Against the backdrop of accelerating environmental protection and resource conservation, it is of great significance to achieve energy conservation and sustainable growth. In this context, by collecting panel data from 284 cities in China from 2009 to 2021, this paper constructs an intensity difference-in-differences (I-DID) model, using the implementation of China’s environmental protection law in 2018 as an event shock, to explore the impact of environmental protection tax (EPT) on urban energy consumption. The results indicate that EPT significantly reduces urban energy consumption. After several robustness tests, the estimation results shown above still hold. The mechanism test reveals that EPT mainly reduces energy consumption by promoting urban industrial upgrading, economic openness, and technological innovation. In addition, the heterogeneity test shows that EPT has a greater impact on energy consumption in central and western cities, small and medium-sized cities, non-resource-based cities, and non-old industrial bases. Therefore, to fully improve the positive effect of EPT on urban energy consumption, we suggest increasing energy efficiency, promoting the green transformation of energy structures, enhancing the ability to open-up and innovate, and improving a differentiated regional EPT management system. Full article

To define the morphologic pattern of pediatric hand burns as visualized via optical coherence tomography (OCT) and dynamic OCT (D-OCT). We designed a scoring system to assess the depths of burn wounds on pediatric hands and tested this score in our cohort of children with burn injuries to the hand. Overall, 67 hand burns in 48 children (0–15 years) were prospectively examined. Scans were interpreted by two independent observers. Relevant OCT findings were surface irregularity, loss of epidermis, loss of dermal pattern (skin lines or papillary spots, loss of surface regularity and irregular vascular pattern of the plexus papillaris. Score values were calculated retrospectively. A score of 4 was associated with spontaneous healing without the need for skin grafting, with a positive predictive value of 97%. Deeper wounds with delayed healing and/or the need of skin grafting received a score of 5 or above, with an agreement of medical healing in 80% and a positive predictive value of 56%. OCT and D-OCT provide clinically useful additional information in cases of pediatric hand burns. The OCT burn score has the potential to support clinical decision making and, subsequently, improve clinical outcomes and shorten hospital stays. Full article

The intensity with which the phenomenon of depopulation has affected rural municipalities in Spain between 1950 and 2022 has led to a loss in the intergenerational transmission of traditional knowledge, values and customs. Sociocultural loss entails associated physical risks: the abandonment, demolition, and loss of vernacular architecture. This research analyzes the evolution of this type of architecture in a period of acute depopulation and its current state of conservation. A total of 180 case studies in the region of Comunidad Valenciana are analyzed through four factors affecting the physical vulnerability of dwellings: year of construction, state of conservation, type of use, and a combination of all three. Data management software is used to combine all the information and produce the results in a tabular and graphical format, while the Geographic Information System is used to draw up risk maps showing the results. These results are then divided into analysis groups created according to the degree of depopulation observed in the years mentioned. This made it possible to identify the relationship between depopulation and the conservation of vernacular architecture, showing the risk level for each case study, and thus creating an analysis methodology applicable in other territories affected by depopulation at a national and international level. Full article

Stroke often results in sensory deficits, muscular weakness, and diminished postural control, thereby restricting mobility and functional capabilities. It is important to promote neuroplasticity by implementing task-oriented exercises that induce changes in patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of rehabilitation robot training on physical function, functional recovery, and activities of daily living (ADLs) in patients with subacute stroke. The study participants were patients with subacute stroke receiving treatment at Hospitals A and B. They were selected as research subjects based on selection and exclusion criteria. The experimental group received rehabilitation robot training in sessions of 30 min, five times weekly, for a total of 20 sessions over four weeks. Conversely, the control group underwent standard rehabilitation equipment training with an identical frequency, duration, and number of sessions. Measurements were taken before and after the training period to assess changes in physical function, functional recovery, and activities of daily living using tools such as the MMT, BBS, FBG, FAC, FIM, and MBI. The results were as follows: in the within-group comparison, the rehabilitation robot training group showed significant differences in MMT, BBS, FBG, FAC, FIM, and MBI (p < 0.05), while the control group showed significant differences in FIM (p < 0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed in the time, group, and time × group interaction effects among the MMT, static seated FBG, dynamic seated FBG, FIM, and MBI (p < 0.05). Based on these results, rehabilitation robotic training resulted in significant improvements in physical function, functional recovery, and activities of daily living in patients with subacute stroke. Based on these findings, providing a basic protocol for a rehabilitation program that applies rehabilitation robot training to patients with subacute stroke may offer more effective treatment and outcomes in the future. Full article

Carbon (C) is an important isovalent impurity in silicon (Si) that is inadvertently added in the lattice during growth. Germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb) are isovalent atoms that are added in Si to improve its radiation hardness, which is important for microelectronics in space or radiation environments and near reactors or medical devices. In this work, we have employed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the structure and energetics of carbon substitutional-isovalent dopant substitutional C_sD_s (i.e., C_sGe_s, C_sSn_s and C_sPb_s) and carbon interstitial-isovalent dopant substitutional C_iD_s (i.e., C_iGe_s, C_iSn_s and C_iPb_s) defect pairs in Si. All these defect pairs are predicted to be bound with the larger isovalent atoms, forming stronger pairs with the carbon atoms. It is calculated that the larger the dopant, the more stable the defect pair, whereas the C_sD_s defects are more bound than the C_iD_s defects. Full article

The pil gene cluster for Type IV pilus (Tfp) biosynthesis is commonly present and highly conserved in Streptococcus sanguinis. Nevertheless, Tfp-mediated twitching motility is less common among strains, and the factors determining twitching activity are not fully understood. Here, we analyzed the functions of three major pilin proteins (PilA1, PilA2, and PilA3) in the assembly and activity of Tfp in motile S. sanguinis CGMH010. Using various recombinant pilA deletion strains, we found that Tfp composed of different PilA proteins varied morphologically and functionally. Among the three PilA proteins, PilA1 was most critical in the assembly of twitching-active Tfp, and recombinant strains expressing motility generated more structured biofilms under constant shearing forces compared to the non-motile recombinant strains. Although PilA1 and PilA3 shared 94% identity, PilA3 could not compensate for the loss of PilA1, suggesting that the nature of PilA proteins plays an essential role in twitching activity. The single deletion of individual pilA genes had little effect on the invasion of host endothelia by S. sanguinis CGMH010. In contrast, the deletion of all three pilA genes or pilT, encoding the retraction ATPase, abolished Tfp-mediated invasion. Tfp- and PilT-dependent invasion were also detected in the non-motile S. sanguinis SK36, and thus, the retraction of Tfp, but not active twitching, was found to be essential for invasion. Full article

In response to the challenge of low recognition rates for similar phenotypic symptoms of tea diseases in low-light environments and the difficulty in detecting small lesions, a novel adaptive method for tea disease severity detection is proposed. This method integrates an image enhancement algorithm based on an improved EnlightenGAN network and an enhanced version of YOLO v8. The approach involves first enhancing the EnlightenGAN network through non-paired training on low-light-intensity images of various tea diseases, guiding the generation of high-quality disease images. This step aims to expand the dataset and improve lesion characteristics and texture details in low-light conditions. Subsequently, the YOLO v8 network incorporates ResNet50 as its backbone, integrating channel and spatial attention modules to extract key features from disease feature maps effectively. The introduction of adaptive spatial feature fusion in the Neck part of the YOLOv8 module further enhances detection accuracy, particularly for small disease targets in complex backgrounds. Additionally, the model architecture is optimized by replacing traditional Conv blocks with ODConv blocks and introducing a new ODC2f block to reduce parameters, improve performance, and switch the loss function from CIOU to EIOU for a faster and more accurate recognition of small targets. Experimental results demonstrate that YOLOv8-ASFF achieves a tea disease detection accuracy of 87.47% and a mean average precision (mAP) of 95.26%. These results show a 2.47 percentage point improvement over YOLOv8, and a significant lead of 9.11, 9.55, and 7.08 percentage points over CornerNet, SSD, YOLOv5, and other models, respectively. The ability to swiftly and accurately detect tea diseases can offer robust theoretical support for assessing tea disease severity and managing tea growth. Moreover, its compatibility with edge computing devices and practical application in agriculture further enhance its value. Full article

The process of multifactorial oak disease has been of interest to scientists from all over the world for many years. Recently, a new phenomenon has been added to the model related to oak decline, acute oak dieback, which causes oak decline and was first described in the UK. This study presents research on this phenomenon in the area of the largest oak stand complex in Poland, the so-called Krotoszyn Plateau. This work was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, 54 trees were tested for the presence of bacteria using molecular biology (real-time PCR). Subsequently, a tissue fragment was taken for inoculation from the trees in which the presence of B. goodwinii and G. quercinecans bacteria was confirmed. The isolates obtained were used to test Koch’s postulates and for biochemical analyses for Polish strains. In addition, the results obtained were also compared with the presence of A. biguttatus, which is considered a bacterial vector, which, in turn, confirmed that the bacteria responsible for the AOD phenomenon can also be present in trees not inhabited by this insect. The results obtained confirmed the presence of bacteria and their potential to cause necrosis in oaks, which fits into the model of the spiral disease that has been causing mass mortality of oaks in this naturally and economically valuable area since the 1980s. Full article

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the impact of three different types of intraoperative antibiotic prophylaxis on the risk of postoperative surgical site infection (SSI). Material and Methods: Single-center retrospective cohort study. Patients who underwent surgery for osteosynthesis of a tibial plateau fracture (January 2009–November 2018) in Hospital Clinic i Provincial de Barcelona were included. Three types of prophylaxis during the study period were used: group A (cefuroxime single-dose treatment), group B (meropenem + teicoplanin), and group C (ceftriaxone + teicoplanin). Demographics, co-morbidity, type of fracture, need for external fixation, microbiology data, surgical time, and outcome were recorded. Failure was defined as the need for reintervention due to postoperative surgical site infection. Results: From a total of 148 patients included, 20 cases developed SSI, 8 from group A, 8 from group B, and 4 from group C. Higher ASA scores, Schatzker II classification, need for external fixation, and a prolonged surgical time were associated with a significantly (p < 0.005) increased incidence of SSI. Group C showed the overall highest survival and lowest cumulative risk, but differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Group C showed the lowest incidence of infection in this sample. It is necessary to confirm these findings with larger studies. Full article

Security and efficiency remain a serious concern for Internet of Things (IoT) environments due to the resource-constrained nature and wireless communication. Traditional schemes are based on the main mathematical operations, including pairing, pairing-based scalar multiplication, bilinear pairing, exponential operations, elliptic curve scalar multiplication, and point multiplication operations. These traditional operands are cost-intensive and require high computing power and bandwidth overload, thus affecting efficiency. Due to the cost-intensive nature and high resource requirements, traditional approaches are not feasible and are unsuitable for resource-limited IoT devices. Furthermore, the lack of essential security attributes in traditional schemes, such as unforgeability, public verifiability, non-repudiation, forward secrecy, and resistance to denial-of-service attacks, puts data security at high risk. To overcome these challenges, we have introduced a novel signcryption algorithm based on hyperelliptic curve divisor multiplication, which is much faster than other traditional mathematical operations. Hence, the proposed methodology is based on a hyperelliptic curve, due to which it has enhanced security with smaller key sizes that reduce computational complexity by 38.16% and communication complexity by 62.5%, providing a well-balanced solution by utilizing few resources while meeting the security and efficiency requirements of resource-constrained devices. The proposed strategy also involves formal security validation, which provides confidence for the proposed methodology in practical implementations. Full article

The effects of high-intensity blue light (HIBL, 500/1000 µmol m^–2s^–1, 450 nm) on Solanum lycopersicum mutants with high pigment (hp) and low pigment (lp) levels and cryptochrome 1 (cry1) deficiency on photosynthesis, chlorophylls, phenols, anthocyanins, nonenzymatic antioxidant activity, carotenoid composition, and the expression of light-dependent genes were investigated. The plants, grown under white light for 42 days, were exposed to HIBL for 72 h. The hp mutant quickly adapted to 500 µmol m^–2s^–1 HIBL, exhibiting enhanced photosynthesis, increased anthocyanin and carotenoids (beta-carotene, zeaxanthin), and increased expression of key genes involved in pigment biosynthesis (PSY1, PAL1, CHS, ANS) and PSII proteins along with an increase in nonenzymatic antioxidant activity. At 1000 µmol m^–2s^–1 HIBL, the lp mutant showed the highest photosynthetic activity, enhanced expression of genes associated with PSII external proteins (psbO, psbP, psbQ), and increased in neoxanthin content. This mutant demonstrated greater resistance at the higher HIBL, demonstrating increased stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate. The cry1 mutant exhibited the highest non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) but had the lowest pigment contents and decreased photosynthetic rate and PSII activity, highlighting the critical role of CRY1 in adaptation to HIBL. The hp and lp mutants use distinct adaptation strategies, which are significantly hindered by the cry1 mutation. The pigment content appears to be crucial for adaptation at moderate HIBL doses, while CRY1 content and stomatal activity become more critical at higher doses. Full article

Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV) is a major strain of viral fish virus resulting in multiple transmissions and devastating damage in aquaculture. Currently, there are no available approved therapeutics. In this study, we screened and identified a novel curcumin analog (EF-24) for evaluating its in vitro anti-SCRV properties and potential molecular mechanisms. Present results demonstrated that EF-24 could strongly delay the occurrence of cytopathic effects (CPEs) in epithelioma papulosum cyprinid cells (EPCs) and inhibit SCRV replication and viral nucleoprotein expression in the early stages of infection by the time-of-addition assay. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis after Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining and immunofluorescence microscopy observation after JC-1 incubation showed that EF-24 downregulated cell mitochondrial apoptosis induced by SCRV. The enzymatic activities of caspase-3 and caspase-9 were also reduced after EF-24 treatment, indicating that EF-24 may protect cells from SCRV infection by decreasing mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis in infected cells. Collectively, we demonstrated for the first time that the curcumin analog EF-24 possesses antiviral ability against SCRV, suggesting its potential for effective control of fish rhabdovirus spreading. Full article

To evaluate differences in the morphology of the frontal sinus in adolescents and adults with different craniofacial patterns, searches up to April 2024 were conducted in six databases and other information sources to identify observational studies. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment using the NOS scale were performed independently by two reviewers. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the difference in frontal sinus measurements between different craniofacial skeletal patterns (α = 0.05). The certainty of the evidence was evaluated according to GRADE. Fourteen studies were included in the review. All studies had methodological limitations that affected their quality. The syntheses showed that skeletal Class II subjects presented a significantly smaller width of the frontal sinus than skeletal Class I subjects (MD = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.74; p < 0.0001; I² = 3%). Skeletal Class III subjects showed a frontal sinus width (MD = −0.91; 95% CI: −1.35, −0.47; p < 0.0001; I² = 36%) and area (MD = −28.13; 95% CI: −49.03, −7.23; p = 0.0084; I2 = 66%) significantly larger than those of the skeletal Class I subjects. The available evidence suggests a positive relationship between mandibular and frontal sinus size. There is limited evidence to make reliable estimates of the association of other craniofacial patterns and frontal sinus characteristics. These reported results are not conclusive and should be evaluated carefully due to the very low certainty of the evidence. The current evidence is scarce and consists of studies with methodological limitations; the results of the studies are often inconsistent, and the pooled estimates are imprecise. New high-quality research is still necessary. Full article

The influence of different solvents, including aqueous and nonaqueous types, on the physicochemical properties of V₂O₅ nanostructures was thoroughly investigated. Various characterization techniques, such as XRD, XPS, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, UV-vis DRS, SEM, TEM, and BET, were employed to analyze the obtained materials. Additionally, the adsorption properties of the synthesized V₂O₅ nanostructures for methylene blue were examined, and kinetic parameters of adsorption were calculated. The results demonstrate that the morphology of the obtained crystals can be finely controlled by manipulating water concentration in the solution, showcasing its profound impact on both the structural characteristics and adsorption properties of the nanostructures. Furthermore, the structural changes of the resulting V₂O₅ material induced by solvents show strong impacts on its photocatalytic properties, making it a promising photocatalyst. Full article

Drones offer significant safety and security advantages by enhancing situational awareness across various fields. However, realizing these benefits hinges on well-designed drone systems. This study builds upon previous research on drone deployment challenges and proposes the Drone Safety and Security Surveillance System (D4S). D4S aims to standardize similar drone-based systems, enhancing situational awareness and supporting decision-making processes. While initially tailored for safety and security, D4S holds potential for broader applications. Two system architectures have been proposed and evaluated with positive feedback from safety and security professionals. D4S has the potential to revolutionize safety practices, improve situational awareness, and facilitate timely decision making in critical scenarios. Full article

Limited availability of hydrometeorological data and lack of data sharing practices have added to the challenge of hydrological modelling of large and transboundary catchments. This research evaluates the suitability of latest near real-time global precipitation measurement (GPM)-era satellite precipitation products (SPPs), IMERG-Early, IMERG-Late and GSMaP-NRT, for hydrological and hydrodynamic modelling of the Brahmaputra Basin. The HEC-HMS modelling system was used for the hydrological modelling of the Brahmaputra Basin, using IMERG-Early, IMERG-Late, and GSMaP-NRT. The findings showed good results using GPM SPPs for hydrological modelling of large basins like Brahmaputra, with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and R² values in the range of 0.75–0.85, and root mean square error (RMSE) between 7000 and 9000 m³ s⁻¹, and the average discharge was 20611 m³ s⁻¹. Output of the GPM-based hydrological models was then used as input to a 1D hydrodynamic model to assess suitability for flood inundation mapping of the Brahmaputra River. Simulated flood extents were compared with Landsat satellite-captured images of flood extents. In critical areas along the river, the probability of detection (POD) and critical success index (CSI) values were above 0.70 with all the SPPs used in this study. The accuracy of the models was found to increase when simulated using SPPs corrected with ground-based precipitation datasets. It was also found that IMERG-Late performed better than the other two precipitation products as far as hydrological modelling was concerned. However, for flood inundation mapping, all of the three selected products showed equally good results. The conclusion is reached that for sparsely gauged large basins, particularly for trans-boundary ones, GPM-era SPPs can be used for discharge simulation and flood inundation mapping. Full article

Background/Objectives:  Chronic total occlusion (CTO) is a prevalent finding in patients with coronary artery disease and is associated with increased mortality. Prior reports on the efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) compared to optimal medical therapy (OMT) were controversial. Following the emergence of recently published new evidence, a meta-analysis is warranted. The current meta-analysis assessed the effects of PCI compared to OMT in the treatment of CTO. Methods: A structured literature search was performed. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled studies of interventions were eligible. The primary outcome was an accumulated composite of cardiac mortality, myocardial infarction and target vessel/lesion revascularization events. Results: Thirty-two studies reporting on 11260 patients were included. Of these, 5712 (50.7%) were assigned to the PCI and 5548 (49.3%) were allocated to the OMT group. The primary outcome occurred in 14.6% of the PCI and 20.1% of the OMT group (12 trials, OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.88, p = 0.005, I² = 67%). Subgrouping demonstrated a consistent reduction in the primary outcome for the PCI group in RCTs (six trials, OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.99, p = 0.05). The primary outcome reduction was irrespective of the study design, and it was replicable in sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Advantages in other outcomes were rather related to statistical pooling effects and dominated by observational data. Conclusions: CTO-PCI was associated with improved patient-oriented primary outcome compared to OMT in a study-level meta-analysis. This composite outcome effect was mainly driven by target vessel treatment, but a significant reduction in mortality and myocardial infarction was observed, irrespectively. These findings have hypothesis-generating implications. Future RCTs with adequate statistical power are eagerly awaited. Full article

To investigate the interconnected effects of manufacturing processes on microstructure evolution during hot-rolling, a through process model is required. A novel numerical implementation of the mean-field approach was introduced to efficiently describe the grain growth of larger systems and extended durations. In this approach, each grain is embedded within an average medium and interacts with the average medium, thus avoiding the complexities of individual grain interactions. The proposed upsampling approach dynamically adjusts the simulation grain ensemble, ensuring efficiency and accuracy regardless of the initial number of grains present. This adaptation prevents undersampling artifacts during grain growth. The accuracy of the model is verified against analytical solutions and experimental data, demonstrating high agreement. Moreover, the effects of different initial conditions are successfully investigated, demonstrating the model’s versatility. Due to its simplicity and efficiency, the model can be seamlessly integrated into other microstructure evolution models. Full article

Lefamulin is a first-in-class systemic pleuromutilin antimicrobial and potent inhibitor of bacterial translation, and the most recent novel antimicrobial approved for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). It exhibits potent antibacterial activity against the most prevalent bacterial pathogens that cause typical and atypical pneumonia and other infectious diseases. Early studies indicate additional anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we further investigated the immune-modulatory activity of lefamulin in the influenza A/H1N1 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model in BALB/c mice. Comparators included azithromycin, an anti-inflammatory antimicrobial, and the antiviral oseltamivir. Lefamulin significantly decreased the total immune cell infiltration, specifically the neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells, NK cells, and B-cells into the lung by Day 6 at both doses tested compared to the untreated vehicle control group (placebo), whereas azithromycin and oseltamivir did not significantly affect the total immune cell counts at the tested dosing regimens. Bronchioalveolar lavage fluid concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF were significantly reduced, and MCP-1 concentrations were lowered (not significantly) by lefamulin at the clinically relevant ‘low’ dose on Day 3 when the viral load peaked. Similar effects were also observed for oseltamivir and azithromycin. Lefamulin also decreased the viral load (TCID₅₀) by half a log10 by Day 6 and showed positive effects on the gross lung pathology and survival. Oseltamivir and lefamulin were efficacious in the suppression of the development of influenza-induced bronchi-interstitial pneumonia, whereas azithromycin did not show reduced pathology at the tested treatment regimen. The observed anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory activity of lefamulin at the tested treatment regimens highlights a promising secondary pharmacological property of lefamulin. While these results require confirmation in a clinical trial, they indicate that lefamulin may provide an immune-modulatory activity beyond its proven potent antibacterial activity. This additional activity may benefit CAP patients and potentially prevent acute lung injury (ALI) and ARDS. Full article

The modern theory of stress, initially proposed by Hans Selye in 1956, signifies an important development in our understanding of this phenomenon. Selye’s The Stress of Life serves as a foundational book for subsequent scientific questions. In this article, we focus on a comprehensive look at stress and use a literature review to explain its theoretical foundations as well as its clinical equivalent. Our research focuses on the complex mechanisms of stress, with a particular emphasis on the consequences of cardiac remodeling and adaptation processes. Myocardial remodeling might be seen as a response to increased stress in acute or chronic situations. Stressed heart morphology (SHM) is a very interesting description representing basal septal hypertrophy (BSH), which is detectable in both acute emotional stress and chronic stress due to increased afterload in hypertension. Acute stress cardiomyopathy (ASC) and hypertension in the same individuals could be clinically linked. Also, in this report, we mention the geometric and functional similarity of the left ventricle (LV) septal base in both acute and chronic clinical situations. Therefore, cardiac imaging methods are crucial to assessing LV segmental aspects in ASC patients. We propose a new paradigm that ASC may develop in hypertensive patients with SHM. We document the segmental progression of microscopic LV remodeling using a third-generation microscopic ultrasound and note that BSH takes a longer time to occur morphologically than an acutely developed syndrome. However, the majority of ASC events have a predominant base, and the absence of segmental remodeling details, including BSH and cardiac decompensation with apical ballooning, on echocardiographic reports may mask the possible underlying hypertensive disease. In fact, beyond ASC cases, previously undiagnosed hypertension is very common, even in developed countries, and is associated with masked target organ damage. Full article

The objective of this study was to propose a teacher training program based on the flipped classroom model with MOOCs to strengthen access to information and information literacy among primary education teachers in the Lambayeque region of Peru. The non-experimental design was assumed with a quantitative approach and a propositional, descriptive type. A diagnosis was made using a questionnaire given to 917 primary school teachers. It was discovered that nearly all of the items in the questionnaire revealed a deficiency in the ability to navigate, search, and filter information, data, and digital content; the highest percentages were at the Basic level, with the exception of the item expressing information needs in an organized manner, which was at the Advanced C2 level. The lowest percentage was at the Advanced C1 level, and the majority of the lower percentages were at the Advanced level. In addition, there are competency deficiencies in the evaluation of information, data, and digital content of nearly all the items: the highest percentages were at the Basic level, with the exception of the item involving the processing of information, data, and digital content, where 26.4% were at the Intermediate B1 level and just 2.8% managed to be at the highest level, which is Advanced C2. Furthermore, when it came to storage and retrieval of information, data, and digital content competency, all the high percentages were at the Basic level, and all the low percentages were at the highest level, that is, Advanced. These findings helped us to understand that teachers have only a basic knowledge of information literacy and information competency. As a result, it is necessary to advocate for a teacher training program based on the flipped classroom model with MOOCs. This idea was supported by the opinions of five experts, who stated that its implementation would enable primary teachers of Regular Basic Education in the region of Lambayeque (Peru) to develop their access to information and information literacy competency area. Full article