microperimetry compared to baseline, at year 1, although only one maintained this at 4 years post-intervention. (4) Conclusions: hESC-RPE patches show evidence of continued pigmentation, with extension, to cover bare host basement membrane for up to 5 years post-implantation. There is evidence that this represents functional RPE on the patch and at the patch border where host RPE is absent. The measurements for thickness of hESC-RPE and BM suggest persistence of both layers at 5 years. No safety concerns were raised for the hypothetical risk of RPE migration, proliferation or tumour formation. Visual function also showed sustained improvement for 2 years in one subject and 5 years in the other subject. Full article

Background and objectives: This review aims to delve into the role of artificial intelligence in medicine. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by superficial mucosal inflammation, rectal bleeding, diarrhoea and abdominal pain. By identifying the challenges inherent in UC diagnosis, we seek to highlight the potential impact of artificial intelligence on enhancing both diagnosis and treatment methodologies for this condition. Method: A targeted, non-systematic review of literature relating to ulcerative colitis was undertaken. The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched to categorize a well-rounded understanding of the field of artificial intelligence and its developing role in the diagnosis and treatment of ulcerative colitis. Articles that were thought to be relevant were included. This paper only included articles published in English. Results: Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to computer algorithms capable of learning, problem solving and decision-making. Throughout our review, we highlighted the role and importance of artificial intelligence in modern medicine, emphasizing its role in diagnosis through AI-assisted endoscopies and histology analysis and its enhancements in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Despite these advances, AI is still hindered due to its current lack of adaptability to real-world scenarios and its difficulty in widespread data availability, which hinders the growth of AI-led data analysis. Conclusions: When considering the potential of artificial intelligence, its ability to enhance patient care from a diagnostic and therapeutic perspective shows signs of promise. For the true utilization of artificial intelligence, some roadblocks must be addressed. The datasets available to AI may not truly reflect the real-world, which would prevent its impact in all clinical scenarios when dealing with a spectrum of patients with different backgrounds and presenting factors. Considering this, the shift in medical diagnostics and therapeutics is coinciding with evolving technology. With a continuous advancement in artificial intelligence programming and a perpetual surge in patient datasets, these networks can be further enhanced and supplemented with a greater cohort, enabling better outcomes and prediction models for the future of modern medicine. Full article

We present a case of a neonate born with prenatal diagnosis of Cantrell syndrome and ectopia cordis. This extremely rare congenital disorder underscores the significant need for multimodality imaging to plan further management. The aim of the study was to present the thoracoabdominal syndrome using a three-dimensional computed tomography angiography. The CT scans confirmed complex intracardiac defects consisting of tetralogy of Fallot, total anomalous pulmonary venous return and persistent left superior vena cava. In conclusion, Cantrell syndrome necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, from the onset of the prenatal diagnosis followed by prompt medical imaging and surgical interventions after birth. The thoracoabdominal wall defect including complete ectopia cordis is an extremely rare disorder with a fatal outcome. Full article

Turbulent water jets remain a critical study area, particularly the relation of the water flow with air entrainment and its role in energy dissipation at different hydraulic structures. Plunge pools, formed by the impact of jets on water cushions, play a pivotal role in energy dissipation. Understanding the complex flow dynamics within these pools is essential for designing efficient hydraulic structures. In this research, we present a comprehensive investigation of different numerical simulations, defining two-phase (air-water) in different ways, and them compare with experimental measurements. The primary objective is to analyze the pressure distribution at the bottom of a plunge pool induced by a vertical jet and understand the importance of accurately defining air-water flow in the dynamics of the jet into the pool. Our study bridges the gap between empirical data and computational modeling, shedding light on the intricate behavior of such flows with different method-based solvers: VOF, sub-grid, and multi-phase Euler. Various computational domains, mesh configurations, and analyses spanning different time periods, frequencies, and scales were considered. Full article

Sand boil formation at the toe of river embankments is the typical manifestation of the initiation and progression of an internal erosion process known as backward erosion piping, which is recognized to be a major concern in many river systems worldwide. In Italy, more than 130 sand boils have been detected along the Po River, many of them experiencing recurrent reactivations during high-water events. In recent years, as part of the activities of the European project LIFE SandBoil, the Italian authority responsible for flood protection and flood damage reduction along the Po River has implemented a GIS-based web application to catalogue the sand boils observed in its operating area. The resulting database allows keeping records of a comprehensive and varied set of information, in terms of predisposing factors, initiation conditions and surface effects. Taking as a reference a well-documented cross-section of the Po River prone to piping, this paper describes the main features of this versatile and flexible tool, whose long-term aim is to support vulnerability studies and the development of risk maps against piping. The database, which might also accommodate data from different river basins, is thus meant to help in flood risk management, by suggesting priorities for the implementation of mitigation measures and allowing the monitoring of intervention effectiveness. Full article

The cider market has been significantly expanding and gaining momentum in Eastern Europe. As such, the aim of this study was to obtain sparkling cider via the Champenoise method using two Romanian apple varieties (Topaz and Red Topaz) alongside the employment of two fermentations. Four yeast strains were used in the first fermentation, while encapsulated Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used in the second fermentation. The resulting cider was subjected to a comprehensive investigation to quantitatively determine the carbohydrates, organic acids, volatile and phenolic compounds, and amino acids from all the cider samples. A trained panel evaluated the sensory profile of the samples, and a chemometric analysis was used to interpret the data. Secondary fermentation increased the accumulation of malic acid and lactic acid, as well as the volatile profile complexity. The total polyphenol content in the sparkling cider samples increased by almost 20% in the S. cerevisiae sample and over 217% in the P. kluyveri + S. cerevisiae sample compared to the base cider. Additionally, studying the production and consumption trends of sparkling cider offers valuable insights for both producers and consumers. By understanding consumer preferences and refining production techniques, the industry can deliver higher-quality products that better align with market demands. Full article