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In Vivo Administration of Phosphatidic Acid, a Direct Alcohol Target Rescues Fetal Growth Restriction and Maternal Uterine Artery Dysfunction in Rat FASD Model

by Joseph D. Janeski, Vishal D. Naik, Alexander L. Carabulea, Hong Jiang and Jayanth Ramadoss

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1409; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101409 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Fetal growth restriction is a hallmark of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and is accompanied by maternal uterine circulatory maladaptation. FAS is the most severe form of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), a term for the range of conditions that can develop in a [...] Read more.

Fetal growth restriction is a hallmark of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and is accompanied by maternal uterine circulatory maladaptation. FAS is the most severe form of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), a term for the range of conditions that can develop in a fetus when their pregnant mother consumes alcohol. Alcohol exerts specific direct effects on lipids that control fundamental developmental processes. We previously demonstrated that direct in vitro application of phosphatidic acid (PA, the simplest phospholipid and a direct target of alcohol exposure) to excised uterine arteries from alcohol-exposed rats improved vascular function, but it is unknown if PA can rescue end organ phenotypes in our FASD animal model. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 40 total dams) were gavaged daily from gestational day (GD) 5 to GD 19 with alcohol or maltose dextrin, with and without PA supplementation, for a total of four unique groups. To translate and assess the beneficial effects of PA, we hypothesized that in vivo administration of PA concomitant with chronic binge alcohol would reverse uterine artery dysfunction and fetal growth deficits in our FASD model. Mean fetal weights and placental efficiency were significantly lower in the binge alcohol group compared with those in the control (p < 0.05). However, these differences between the alcohol and the control groups were completely abolished by auxiliary in vivo PA administration with alcohol, indicating a reversal of the classic FAS growth restriction phenotype. Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced uterine artery relaxation was significantly impaired in the uterine arteries of chronic in vivo binge alcohol-administered rats compared to the controls (p < 0.05). Supplementation of PA in vivo throughout pregnancy reversed the alcohol-induced vasodilatory deficit; no differences were detected following in vivo PA administration between the pair-fed control and PA alcohol groups. Maximal ACh-induced vasodilation was significantly lower in the alcohol group compared to all the other treatments, including control, control PA, and alcohol PA groups (p < 0.05). When analyzing excitatory vasodilatory p1177-eNOS, alcohol-induced downregulation of p1177-eNOS was completely reversed following in vivo PA supplementation. In summary, these novel data utilize a specific alcohol target pathway (PA) to demonstrate a lipid-based preventive strategy and provide critical insights important for the development of translatable interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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14 pages, 3197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Activity and Action Mechanism of Bacteriocin Paracin wx7 as a Selective Biopreservative against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis in Fresh-Cut Lettuce

by Qian Zhao, Qingling Zhao, Jiabo Li and Lanhua Yi

Foods 2024, 13(10), 1448; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13101448 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Fresh-cut vegetables are widely consumed, but there is no food preservative available to selectively inhibit vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis, which is a serious health menace in fresh-cut vegetables. To develop a promising food biopreservative, a bacteriocin, paracin wx7, was synthesized, showing selective inhibition [...] Read more.

Fresh-cut vegetables are widely consumed, but there is no food preservative available to selectively inhibit vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis, which is a serious health menace in fresh-cut vegetables. To develop a promising food biopreservative, a bacteriocin, paracin wx7, was synthesized, showing selective inhibition against E. faecalis with MIC values of 4–8 μM. It showed instant bactericidal mode within 1 h at high concentrations with concomitant cell lysis against vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis. Its lethal effect was visualized in a dose-dependent manner by PI/SYTO9 staining observation. The results of an in vivo control experiment carried out on E. faecalis in fresh-cut lettuce showed that 99.97% of vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis were dead after 64 μM paracin wx7 treatment for 7 days without influencing total bacteria. Further, the action mechanism of paracin wx7 was investigated. Confocal microscopy showed that paracin wx7 was located both on the cell envelope and in cytoplasm. For the cell envelope, the studies of membrane permeability using SYTOX Green dyeing and DNA leakage revealed that paracin wx7 damaged the membrane integrity of E. faecalis. Simultaneously, it exhibited membrane depolarization after analysis using DiSC₃(5). Damage to the cell envelope resulted in cell deformation observed by scanning electron microscopy. On entering the cytoplasm, the paracin wx7 induced the production of endogenous reactive oxygen species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Microbial Disease, Mechanical Damage and Chilling Injury on Storage and Processing Quality of Postharvest Fruits and Vegetables)

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17 pages, 4166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphology and Composition of Lumbar Intervertebral Discs: Comparative Analyses of Manual Measurement and Computer-Assisted Algorithms

by Yiting Cheng, Yuyan Ma, Kang Li, Celal Gungor, Richard Sesek and Ruoliang Tang

Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050466 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Background: The morphology and internal composition, particularly the nucleus-to-cross sectional area (NP-to-CSA) ratio of the lumbar intervertebral discs (IVDs), is important information for finite element models (FEMs) of spinal loadings and biomechanical behaviors, and, yet, this has not been well investigated and reported. [...] Read more.

Background: The morphology and internal composition, particularly the nucleus-to-cross sectional area (NP-to-CSA) ratio of the lumbar intervertebral discs (IVDs), is important information for finite element models (FEMs) of spinal loadings and biomechanical behaviors, and, yet, this has not been well investigated and reported. Methods: Anonymized MRI scans were retrieved from a previously established database, including a total of 400 lumbar IVDs from 123 subjects (58 F and 65 M). Measurements were conducted manually by a spine surgeon and using two computer-assisted segmentation algorithms, i.e., fuzzy C-means (FCM) and region growing (RG). The respective results were compared. The influence of gender and spinal level was also investigated. Results: Ratios derived from manual measurements and the two computer-assisted algorithms (FCM and RG) were 46%, 39%, and 38%, respectively. Ratios derived manually were significantly larger. Conclusions: Computer-assisted methods provide reliable outcomes that are traditionally difficult for the manual measurement of internal composition. FEMs should consider the variability of NP-to-CSA ratios when studying the biomechanical behavior of the spine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biosignal Processing)

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16 pages, 4753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus during COVID-19 Pandemic in Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2020–2021

by Moïse Henri Moumbeket Yifomnjou, Gwladys Chavely Monamele, Abdou Fatawou Modiyinji, Mohamadou Njankouo-Ripa, Boyomo Onana and Richard Njouom

Microorganisms 2024, 12(5), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12050952 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Worldwide, human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of severe infections of the lower respiratory system, affecting individuals of all ages. This study investigated the genetic variability of HRSV during the COVID-19 outbreak in Yaoundé; nasopharyngeal samples positive for HRSV were [...] Read more.

Worldwide, human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of severe infections of the lower respiratory system, affecting individuals of all ages. This study investigated the genetic variability of HRSV during the COVID-19 outbreak in Yaoundé; nasopharyngeal samples positive for HRSV were collected from different age groups between July 2020 and October 2021. A semi-nested RT-PCR was performed on the second hypervariable region of the G gene of detected HRSV, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic assessment. Throughout the study, 40 (37.7%) of the 106 HRSV-positive samples successfully underwent G-gene amplification. HRSV A and HRSV B co-circulated at rates of 47.5% and 52.5%, respectively. HRSV A clustered in the GA2.3.5 genetic lineage (ON1) and HRSV B clustered in the GB5.0.5a genetic lineage (BA9). Differences in circulating genotypes were observed between pre- and post-pandemic years for HRSV A. Predictions revealed potential N-glycosylation sites at positions 237-318 of HRSV A and positions 228-232-294 of HRSV B. This study reports the molecular epidemiology of HRSV in Cameroon during the COVID-19 pandemic. It describes the exclusive co-circulation of two genetic lineages. These findings highlight the importance of implementing comprehensive molecular surveillance to prevent the unexpected emergence of other diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging and Re-emerging Respiratory Viruses)

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13 pages, 2418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrospective Genotyping of Enteroviruses Using a Diagnostic Nanopore Sequencing Workflow

by Vanessa van Ackeren, Stefan Schmutz, Ian Pichler, Gabriela Ziltener, Maryam Zaheri, Verena Kufner and Michael Huber

Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050390 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Enteroviruses are among the most common viruses pathogenic to humans. They are associated with various forms of disease, ranging from mild respiratory illness to severe neurological diseases. In recent years, an increasing number of isolated cases of children developing meningitis or encephalitis as [...] Read more.

Enteroviruses are among the most common viruses pathogenic to humans. They are associated with various forms of disease, ranging from mild respiratory illness to severe neurological diseases. In recent years, an increasing number of isolated cases of children developing meningitis or encephalitis as a result of enterovirus infection have been reported, as well as discrete enterovirus D68 outbreaks in North America in 2014 and 2016. We developed an assay to rapidly genotype enteroviruses by sequencing a region within the VP1 gene using nanopore Flongles. We retrospectively analyzed enterovirus-/rhinovirus-positive clinical samples from the Zurich, Switzerland area mainly collected during two seasons in 2019/2020 and 2021/2022. Respiratory, cerebrospinal fluid, and stool samples were analyzed. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on samples with ambiguous genotyping results and enterovirus D68-positive samples. Out of 255 isolates, a total of 95 different genotypes were found. A difference in the prevalence of enterovirus and rhinovirus infections was observed for both sample type and age group. In particular, children aged 0–4 years showed a higher frequency of enterovirus infections. Comparing the respiratory seasons, a higher prevalence was found, especially for enterovirus A and rhinovirus A after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The enterovirus genotyping workflow provides a rapid diagnostic tool for individual analysis and continuous enterovirus surveillance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Molecular Epidemiology and Diagnostics of Human Pathogens)

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11 pages, 284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Differences in Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis in Overweight and Obese Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease before and after 8 Weeks of Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet

by Roberta Rinaldi, Sara De Nucci, Rossella Donghia, Rosanna Donvito, Nicole Cerabino, Martina Di Chito, Alice Penza, Francesco Pio Mongelli, Endrit Shahini, Marianna Zappimbulso, Pasqua Letizia Pesole, Sergio Coletta, Vincenzo Triggiani, Raffaele Cozzolongo, Gianluigi Giannelli and Giovanni De Pergola

Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1408; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101408 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are linked to steatotic liver disease (SLD), the most common form of chronic liver disease. Lifestyle modifications and dieting are strategies that can prevent metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is a helpful [...] Read more.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome are linked to steatotic liver disease (SLD), the most common form of chronic liver disease. Lifestyle modifications and dieting are strategies that can prevent metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is a helpful treatment for MASLD and has been recommended for people affected by obesity; we evaluated the effect of gender on steatosis and fibrosis in a cohort of 112 overweight or obese patients undergoing an eight-week treatment with a VLCKD. Differences between the genders in terms of anthropometric measures, body composition, and metabolic indicators were examined before, during, and after the nutritional intervention. At baseline, there were significant differences between men and women in terms of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting insulin, hepatic markers, and lipid profile. Men had considerably higher levels of liver steatosis (measured by CAP) and liver stiffness (measured by E) under basal conditions than women. After the VLCKD, there were reductions in both genders of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, insulin resistance, fat mass (FM), free fat mass (FFM), and fasting blood glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, alanine transaminase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (γGT), and uric acid levels. Only in men, liver stiffness, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels significantly decreased. Moreover, men had significantly greater levels of liver steatosis: the male gender featured an increase of 23.96 points of the Fibroscan CAP. Men exhibited higher levels of steatosis and fibrosis than women, and these differences persist despite VLCKD. These gender-specific variations in steatosis and fibrosis levels could be caused by hormonal and metabolic factors, suggesting that different therapeutic strategies might be required depending on the gender. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ketogenic Diet: Impact on Weight Management)

17 pages, 4000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mini-Beam Spatially Fractionated Radiation Therapy for Whole-Brain Re-Irradiation—A Pilot Toxicity Study in a Healthy Mouse Model

by Hong Yuan, Judith N. Rivera, Jonathan E. Frank, Jonathan Nagel, Colette Shen and Sha X. Chang

Radiation 2024, 4(2), 125-141; https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4020010 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

For patients with recurrent brain metastases, there is an urgent need for a more effective and less toxic treatment approach. Accumulating evidence has shown that spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) is able to provide a significantly higher therapeutic ratio with lower toxicity compared [...] Read more.

For patients with recurrent brain metastases, there is an urgent need for a more effective and less toxic treatment approach. Accumulating evidence has shown that spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) is able to provide a significantly higher therapeutic ratio with lower toxicity compared to conventional radiation using a uniform dose. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential low toxicity benefit of mini-beam radiotherapy (MBRT), a form of SFRT, for whole-brain re-irradiation in a healthy mouse model. Animals first received an initial 25 Gy of uniform whole-brain irradiation. Five weeks later, they were randomized into three groups to receive three different re-irradiation treatments as follows: (1) uniform irradiation at 25 Gy; (2) MBRT at a 25 Gy volume-averaged dose (106.1/8.8 Gy for peak/valley dose, 25 Gy-MBRT); and (3) MBRT at a 43 Gy volume-averaged dose (182.5/15.1 Gy for peak/valley dose, 43 Gy-MBRT). Animal survival and changes in body weight were monitored for signs of toxicity. Brains were harvested at 5 weeks after re-irradiation for histologic evaluation and immunostaining. The study showed that 25 Gy-MBRT resulted in significantly less body weight loss than 25 Gy uniform irradiation in whole-brain re-irradiation. Mice in the 25 Gy-MBRT group had a higher level of CD11b-stained microglia but also maintained more Ki67-stained proliferative progenitor cells in the brain compared to mice in the uniform irradiation group. However, the high-dose 43 Gy-MBRT group showed severe radiation toxicity compared to the low-dose 25 Gy-MBRT and uniform irradiation groups, indicating dose-dependent toxicity. Our study demonstrates that MBRT at an appropriate dose level has the potential to provide less toxic whole-brain re-irradiation. Future studies investigating the use of MBRT for brain metastases are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Innovative Radiation Therapies)

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24 pages, 3035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transformative Impact of Technology in Landscape Architecture on Landscape Research: Trends, Concepts and Roles

by Xiwei Shen, Mary G. Padua and Niall G. Kirkwood

Land 2024, 13(5), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13050630 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

The role of technology in landscape architecture (TLA) has significantly evolved since the 19th century, increasingly integrating with digital tools and technologies in the 21st century. Despite its growing importance, there is a notable deficiency in the scholarly literature regarding the progression of [...] Read more.

The role of technology in landscape architecture (TLA) has significantly evolved since the 19th century, increasingly integrating with digital tools and technologies in the 21st century. Despite its growing importance, there is a notable deficiency in the scholarly literature regarding the progression of TLA trends and their interplay with the core domains and research themes within landscape research. The influence of TLA on landscape research remains ambiguous, especially concerning its ability to generate new knowledge and impact design and sustainability practices. Furthermore, there is a critical need to delineate how TLA differs from allied general digital technology tools and to identify specific specializations that are emerging within the TLA field. To explore the above gaps, this study utilized a mixed methods approach involving secondary data from peer-reviewed publications, primary data from the archival research of winning projects, and expert interviews based on the two major research types of “Research through Design (RTD)” and “Research for Design (RFD)” to explore the TLA’s contribution. This research is significant as it: (1) identified the trend of TLA; (2) conceptualized the TLA, and (3) identified its role in relation to the core domains and research themes of landscape research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Design, Evaluation and Management Created by Novel Technologies)

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20 pages, 991 KiB

Open AccessReview

Global Approach to Follow-Up of Celiac Disease

by Gesala Perez-Junkera, Lorea Ruiz de Azua, Maialen Vázquez-Polo, Arrate Lasa, María Pilar Fernandez Gil, Itziar Txurruka, Virginia Navarro and Idoia Larretxi

Foods 2024, 13(10), 1449; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13101449 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder induced by the ingestion of gluten, affects approximately 1.4% of the population. Gluten damages the villi of the small intestine, producing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating and a subsequent loss of nutrient absorption, causing destabilization of the [...] Read more.

Celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder induced by the ingestion of gluten, affects approximately 1.4% of the population. Gluten damages the villi of the small intestine, producing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating and a subsequent loss of nutrient absorption, causing destabilization of the nutritional status. Moreover, gluten can trigger extra intestinal symptoms, such as asthma or dermatitis, but also mental disorders such as depression or anxiety. Moreover, people suffering from celiac disease sometimes feel misunderstood by society, mainly due to the lack of knowledge about the disease and the gluten-free diet. Thus, the treatment and follow-up of patients with celiac disease should be approached from different perspectives, such as the following: (1) a clinical perspective: symptomatology and dietary adherence monitorization; (2) nutritional assessment: dietary balance achievement; (3) psychological assistance: mental disorders avoidance; and (4) social inclusion: educating society about celiac disease in order to avoid isolation of those with celiac disease. The aim of this narrative review is to gain deep insight into the different strategies that currently exist in order to work on each of these perspectives and to clarify how the complete approach of celiac disease follow-up should be undertaken so that the optimum quality of life of this collective is reached. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gluten-Free Food and Celiac Disease Volume II)

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10 pages, 286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Fluid Intelligence and Physical Fitness in School Children

by Borja Bazalo, Verónica Morales-Sánchez, Nuria Pérez-Romero, Falonn Contreras-Osorio, Christian Campos-Jara, Antonio Hernández-Mendo and Rafael E. Reigal

Healthcare 2024, 12(10), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12100963 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Previous research has highlighted that active lifestyles that contribute to improved physical fitness are positively related to cognitive functioning in children and adolescents. Specifically, the increase in physical condition at school age is considered relevant because it is related to better cognitive ability [...] Read more.

Previous research has highlighted that active lifestyles that contribute to improved physical fitness are positively related to cognitive functioning in children and adolescents. Specifically, the increase in physical condition at school age is considered relevant because it is related to better cognitive ability and greater academic performance. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between explosive strength, speed–agility, and fluid reasoning in schoolchildren. To achieve this objective, an associative, comparative, and predictive design was used in this research. A total of 129 children participated in this study (age: M = 9.48; SD = 0.99). To assess fluid reasoning, the Raven test’s Standard Progressive Matrices Subtest and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) were used. To assess physical fitness, the speed–agility test and the horizontal jump test (ALPHA-fitness battery tests), as well as the ball throw test (2 kg), were used. The results showed that the speed–agility test significantly predicted WISC-V Fluid Reasoning Index scores, and the medicine ball toss test significantly predicted Raven test scores. The results obtained highlight the associations between physical condition at these ages and fluid intelligence. This suggests that promoting active lifestyles that improve physical fitness could have a positive impact on children’s cognitive health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity, Healthy Lifestyle and Well-Being across the Lifespan)

15 pages, 2208 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two for One—Combined Morphologic and Quantitative Knee Joint MRI Using a Versatile Turbo Spin-Echo Platform

by Teresa Lemainque, Nicola Pridöhl, Marc Huppertz, Manuel Post, Can Yüksel, Robert Siepmann, Karl Ludger Radke, Shuo Zhang, Masami Yoneyama, Andreas Prescher, Christiane Kuhl, Daniel Truhn and Sven Nebelung

Diagnostics 2024, 14(10), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14100978 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Quantitative MRI techniques such as T2 and T1ρ mapping are beneficial in evaluating knee joint pathologies; however, long acquisition times limit their clinical adoption. MIXTURE (Multi-Interleaved X-prepared Turbo Spin-Echo with IntUitive RElaxometry) provides a versatile turbo spin-echo (TSE) platform for simultaneous morphologic and [...] Read more.

Quantitative MRI techniques such as T2 and T1ρ mapping are beneficial in evaluating knee joint pathologies; however, long acquisition times limit their clinical adoption. MIXTURE (Multi-Interleaved X-prepared Turbo Spin-Echo with IntUitive RElaxometry) provides a versatile turbo spin-echo (TSE) platform for simultaneous morphologic and quantitative joint imaging. Two MIXTURE sequences were designed along clinical requirements: “MIX1”, combining proton density (PD)-weighted fat-saturated (FS) images and T2 mapping (acquisition time: 4:59 min), and “MIX2”, combining T1-weighted images and T1ρ mapping (6:38 min). MIXTURE sequences and their reference 2D and 3D TSE counterparts were acquired from ten human cadaveric knee joints at 3.0 T. Contrast, contrast-to-noise ratios, and coefficients of variation were comparatively evaluated using parametric tests. Clinical radiologists (n = 3) assessed diagnostic quality as a function of sequence and anatomic structure using five-point Likert scales and ordinal regression, with a significance level of α = 0.01. MIX1 and MIX2 had at least equal diagnostic quality compared to reference sequences of the same image weighting. Contrast, contrast-to-noise ratios, and coefficients of variation were largely similar for the PD-weighted FS and T1-weighted images. In clinically feasible scan times, MIXTURE sequences yield morphologic, TSE-based images of diagnostic quality and quantitative parameter maps with additional insights on soft tissue composition and ultrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging and Theranostics)

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16 pages, 10038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved YOLOv8-Pose Algorithm for Albacore Tuna (Thunnus alalunga) Fork Length Extraction and Weight Estimation

by Yuqing Liu, Zhou Fu, Liming Song, Hengshou Sui and Bin Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(5), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050784 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Aiming at the problems of large statistical error and the poor real-time performance of catch weight in the ocean fishing tuna industry, an algorithm based on improved YOLOv8-Pose for albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) fork length extraction and weight estimation is proposed, [...] Read more.

Aiming at the problems of large statistical error and the poor real-time performance of catch weight in the ocean fishing tuna industry, an algorithm based on improved YOLOv8-Pose for albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) fork length extraction and weight estimation is proposed, with reference to the human body’s pose estimation algorithm. Firstly, a lightweight module constructed using a heavy parameterization technique is used to replace the backbone network, and secondly, a weighted bidirectional feature pyramid network BIFPN is utilized. Finally, the upper and lower jaw and tail feature points of the albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) were extracted using the key point detection algorithm, and the weight of the albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) was estimated based on the fitted relationship between fork length and weight. The experimental results show that the improved YOLOv8-Pose algorithm reduces the number of model parameters by 13.63% and the number of floating-point operations by 14.03% compared with the baseline model without decreasing the accuracy of the target detection and key point detection and improves the model inference speed by 374%. At the same time, it reduces the drift of the key point detection, and the error of the comparison with the actual albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) body weight is not more than 10%. The improved key point detection algorithm has high detection accuracy and inference speed, which provides accurate yield data for pelagic fishing and is expected to solve the existing statistical problems and improve the accuracy and real-time performance of data in the fishing industry. Full article

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20 pages, 3121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

No Evidence of Sensory Neuropathy in a Traditional Mouse Model of Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease

by Mahvish Faisal, Anna Rusetskaya, Liis Väli, Pille Taba, Ave Minajeva and Miriam A. Hickey

Cells 2024, 13(10), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13100799 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and is diagnosed based on motor impairments. Non-motor symptoms are also well-recognised in this disorder, and peripheral neuropathy is a frequent but poorly appreciated non-motor sign. Studying how central and peripheral sensory systems [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and is diagnosed based on motor impairments. Non-motor symptoms are also well-recognised in this disorder, and peripheral neuropathy is a frequent but poorly appreciated non-motor sign. Studying how central and peripheral sensory systems are affected can contribute to the development of targeted therapies and deepen our understanding of the pathophysiology of PD. Although the cause of sporadic PD is unknown, chronic exposure to the pesticide rotenone in humans increases the risk of developing the disease. Here, we aimed to investigate whether peripheral neuropathy is present in a traditional model of PD. Mice receiving intrastriatal rotenone showed greatly reduced dopamine terminals in the striatum and a reduction in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the Substantia nigra pars compacta and developed progressive motor impairments in hindlimb stepping and rotarod but no change in spontaneous activity. Interestingly, repeated testing using gold-standard protocols showed no change in gut motility, a well-known non-motor symptom of PD. Importantly, we did not observe any change in heat, cold, or touch sensitivity, again based upon repeated testing with well-validated protocols that were statistically well powered. Therefore, this traditional model fails to replicate PD, and our data again reiterate the importance of the periphery to the disorder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Translational Research in Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases: From In Vitro to In Vivo Models, from Animals to Humans, from Qualitative to Quantitative Methods, 3rd Edition)

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15 pages, 3163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transforming Poultry Farming: A Pyramid Vision Transformer Approach for Accurate Chicken Counting in Smart Farm Environments

by Ridip Khanal, Yoochan Choi and Joonwhoan Lee

Sensors 2024, 24(10), 2977; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24102977 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Smart farm environments, equipped with cutting-edge technology, require proficient techniques for managing poultry. This research investigates automated chicken counting, an essential part of optimizing livestock conditions. By integrating artificial intelligence and computer vision, it introduces a transformer-based chicken-counting model to overcome challenges to [...] Read more.

Smart farm environments, equipped with cutting-edge technology, require proficient techniques for managing poultry. This research investigates automated chicken counting, an essential part of optimizing livestock conditions. By integrating artificial intelligence and computer vision, it introduces a transformer-based chicken-counting model to overcome challenges to precise counting, such as lighting changes, occlusions, cluttered backgrounds, continual chicken growth, and camera distortions. The model includes a pyramid vision transformer backbone and a multi-scale regression head to predict precise density maps of the crowded chicken enclosure. The customized loss function incorporates curriculum loss, allowing the model to learn progressively, and adapts to diverse challenges posed by varying densities, scales, and appearances. The proposed annotated dataset includes data on various lighting conditions, chicken sizes, densities, and placements. Augmentation strategies enhanced the dataset with brightness, contrast, shadow, blur, occlusion, cropping, and scaling variations. Evaluating the model on the proposed dataset indicated its robustness, with a validation mean absolute error of 27.8, a root mean squared error of 40.9, and a test average accuracy of 96.9%. A comparison with the few-shot object counting model SAFECount demonstrated the model’s superior accuracy and resilience. The transformer-based approach was 7.7% more accurate than SAFECount. It demonstrated robustness in response to different challenges that may affect counting and offered a comprehensive and effective solution for automated chicken counting in smart farm environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Key Technologies of Smart Agriculture)

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21 pages, 4751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Elevated Inflammatory Status of Neutrophils Is Related to In-Hospital Complications in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Has Important Prognosis Value for Diabetic Patients

by Elena Barbu, Andreea Cristina Mihaila, Ana-Maria Gan, Letitia Ciortan, Razvan Daniel Macarie, Monica Madalina Tucureanu, Alexandru Filippi, Andra Ioana Stoenescu, Stefanita Victoria Petrea, Maya Simionescu, Serban Mihai Balanescu and Elena Butoi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5107; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105107 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Despite neutrophil involvement in inflammation and tissue repair, little is understood about their inflammatory status in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with poor outcomes. Hence, we investigated the potential correlation between neutrophil inflammatory markers and the prognosis of ACS patients with/without diabetes and [...] Read more.

Despite neutrophil involvement in inflammation and tissue repair, little is understood about their inflammatory status in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with poor outcomes. Hence, we investigated the potential correlation between neutrophil inflammatory markers and the prognosis of ACS patients with/without diabetes and explored whether neutrophils demonstrate a unique inflammatory phenotype in patients experiencing an adverse in-hospital outcome. The study enrolled 229 ACS patients with or without diabetes. Poor evolution was defined as either death, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <40%, Killip Class 3/4, ventricular arrhythmias, or mechanical complications. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to identify clinical and paraclinical factors associated with in-hospital outcomes. Neutrophils isolated from fresh blood were investigated using qPCR, Western blot, enzymatic assay, and immunofluorescence. Poor evolution post-myocardial infarction (MI) was associated with increased number, activity, and inflammatory status of neutrophils, as indicated by significant increase of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and, interleukin-6 (IL-6). Among the patients with complicated evolution, neutrophil activity had an important prognosis value for diabetics. Neutrophils from patients with unfavorable evolution revealed a pro-inflammatory phenotype with increased expression of CCL3, IL-1β, interleukin-18 (IL-18), S100A9, intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), matrix metalloprotease (MMP-9), of molecules essential in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production p22phox and Nox2, and increased capacity to form neutrophil extracellular traps. Inflammation is associated with adverse short-term prognosis in acute ACS, and inflammatory biomarkers exhibit greater specificity in predicting short-term outcomes in diabetics. Moreover, neutrophils from patients with unfavorable evolution exhibit distinct inflammatory patterns, suggesting that alterations in the innate immune response in this subgroup may exert detrimental effects on disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases 2.0)

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27 pages, 35405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Tourist Satisfaction Based on the Conservation and Reuse of Alleyway Spaces in Urban Historic Neighborhoods

by Yimin Song, Chenqi Han and Yang Zhao

Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1324; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051324 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

The preservation and reuse of historical alley spaces infuse these areas with renewed vitality, which holds significant importance for the direction of preservation and restoration efforts in historical districts. This paper focuses on Jinyu Alley in Quanzhou and identifies a study targeting tourists [...] Read more.

The preservation and reuse of historical alley spaces infuse these areas with renewed vitality, which holds significant importance for the direction of preservation and restoration efforts in historical districts. This paper focuses on Jinyu Alley in Quanzhou and identifies a study targeting tourists for the protection and reuse of historical alley spaces. Through preliminary research and interviews, a system of evaluation indicators for urban historical alley spaces post-usage was established using a factor analysis, extracting five main components: historical context, neighborhood space, commercial environment, supporting facilities, and operational management. Additionally, a modified importance–performance analysis (IPA) method was employed to conduct a quadrant analysis on tourist satisfaction evaluation indicators. Transformation quadrant distribution maps of various evaluation indicators reveal dissatisfaction among tourists with certain aspects of supporting facilities, the commercial environment, and neighborhood space. Relevant departments should prioritize improvements in dining quality, business variety, neighborhood traffic connections and transformations, neighborhood space form and scale, landscape greening, environmental elements, parking availability, and trash bin density for future enhancements. Finally, based on the results of tourist satisfaction surveys and information gathered from interviews with a minority of residents, a more inclusive and sustainable strategy for the protection and reuse of historical alley spaces is formulated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Dimensional Organic Conservation of Historical Neighborhood Buildings in the Context of Sustainable Urban Renewal)

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10 pages, 570 KiB

Open AccessReview

by Sebastian Piwowarczyk, Paweł Obłój, Łukasz Janicki, Kornelia Kowalik, Adam Łukaszuk and Mariusz Siemiński

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(5), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14050473 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases. Epileptic seizures very often result in head injuries that may lead to many adverse consequences, both acute and chronic. They contribute to the need for hospitalization, modification of treatment, and a general decline in [...] Read more.

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases. Epileptic seizures very often result in head injuries that may lead to many adverse consequences, both acute and chronic. They contribute to the need for hospitalization, modification of treatment, and a general decline in social productivity. The objective of our review is to characterize and assess management aspects of seizure-related head injuries (SRHIs) as an important and frequent clinical problem present in emergency department settings. PubMed and other relevant databases and websites were systematically searched for articles on traumatic brain injuries connected with the occurrence of seizures published from inception to 9 April 2024; then, we reviewed the available literature. Our review showed that SRHIs can lead to various acute complications, in some cases requiring hospitalization and neurosurgical intervention. Long-term complications and cognitive decline after injury might be present, eventually implying a negative impact on a patient’s quality of life. Despite being frequent and clinically important, there are still no widely accepted, uniform recommendations for the management of patients with SRHIs. As such, a concise and standardized protocol for the management of seizure-related head injuries in emergency departments is worth consideration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuropharmacology and Neuropathology)

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13 pages, 2187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Gnaphalium affine Extract on the Gel Properties of •OH-Induced Oxidation of Myofibrillar Proteins

by Haijun Chang, Yu Hu, Yuanwei Shi, Jie Xiong and Zhaoying Bo

Foods 2024, 13(10), 1447; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13101447 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Gnaphalium affine extract (GAE) (0.04, 0.2 and 1 mg/g protein) on the gel properties of porcine myofibrillar proteins (MPs) in a simulated Fenton oxidation system, using tea polyphenols (TPs) at similar concentrations of 0.04, 0.2, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Gnaphalium affine extract (GAE) (0.04, 0.2 and 1 mg/g protein) on the gel properties of porcine myofibrillar proteins (MPs) in a simulated Fenton oxidation system, using tea polyphenols (TPs) at similar concentrations of 0.04, 0.2, and 1 mg/g protein, respectively, as a contrast. The findings revealed that as the TP concentration increased, the water retention of MP gels decreased significantly (p < 0.05). In contrast, MP gels containing medium and high concentrations of GAE exhibited significantly higher water retention than those with low concentrations of GAE (p < 0.05). When the concentration of GAE was increased to 1 mg/g protein, the strength of MP gels was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) by 33.32% compared with the oxidized control group, suggesting that low and medium GAE concentrations support MP gel formation. A texture profile analysis indicated that an appropriate GAE concentration improved gel structure and texture. Dynamic rheological characterization revealed that low concentrations of TP (0.04 mg/g protein) and low and medium concentrations of GAE (0.04 and 0.2 mg/g protein) strengthened the protein gel system. Conversely, high concentrations of TP and GAE (1.0 mg/g protein) damaged the protein gel system or even promoted the collapse of the gel system. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that higher TP concentrations disrupted the gel, whereas low and medium GAE concentrations maintained a more continuous and complete gel network structure compared with the oxidized control group. This indicates that an appropriate GAE concentration could effectively hinder the destruction of the gel network structure by oxidation. Therefore, based on the obtained results, 0.2 mg/g protein is recommended as the ideal concentration of GAE to be used in actual meat processing to regulate the oxidization and gel properties of meat products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing and Nutritional Evaluation of Animal Products)

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9 pages, 3703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chromatographic Assessment of Organic Compounds Using Carbon Nanotubes: The Relationship between Affinity and Dispersibility

by Taiyo Shimizu, Ryoichi Kishi, Atsushi Hirano, Ken Kokubo and Kenji Hata

Nanomaterials 2024, 14(10), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14100824 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

The affinity between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and organic compounds is of substantial importance since it strongly relates to the dispersibility of CNTs in those compounds. Several affinity evaluation methods have been developed so far, and the concept of the Hansen solubility parameter is [...] Read more.

The affinity between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and organic compounds is of substantial importance since it strongly relates to the dispersibility of CNTs in those compounds. Several affinity evaluation methods have been developed so far, and the concept of the Hansen solubility parameter is a representative method widely used in the field of nanocarbon materials. Here, we demonstrate that CNT-loaded silica columns can effectively assess the affinity of organic compounds for CNT surface by exploiting the chromatographic retention time as a criterion. Obtained trends of the affinity of organic compounds for CNT were compared to those based on Hansen solubility parameter distance values. Most organic compounds showed similar trends, but one exceptional compound was observed. Simple CNT dispersion tests were conducted with these organic compounds to demonstrate the advantage of the chromatographic assessment. Further, we conducted comparison experiments using a pyrene-functionalized column and other CNT-loaded columns to elucidate the characteristics of each CNT column. The chromatographic approaches using CNT columns would be beneficial for realizing CNT suspensions with improved CNT dispersibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Properties, and Cutting-Edge Applications)

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12 pages, 289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuropsychological Profile of 25 Brazilian Patients with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Effects of Clinical and Socioeconomic Variables

by Larissa Salustiano Evangelista Pimenta, Claudia Berlim de Mello, Luciana Mello Di Benedetto, Diogo Cordeiro de Queiroz Soares, Leslie Domenici Kulikowski, Anelisa Gollo Dantas, Maria Isabel Melaragno and Chong Ae Kim

Genes 2024, 15(5), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15050595 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with a heterogeneous neurocognitive phenotype, which includes psychiatric disorders. However, few studies have investigated the influence of socioeconomic variables on intellectual variability. The aim of this study was to investigate the cognitive profile of 25 patients, [...] Read more.

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is associated with a heterogeneous neurocognitive phenotype, which includes psychiatric disorders. However, few studies have investigated the influence of socioeconomic variables on intellectual variability. The aim of this study was to investigate the cognitive profile of 25 patients, aged 7 to 32 years, with a typical ≈3 Mb 22q11.2 deletion, considering intellectual, adaptive, and neuropsychological functioning. Univariate linear regression analysis explored the influence of socioeconomic variables on intellectual quotient (IQ) and global adaptive behavior. Associations with relevant clinical conditions such as seizures, recurrent infections, and heart diseases were also considered. Results showed IQ scores ranging from 42 to 104. Communication, executive functions, attention, and visuoconstructive skills were the most impaired in the sample. The study found effects of access to quality education, family socioeconomic status (SES), and caregiver education level on IQ. Conversely, age at diagnosis and language delay were associated with outcomes in adaptive behavior. This characterization may be useful for better understanding the influence of social-environmental factors on the development of patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, as well as for intervention processes aimed at improving their quality of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenotype and Pathogenetic Mechanisms in 22q11.2 Deletion/DiGeorge Syndrome)

20 pages, 460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Activity and Fatty Acid Profile of Sous-Vide Beef Marinated with Kiwiberry Fruit Pulp: Effects of Level Addition and Refrigerated Storage

by Gabriela Haraf, Zuzanna Goluch, Mirosława Teleszko and Piotr Latocha

Foods 2024, 13(10), 1446; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13101446 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity (AA) and fatty acid (FA) profile of sous-vide beef previously marinated in brine with a 10, 20 and 30% addition of kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta cv. ‘Ananasnaya’) fruit pulp, as well as [...] Read more.

The purpose of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity (AA) and fatty acid (FA) profile of sous-vide beef previously marinated in brine with a 10, 20 and 30% addition of kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta cv. ‘Ananasnaya’) fruit pulp, as well as changes in the parameters studied after 0, 1, 2 and 3 weeks of refrigerated storage in a vacuum package. The FA profile, FRAP (ferric-reducing antioxidant power assay), ABTS (2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-acid)), total polyphenols, chlorophylls and carotenoids were also determined in the fruit pulp. Lipid indices for meat were calculated based on the obtained FA profile. The values of FRAP and ABTS of experimental meat products were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than those of control samples but decreased with storage time. The proportion of unsaturated FA in the lipids of sous-vide meat was higher in samples with pulp than in control samples and insignificantly decreased with storage time. Meat marinated with kiwiberry pulp was characterized by a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher proportion of ALA (α-linolenic acid) and LA (linoleic acid), considerably affecting the more favorable value of polyunsaturated FA/saturated FA ratio. A troubling finding was the heightened level of palmitic acid (C16:0) in the lipids of beef subjected to 30% kiwiberry pulp, a factor recognized to play a significant role in the development of various diseases. Beef marinated with 20% kiwiberry pulp addition provides greater nutritional and health benefits than other sample variants because of optimal AA and FA profile changes during refrigerated storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Meat and Meat Products and Their Role in Human Health)

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18 pages, 5287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Laboratory-Made and Industrial-Made Sewage Sludge Ash: Implications for Effective Management Strategy Development

by Bartłomiej Michał Cieślik, Oskar Ronda, Elżbieta Grządka, Jolanta Orzeł and Justyna Płotka-Wasylka

Toxics 2024, 12(5), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12050344 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

In the pursuit of environmentally and economically sustainable sewage sludge ash (SSA) management methods, researchers often employ laboratory-made SSA (L-SSA) as a substitute for industrial-made SSA (I-SSA) produced in fluidized bed furnaces. To check whether L-SSA is a material that imitates I-SSA well, [...] Read more.

In the pursuit of environmentally and economically sustainable sewage sludge ash (SSA) management methods, researchers often employ laboratory-made SSA (L-SSA) as a substitute for industrial-made SSA (I-SSA) produced in fluidized bed furnaces. To check whether L-SSA is a material that imitates I-SSA well, the fractionation of metals whose presence is a significant problem during SSA management was performed. In addition, the grain distribution, specific surface area, and textural properties of the tested materials were examined. Differences in total Pb and Hg content and mobility of Cu, Ni, Mn, and Zn were observed between I-SSA and L-SSA. Larger particle sizes of L-SSA compared to I-SSA were confirmed, while comparable textural properties and specific surface area of both types of materials were maintained. Based on the results, it was concluded that L-SSA is chemically different compared to I-SSA, and that L-SSA should not be used as a reference in research focused on the design of SSA management methods. Moreover, fractionation of metals was performed in disposed fluidized beds (FBs), which are diverted to non-hazardous waste landfills without prior analysis. It has been proven that studied metals are present in FBs as abundantly as in SSA, while Cu, Mn, and Ni may show higher mobility than in I-SSA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Radioactive Substances)

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13 pages, 1319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reproductive Activity of Socorro Island Merino Ewes and Their Crosses with Pelibuey under Heat Stress Conditions

by Arturo César García-Casillas, Omar Francisco Prado-Rebolledo, María Isabel Carrillo-Díaz, José Luis Zepeda-Batista, Carlos Eduardo Barajas-Saucedo and Juan Augusto Hernández-Rivera

Animals 2024, 14(10), 1405; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101405 (registering DOI) - 08 May 2024

Abstract

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of spring and autumn seasons on the reproductive activity of Merino Socorro Island ewes and their crosses with Pelibuey under heat stress (HS) conditions in the tropics. All ewes (n = [...] Read more.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of spring and autumn seasons on the reproductive activity of Merino Socorro Island ewes and their crosses with Pelibuey under heat stress (HS) conditions in the tropics. All ewes (n = 80) were randomly assigned to one of two breeds during the first and second periods, respectively: (1) Twenty Socorro Island Merino ewes (SIM) and (2) 20 Pelibuey Crossbred ewes (PBC). Animals were fed the same diet and given water ad libitum. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS statistical software 9.12 procedures. In both seasons, a mean of more than 80 U of maximum THI was obtained, while in spring and autumn, the minimum THI exceeded 30 and 40 U, respectively. All animals were in oestrus and ovulated in both seasons. The frequency of animals in spring during the first 48 h of oestrus expression was greater (p < 0.05) than 48–55 h but similar (p > 0.05) than 55–65 h; in autumn during the first 48 h and 48–55 h were similar (p > 0.05), but different (p < 0.05) than 55–65 h. The duration of oestrus expression was longer in the spring than in the autumn (p < 0.05). The frequency of animals was higher (p < 0.05) in SIM than in PBC ewes during the first oestrus cycle (1–17 d) and was also higher (p < 0.05) in PBC than in SIM ewes during the second oestrus cycle (18–35 d). The SIM ewes produced more (p < 0.05) progesterone (P₄) than the PBC ewes. During the sampling days of the oestrus cycle, more P₄ was created in autumn than in spring (p < 0.05). Both breeds showed severe HS. In the future, ewes treated under assisted reproductive programs in the tropics may improve reproductive efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Small Ruminant Genetics and Breeding)

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