The 2023 MDPI Annual Report has
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18 pages, 918 KiB  
Article
Modelling the Combined Effect of Green Leadership and Human Resource Management in Moving to Green Supply Chain Performance Enhancement in Saudi Arabia
by Benameur Dahinine, Abderrazak Laghouag, Wassila Bensahel, Majed Alsolami and Tarek Guendouz
Sustainability 2024, 16(10), 3953; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16103953 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Previous research has been limited in examining the causal relationship between green transformational leadership (GTL) and green supply chain management (GSCM), with the intermediary influence of green human resource management (GHRM), within the pharmaceutical sector of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This [...] Read more.
Previous research has been limited in examining the causal relationship between green transformational leadership (GTL) and green supply chain management (GSCM), with the intermediary influence of green human resource management (GHRM), within the pharmaceutical sector of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This gap persisted despite the recognition in Saudi Vision 2030 of logistics, specifically, supply chain management (SCM), as fundamental to the national development agenda, given that contemporary competitiveness lies in the efficacy of supply chains (SCs) rather than individual companies. Moreover, the achievement of economic progress hinges significantly on how well these accomplishments align with sustainability demands and obstacles. This paper aims to investigate the extent to which GTL fosters GRHM practices to enhance the maturity of GSCM performance in the pharmaceutical industry in the KSA. In other words, the research goal is to explain the variance of GSCM due to GHRM and GTL. Drawing upon the Resource-Based View (RBV) and the Ability–Motivation–Opportunity theory (AMO), GTL can enhance many aspects of GHRM, such as employee performance measurement, training content design, recruitment criteria, and green-based rewards policies, which positively influence GSCM practices. The methodology employed is deductive and translated into a questionnaire derived from a comprehensive review of the existing literature. This questionnaire was subsequently tested through the collection of 111 responses from pharmaceutical companies operating in the KSA. The results show the critical effects of GTL and GHRM on GSCM in this sector. The research provides fresh theoretical perspectives and actionable recommendations based on the outcomes. As for originality, this research explores the contribution of transformational leadership and green human resource management in enhancing SC sustainability. The research provides directions for future research to investigate the mediating or moderating impacts of other significant factors, such as green thinking or eco-friendly behaviour, on SCM sustainability. As for practical implications, this research came up with an in-depth understanding of SC managers and professionals regarding their practices related to sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supply Chain Performance Measurement in Industry 4.0)
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21 pages, 6859 KiB  
Systematic Review
A Systematic Review of Using Deep Learning in Aphasia: Challenges and Future Directions
by Yin Wang, Weibin Cheng, Fahim Sufi, Qiang Fang and Seedahmed S. Mahmoud
Computers 2024, 13(5), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13050117 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
In this systematic literature review, the intersection of deep learning applications within the aphasia domain is meticulously explored, acknowledging the condition’s complex nature and the nuanced challenges it presents for language comprehension and expression. By harnessing data from primary databases and employing advanced [...] Read more.
In this systematic literature review, the intersection of deep learning applications within the aphasia domain is meticulously explored, acknowledging the condition’s complex nature and the nuanced challenges it presents for language comprehension and expression. By harnessing data from primary databases and employing advanced query methodologies, this study synthesizes findings from 28 relevant documents, unveiling a landscape marked by significant advancements and persistent challenges. Through a methodological lens grounded in the PRISMA framework (Version 2020) and Machine Learning-driven tools like VosViewer (Version 1.6.20) and Litmaps (Free Version), the research delineates the high variability in speech patterns, the intricacies of speech recognition, and the hurdles posed by limited and diverse datasets as core obstacles. Innovative solutions such as specialized deep learning models, data augmentation strategies, and the pivotal role of interdisciplinary collaboration in dataset annotation emerge as vital contributions to this field. The analysis culminates in identifying theoretical and practical pathways for surmounting these barriers, highlighting the potential of deep learning technologies to revolutionize aphasia assessment and treatment. This review not only consolidates current knowledge but also charts a course for future research, emphasizing the need for comprehensive datasets, model optimization, and integration into clinical workflows to enhance patient care. Ultimately, this work underscores the transformative power of deep learning in advancing aphasia diagnosis, treatment, and support, heralding a new era of innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing this challenging disorder. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine and Deep Learning in the Health Domain 2024)
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12 pages, 1629 KiB  
Article
Impaired Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Elite Athletes after Asymptomatic or Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection
by Tamara Stojmenović and Srdjan Marković
Medicina 2024, 60(5), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050786 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the health status of professional athletes after recovering from COVID-19 and the impact that SARS-CoV-2 had on their overall cardiorespiratory fitness, which was done by conducting cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Materials and [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the health status of professional athletes after recovering from COVID-19 and the impact that SARS-CoV-2 had on their overall cardiorespiratory fitness, which was done by conducting cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Materials and Methods: A total of twenty-seven professional basketball players (Euroleague Basketball and the ABA League) participated in the study. CPET was performed before (as part of their regular preparticipation exam, during the pre-season period), as well as after SARS-CoV-2 infection (after two weeks of home isolation, during the competitive part of the season). CPET was performed on a treadmill, while cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic functions were evaluated by using a breath-by-breath analysis technique (Quark CPET system manufactured by Cosmed, Rome, Italy). Results: Maximal oxygen consumption and aerobic efficiency were significantly reduced after SARS-CoV-2 infection (p = 0.000). An obvious decrease in oxygen pulse was observed during CPET after recovering from COVID-19 (p = 0.001), as was deterioration of ventilatory efficiency. Internal respiration was the most negatively affected. An early transition from aerobic to anaerobic mechanisms of creating energy for work and intensive metabolic fatigue were obvious after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions: Although it was believed that SARS-CoV-2 only affects the cardiopulmonary status of the elderly population and people with associated comorbidities, it is clear from this research that professional athletes can also be at certain risk. Even though no pathological cardiovascular and respiratory changes were found in athletes after COVID-19, results showed significantly decreased cardiorespiratory fitness, with an emphasis on internal respiration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Sports Traumatology)
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10 pages, 1285 KiB  
Article
Online Adaptive MR-Guided Ultrahypofractionated Radiotherapy of Prostate Cancer on a 1.5 T MR-Linac: Clinical Experience and Prospective Evaluation
by Vlatko Potkrajcic, Cihan Gani, Stefan Georg Fischer, Simon Boeke, Maximilian Niyazi, Daniela Thorwarth, Otilia Voigt, Moritz Schneider, David Mönnich, Sarah Kübler, Jessica Boldt, Elgin Hoffmann, Frank Paulsen, Arndt-Christian Mueller and Daniel Wegener
Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(5), 2679-2688; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31050203 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The use of hypofractionated radiotherapy in prostate cancer has been increasingly evaluated, whereas accumulated evidence demonstrates comparable oncologic outcomes and toxicity rates compared to normofractionated radiotherapy. In this prospective study, we evaluate all patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated with ultrahypofractionated (UHF) MRI-guided [...] Read more.
The use of hypofractionated radiotherapy in prostate cancer has been increasingly evaluated, whereas accumulated evidence demonstrates comparable oncologic outcomes and toxicity rates compared to normofractionated radiotherapy. In this prospective study, we evaluate all patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated with ultrahypofractionated (UHF) MRI-guided radiotherapy on a 1.5 T MR-Linac within our department and report on workflow and feasibility, as well as physician-recorded and patient-reported longitudinal toxicity. A total of 23 patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated on the 1.5 T MR-Linac with a dose of 42.7 Gy in seven fractions (seven MV step-and-shoot IMRT) were evaluated within the MRL-01 study (NCT04172753). The duration of each treatment step, choice of workflow (adapt to shape-ATS or adapt to position-ATP) and technical and/or patient-sided treatment failure were recorded for each fraction and patient. Acute and late toxicity were scored according to RTOG and CTC V4.0, as well as the use of patient-reported questionnaires. The median follow-up was 12.4 months. All patients completed the planned treatment. The mean duration of a treatment session was 38.2 min. In total, 165 radiotherapy fractions were delivered. ATS was performed in 150 fractions, 5 fractions were delivered using ATP, and 10 fractions were delivered using both ATS and ATP workflows. Severe acute bother (G3+) regarding IPS-score was reported in five patients (23%) at the end of radiotherapy. However, this tended to normalize and no G3+ IPS-score was observed later at any point during follow-up. Furthermore, no other severe genitourinary (GU) or gastrointestinal (GI) acute or late toxicity was observed. One-year biochemical-free recurrence survival was 100%. We report the excellent feasibility of UHF MR-guided radiotherapy for intermediate-risk prostate cancer patients and acceptable toxicity rates in our preliminary study. Randomized controlled studies with long-term follow-up are warranted to detect possible advantages over current state-of-the-art RT techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue MRI-Guided Radiotherapy: Hype or Here to Stay?)
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22 pages, 6745 KiB  
Article
Spatio-Temporal Changes of Arable Land and Their Impacts on Grain Output in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 1980 to 2020
by Shan Han, Quanqin Shao, Jia Ning and Siyu Jin
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(10), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16101672 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The “Yangtze River Economic Belt Development Strategy” is one of China’s three major national development strategies. Enhancing the protection and quality of arable land in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB) is pivotal for fostering regional growth. In this study, land use data [...] Read more.
The “Yangtze River Economic Belt Development Strategy” is one of China’s three major national development strategies. Enhancing the protection and quality of arable land in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YEB) is pivotal for fostering regional growth. In this study, land use data spanning the years 1980 to 2020 in the YEB were extracted from the national land use database maintained by the Resource and Environment Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Employing Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis techniques and arable land change metrics, the study delineated the spatiotemporal characteristics of arable land alterations across the YEB for the period. Additionally, using grain output data at the prefecture level from 2011 to 2020, the paper calculated provincial grain output to analyze the impact of arable land changes over the last four decades on grain output. The findings revealed that: (1) From 1980 to 2020, the total arable land area in the YEB decreased by approximately 41,775 square kilometers, with the most significant decrease occurring in the downstream region. (2) From 1980 to 1990, the primary factor contributing to the decrease in arable land area was the expansion of water bodies, while from 1990 to 2020, the principal reason for the reduction in arable land area was the expansion of construction land. (3) From 1980 to 2020, the decrease in arable land area resulted in a net reduction of approximately 25.12 million tons in total grain output, with the largest decline observed in the downstream regions and the smallest decline in the upstream regions. (4) Consistent with the trends in arable land area reduction, the main reason for the decline in grain output from 1980 to 1990 was the expansion of water bodies encroaching upon arable land, whereas from 2000 to 2010, the primary cause of arable land reduction was the expansion of construction land areas. In conclusion, the research suggested that over the past four decades, the primary driver behind the reduction in arable land within the YEB has been the expansion of construction land areas. Particularly noteworthy was the period from 2000 to 2010, during which the impact of arable land reduction on grain output was most pronounced. This period coincided with the rapid economic development and accelerated urbanization process within the YEB. Full article
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16 pages, 1652 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Activity, Genetic Relatedness, and Safety Assessment of Potential Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from a Rearing Tank of Rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) Used as Live Feed in Fish Larviculture
by Diogo Contente, Lara Díaz-Formoso, Javier Feito, Beatriz Gómez-Sala, Damián Costas, Pablo E. Hernández, Estefanía Muñoz-Atienza, Juan Borrero, Patrícia Poeta and Luis M. Cintas
Animals 2024, 14(10), 1415; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101415 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Aquaculture is a rapidly expanding agri-food industry that faces substantial economic losses due to infectious disease outbreaks, such as bacterial infections. These outbreaks cause disruptions and high mortalities at various stages of the rearing process, especially in the larval stages. Probiotic bacteria are [...] Read more.
Aquaculture is a rapidly expanding agri-food industry that faces substantial economic losses due to infectious disease outbreaks, such as bacterial infections. These outbreaks cause disruptions and high mortalities at various stages of the rearing process, especially in the larval stages. Probiotic bacteria are emerging as promising and sustainable alternative or complementary strategies to vaccination and the use of antibiotics in aquaculture. In this study, potential probiotic candidates for larviculture were isolated from a rotifer-rearing tank used as the first live feed for turbot larvae. Two Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and two Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolates were selected for further characterization due to their wide and strong antimicrobial activity against several ichthyopathogens, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. An extensive in vitro safety assessment of these four isolates revealed the absence of harmful traits, such as acquired antimicrobial resistance and other virulence factors (i.e., hemolytic and gelatinase activities, bile salt deconjugation, and mucin degradation, as well as PCR detection of biogenic amine production). Moreover, Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) analyses unveiled their genetic relatedness, revealing two divergent clusters within each species. To our knowledge, this work reports for the first time the isolation and characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) with potential use as probiotics in aquaculture from rotifer-rearing tanks, which have the potential to optimize turbot larviculture and to introduce novel microbial management approaches for a sustainable aquaculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of Probiotics for Sustainable Aquaculture)
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9 pages, 3078 KiB  
Brief Report
Pentoxifylline and Norcantharidin Modify p62 Expression in 2D and 3D Cultures of B16F1 Cells
by José Luis González-Quiroz, Juan Moisés Ocampo-Godínez, Victoria Noemi Hernández-González, Ruth Angélica Lezama, Elba Reyes-Maldonado, Armando Vega-López and María Lilia Domínguez-López
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105140 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell cultures have improved the evaluation of drugs for cancer therapy, due to their high similarity to solid tumors. In melanoma, autophagy appears to show a dual role depending on the progression of the disease. p62 protein has been proposed for the [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional cell cultures have improved the evaluation of drugs for cancer therapy, due to their high similarity to solid tumors. In melanoma, autophagy appears to show a dual role depending on the progression of the disease. p62 protein has been proposed for the evaluation of autophagic flux since its expression is an indicator of the state of autophagy. Pentoxifylline (PTX) and Norcantharidin (NCTD) are drugs that have been shown to possess anticancer effects. In this work, we used B16F1 mouse melanoma cells in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures and three-dimensional (3D) spheroids to test the effect of PTX and NCTD over the p62 expression. We analyzed the effect on p62 expression through Western blot and immunofluorescence assays. Our results indicate that PTX decreases p62 expression in both cell culture models, while Norcantharidin increases its expression in 3D cultures at 24 h. Therefore, these drugs could have a potential therapeutic use for the regulation of autophagy in melanoma, depending on the state of evolution of the disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Melanoma and Skin Cancers)
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10 pages, 382 KiB  
Article
Role of a National Health Service Electronic Prescriptions Database in the Detection of Prescribing and Dispensing Issues and Adherence Evaluation of Direct Oral Anticoagulants
by Anna Gavrilova, Maksims Zolovs, Dins Šmits, Anastasija Ņikitina, Gustavs Latkovskis and Inga Urtāne
Healthcare 2024, 12(10), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12100975 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Background: Anticoagulation therapy plays a crucial role in the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) by significantly reducing the risk of stroke. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) became preferred over warfarin due to their superior safety and efficacy profile. Assessing adherence to anticoagulation therapy is [...] Read more.
Background: Anticoagulation therapy plays a crucial role in the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) by significantly reducing the risk of stroke. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) became preferred over warfarin due to their superior safety and efficacy profile. Assessing adherence to anticoagulation therapy is necessary in clinical practice for optimising patient outcomes and treatment efficacy, thus emphasising its significance. Methods: A retrospective study utilised the Latvian National Health Service reimbursement prescriptions database, covering prescriptions for AF and flutter from January 2012 to December 2022. The proportion of days covered method was selected for adherence assessment, categorising it into three groups: (1) below 80%, (2) between 80% and 90%, and (3) above 90%. Results: A total of 1,646,648 prescriptions were analysed. Dabigatran prescriptions started declining after 2020, coinciding with a decrease in warfarin prescriptions since 2018. The total adherence levels to DOAC therapy were 69.4%. Only 44.2% of users achieved an adherence level exceeding 80%. The rate of paper prescriptions decreased from 98.5% in 2017 to 1.3% in 2022. Additionally, the utilisation of international non-proprietary names reached 79.7% in 2022. Specifically, 16.7% of patients selected a single pharmacy, whereas 27.7% visited one or two pharmacies. Meanwhile, other patients obtained medicines from multiple pharmacies. Conclusions: The total adherence level to DOAC therapy is evaluated as low and there was no significant difference in age, gender, or “switcher” status among adherence groups. Physicians’ prescribing habits have changed over a decade. Full article
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12 pages, 4478 KiB  
Article
Efficacy of Integrated Risk Score Using Omics-Based Biomarkers for the Prediction of Acute Rejection in Kidney Transplantation: A Randomized Prospective Pilot Study
by Jeong-Hoon Lim, Byung Ha Chung, Sang-Ho Lee, Jong Soo Lee, Yeong Hoon Kim, Man-Hoon Han, Hee-Yeon Jung, Ji-Young Choi, Jang-Hee Cho, Sun-Hee Park, Yong-Lim Kim and Chan-Duck Kim
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105139 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Acute rejection (AR) is critical for long-term graft survival in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the integrated risk score of omics-based biomarkers in predicting AR in KTRs. This prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter, pilot study enrolled 40 [...] Read more.
Acute rejection (AR) is critical for long-term graft survival in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the integrated risk score of omics-based biomarkers in predicting AR in KTRs. This prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter, pilot study enrolled 40 patients who recently underwent high-immunologic-risk kidney transplantation (KT). Five omics biomarkers were measured, namely, blood mRNA (three-gene signature), urinary exosomal miRNA (three-gene signature), urinary mRNA (six-gene signature), and two urinary exosomal proteins (hemopexin and tetraspanin-1) at 2 weeks and every 4 weeks after KT for 1 year. An integrated risk score was generated by summing each biomarker up. The biomarker group was informed about the integrated risk scores and used to adjust immunosuppression, but not the control group. The outcomes were graft function and frequency of graft biopsy. Sixteen patients in the biomarker group and nineteen in the control group completed the study. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate after KT did not differ between the groups. Graft biopsy was performed in two patients (12.5%) and nine (47.4%) in the biomarker and control groups, respectively, with the proportion being significantly lower in the biomarker group (p = 0.027). One patient (6.3%) in the biomarker group and two (10.5%) in the control group were diagnosed with AR, and the AR incidence did not differ between the groups. The tacrolimus trough level was significantly lower in the biomarker group than in the control group at 1 year after KT (p = 0.006). Integrated omics biomarker monitoring may help prevent unnecessary or high-complication-risk biopsy and enables tailored immunosuppression by predicting the risk of AR in KTRs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular and Translational Medicine 2.0)
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14 pages, 4065 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Regulators of Keratinization: Role of BMP-2 in Oral Mucosa
by Xindi Mu, Mitsuaki Ono, Ha Thi Thu Nguyen, Ziyi Wang, Kun Zhao, Taishi Komori, Tomoko Yonezawa, Takuo Kuboki and Toshitaka Oohashi
Cells 2024, 13(10), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13100807 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The oral mucosa functions as a physico-chemical and immune barrier to external stimuli, and an adequate width of the keratinized mucosa around the teeth or implants is crucial to maintaining them in a healthy and stable condition. In this study, for the first [...] Read more.
The oral mucosa functions as a physico-chemical and immune barrier to external stimuli, and an adequate width of the keratinized mucosa around the teeth or implants is crucial to maintaining them in a healthy and stable condition. In this study, for the first time, bulk RNA-seq analysis was performed to explore the gene expression of laser microdissected epithelium and lamina propria from mice, aiming to investigate the differences between keratinized and non-keratinized oral mucosa. Based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and Gene Ontology (GO) Enrichment Analysis, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) was identified to be a potential regulator of oral mucosal keratinization. Monoculture and epithelial–mesenchymal cell co-culture models in the air–liquid interface (ALI) indicated that BMP-2 has direct and positive effects on epithelial keratinization and proliferation. We further performed bulk RNA-seq of the ALI monoculture stimulated with BMP-2 in an attempt to identify the downstream factors promoting epithelial keratinization and proliferation. Analysis of the DEGs identified, among others, IGF2, ID1, LTBP1, LOX, SERPINE1, IL24, and MMP1 as key factors. In summary, these results revealed the involvement of a well-known growth factor responsible for bone development, BMP-2, in the mechanism of oral mucosal keratinization and proliferation, and pointed out the possible downstream genes involved in this mechanism. Full article
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15 pages, 7673 KiB  
Article
Five-Axis Finish Milling Machining for an Inconel 718 Alloy Monolithic Blisk
by Ming-Hsu Tsai, Teng-Hui Chen, Jeng-Nan Lee, Tai-Lin Hsu and Dong-Ke Huang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4015; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104015 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Blisks subjected to rough machining for channel creation must undergo finishing processes, and such processes must achieve the required tolerance limits. A high-quality surface finish and predictable long tool life are critical for the finish milling of blisks. Accordingly, the aim of this [...] Read more.
Blisks subjected to rough machining for channel creation must undergo finishing processes, and such processes must achieve the required tolerance limits. A high-quality surface finish and predictable long tool life are critical for the finish milling of blisks. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to optimize parameters for the finish machining of an Inconel 718 alloy monolithic blisk. Ball-cone mills were used to machine the blade surface at a constant depth. A sensory tool holder was used to collect cutting force signals during machining, and a digital microscope was used to examine tool wear. The surface texture measuring instrument was used to measure blisk blade surface roughness to evaluate processing quality. This study manipulated two cutting parameters, namely cutting speed and feed per tooth, and investigated their effects. The relationship between cutting conditions and machining efficiency was analyzed. According to the experimental results, we identified a set of optimal parameters at effective cutting speeds of 46.53 m/min, feed per tooth of 0.1 mm/tooth, and depth of cut of 0.05 mm for marginal tool wear and fast cutting speeds. Then the corresponding tool life was estimated by using the derived parameters. Full article
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14 pages, 1646 KiB  
Review
Chronic HIV Transcription, Translation, and Persistent Inflammation
by Jonathan M. Kilroy, Andrew A. Leal and Andrew J. Henderson
Viruses 2024, 16(5), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16050751 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
People with HIV exhibit persistent inflammation that correlates with HIV-associated comorbidities including accelerated aging, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and neuroinflammation. Mechanisms that perpetuate chronic inflammation in people with HIV undergoing antiretroviral treatments are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that the persistent low-level [...] Read more.
People with HIV exhibit persistent inflammation that correlates with HIV-associated comorbidities including accelerated aging, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and neuroinflammation. Mechanisms that perpetuate chronic inflammation in people with HIV undergoing antiretroviral treatments are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that the persistent low-level expression of HIV proviruses, including RNAs generated from defective proviral genomes, drives the immune dysfunction that is responsible for chronic HIV pathogenesis. We explore factors during HIV infection that contribute to the generation of a pool of defective proviruses as well as how HIV-1 mRNA and proteins alter immune function in people living with HIV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)
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19 pages, 3174 KiB  
Article
New Levan-Based Chiral Stationary Phases: Synthesis and Comparative HPLC Enantioseparation of (±)-trans-β-Lactam Ureas in the Polar Organic Mode
by Darko Kontrec, Mladenka Jurin, Andreja Jakas and Marin Roje
Molecules 2024, 29(10), 2213; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29102213 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
In this paper, the preparation of three new polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on levan carbamates (3,5-dimethylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, and 1-naphthyl) is described. The enantioseparation of (±)-trans-β-lactam ureas 1ah was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on six different [...] Read more.
In this paper, the preparation of three new polysaccharide-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on levan carbamates (3,5-dimethylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, and 1-naphthyl) is described. The enantioseparation of (±)-trans-β-lactam ureas 1ah was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on six different chiral columns (Chiralpak AD-3, Chiralcel OD-3, Chirallica PST-7, Chirallica PST-8, Chirallica PST-9, and Chirallica PST-10) in the polar organic mode, using pure methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), and acetonitrile (ACN). Apart from the Chirallica PST-9 column (based on levan tris(1-naphthylcarbamate), the columns exhibited a satisfactory chiral recognition ability for the tested trans-β-lactam ureas 1ah. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Application of Chiral Materials)
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19 pages, 601 KiB  
Article
The Digital Competences Necessary for the Successful Pedagogical Practice of Teachers in the Digital Age
by Gabriela Kiryakova and Daniela Kozhuharova
Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050507 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The digital transformation of society is a reality. Technology is becoming integral to people’s daily lives and children are growing up in the digital age. The education systems have to reflect and adapt to the new digital reality to effectively engage and prepare [...] Read more.
The digital transformation of society is a reality. Technology is becoming integral to people’s daily lives and children are growing up in the digital age. The education systems have to reflect and adapt to the new digital reality to effectively engage and prepare students for the future. Teachers have to possess digital competences at a high level, meaning that they are successfully able to use digital tools and technologies in their teaching practices. Digital competences include digital literacy, experience using educational software and platforms, and the ability to seamlessly integrate information and communication technologies (ICT) into the organization of educational activities. The current paper aims to study the opinion of teachers in Bulgarian schools regarding the possibilities of using digital technologies to achieve educational goals and the extent to which teachers integrate digital tools in their teaching activities. Teachers’ opinions about the need for specific digital competences are important. The results of the survey show that teachers in Bulgaria actively use digital technologies in their daily teaching activities (84.8%) in order to create and provide learning content to students and to provoke their active participation, and is a convenient tool for evaluating their students’ knowledge and skills and for providing effective feedback. The conducted research also identifies the necessary competences that teachers of the digital generation of learners need—skills and competences for developing authored electronic resources in various formats for students with different learning styles, as well as for working in online environments—individually and collaboratively with other teachers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology as a Tool for Inclusive Education)
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22 pages, 1773 KiB  
Review
Mine Site Restoration: The Phytoremediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soils
by Feizia Huslina, Leadin S. Khudur, Kalpit Shah, Aravind Surapaneni, Pacian Netherway and Andrew S. Ball
Environments 2024, 11(5), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11050099 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is considered one of the most toxic chemicals to both human and environmental health. Mining activities represent one of the main anthropogenic sources of As; the concentration of As in mine soil can reach 9300 mg kg−1. To overcome [...] Read more.
Arsenic (As) is considered one of the most toxic chemicals to both human and environmental health. Mining activities represent one of the main anthropogenic sources of As; the concentration of As in mine soil can reach 9300 mg kg−1. To overcome the major issue of soil As pollution, soil restoration is required. Biological restoration approaches are generally more cost-effective and environmentally sustainable than physical and chemical methods. In particular, phytoremediation, an environmentally friendly technique based on the use of plants to uptake contaminants from soil, has been successfully implemented to restore As-contaminated soils at mine sites. However, mine soils are generally depleted in essential plant nutrients, such as nitrogen (N). Recent research suggests that phytoremediation can be combined with other techniques (physical, chemical, and biological) to enhance the N content and plant biomass. The aim of this review is to assess the current state of knowledge in the field of the restoration of arsenic-impacted mine site soils, focusing on phytoremediation. We critically assess recent work examining the potential of the co-application of amendments with phytoremediation and identify promising technologies and key research gaps. More studies are required to test the effectiveness of using various soil additives to enhance the phytoremediation of As, not only in pot-scale experiments but also in the field, to enable an improved management strategy for mine site restoration in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environments: 10 Years of Science Together)
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15 pages, 4086 KiB  
Article
Arylamines QSAR-Based Design and Molecular Dynamics of New Phenylthiophene and Benzimidazole Derivatives with Affinity for the C111, Y268, and H73 Sites of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro Enzyme
by Gianfranco Sabadini, Marco Mellado, César Morales and Jaime Mella
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(5), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17050606 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
A non-structural SARS-CoV-2 protein, PLpro, is involved in post-translational modifications in cells, allowing the evasion of antiviral immune response mechanisms. In this study, potential PLpro inhibitory drugs were designed using QSAR, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics. A combined QSAR equation with physicochemical and [...] Read more.
A non-structural SARS-CoV-2 protein, PLpro, is involved in post-translational modifications in cells, allowing the evasion of antiviral immune response mechanisms. In this study, potential PLpro inhibitory drugs were designed using QSAR, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics. A combined QSAR equation with physicochemical and Free-Wilson descriptors was formulated. The r2, q2, and r2test values were 0.833, 0.770, and 0.721, respectively. From the equation, it was found that the presence of an aromatic ring and a basic nitrogen atom is crucial for obtaining good antiviral activity. Then, a series of structures for the binding sites of C111, Y268, and H73 of PLpro were created. The best compounds were found to exhibit pIC50 values of 9.124 and docking scoring values of −14 kcal/mol. The stability of the compounds in the cavities was confirmed by molecular dynamics studies. A high number of stable contacts and good interactions over time were exhibited by the aryl-thiophenes Pred14 and Pred15, making them potential antiviral candidates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinal Chemistry)
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22 pages, 17525 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Identification of Members of the Soybean CBL Gene Family and Characterization of the Functional Role of GmCBL1 in Responses to Saline and Alkaline Stress
by Feng Jiao, Dongdong Zhang, Yang Chen and Jinhua Wu
Plants 2024, 13(10), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13101304 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Calcium ions function as key messengers in the context of intracellular signal transduction. The ability of plants to respond to biotic and abiotic stressors is highly dependent on the calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) signaling network. Here, a comprehensive [...] Read more.
Calcium ions function as key messengers in the context of intracellular signal transduction. The ability of plants to respond to biotic and abiotic stressors is highly dependent on the calcineurin B-like protein (CBL) and CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) signaling network. Here, a comprehensive effort was made to identify all members of the soybean CBL gene family, leading to the identification of 15 total genes distributed randomly across nine chromosomes, including 13 segmental duplicates. All the GmCBL gene subfamilies presented with similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Analyses of the expression of these genes in different tissues revealed that the majority of these GmCBLs were predominantly expressed in the roots. Significant GmCBL expression and activity increases were also observed in response to a range of stress-related treatments, including salt stress, alkaline stress, osmotic stress, or exposure to salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, or abscisic acid. Striking increases in GmCBL1 expression were observed in response to alkaline and salt stress. Subsequent analyses revealed that GmCBL1 was capable of enhancing soybean salt and alkali tolerance through the regulation of redox reactions. These results offer new insight into the complex mechanisms through which the soybean CBL gene family regulates the responses of these plants to environmental stressors, highlighting promising targets for efforts aimed at enhancing soybean stress tolerance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)
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19 pages, 4503 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Automotive LiDAR Vision in Rain from Material and Optical Perspectives
by Wing Yi Pao, Joshua Howorth, Long Li, Martin Agelin-Chaab, Langis Roy, Julian Knutzen, Alexis Baltazar-y-Jimenez and Klaus Muenker
Sensors 2024, 24(10), 2997; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24102997 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
With the emergence of autonomous functions in road vehicles, there has been increased use of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems comprising various sensors to perform automated tasks. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is one of the most important types of optical sensor, detecting the [...] Read more.
With the emergence of autonomous functions in road vehicles, there has been increased use of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems comprising various sensors to perform automated tasks. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is one of the most important types of optical sensor, detecting the positions of obstacles by representing them as clusters of points in three-dimensional space. LiDAR performance degrades significantly when a vehicle is driving in the rain as raindrops adhere to the outer surface of the sensor assembly. Performance degradation behaviors include missing points and reduced reflectivity of the points. It was found that the extent of degradation is highly dependent on the interface material properties. This subsequently affects the shapes of the adherent droplets, causing different perturbations to the optical rays. A fundamental investigation is performed on the protective polycarbonate cover of a LiDAR assembly coated with four classes of material—hydrophilic, almost-hydrophobic, hydrophobic, and superhydrophobic. Water droplets are controllably dispensed onto the cover to quantify the signal alteration due to the different droplets of various sizes and shapes. To further understand the effects of droplet motion on LiDAR signals, sliding droplet conditions are simulated using numerical analysis. The results are validated with physical optical tests, using a 905 nm laser source and receiver to mimic the LiDAR detection mechanism. Comprehensive explanations of LiDAR performance degradation in rain are presented from both material and optical perspectives. These can aid component selection and the development of signal-enhancing strategies for the integration of LiDARs into vehicle designs to minimize the impact of rain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Transportation Systems: Sensing, Automation and Control)
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12 pages, 3333 KiB  
Article
PlantMine: A Machine-Learning Framework to Detect Core SNPs in Rice Genomics
by Kai Tong, Xiaojing Chen, Shen Yan, Liangli Dai, Yuxue Liao, Zhaoling Li and Ting Wang
Genes 2024, 15(5), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15050603 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
As a fundamental global staple crop, rice plays a pivotal role in human nutrition and agricultural production systems. However, its complex genetic architecture and extensive trait variability pose challenges for breeders and researchers in optimizing yield and quality. Particularly to expedite breeding methods [...] Read more.
As a fundamental global staple crop, rice plays a pivotal role in human nutrition and agricultural production systems. However, its complex genetic architecture and extensive trait variability pose challenges for breeders and researchers in optimizing yield and quality. Particularly to expedite breeding methods like genomic selection, isolating core SNPs related to target traits from genome-wide data reduces irrelevant mutation noise, enhancing computational precision and efficiency. Thus, exploring efficient computational approaches to mine core SNPs is of great importance. This study introduces PlantMine, an innovative computational framework that integrates feature selection and machine learning techniques to effectively identify core SNPs critical for the improvement of rice traits. Utilizing the dataset from the 3000 Rice Genomes Project, we applied different algorithms for analysis. The findings underscore the effectiveness of combining feature selection with machine learning in accurately identifying core SNPs, offering a promising avenue to expedite rice breeding efforts and improve crop productivity and resilience to stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomic Studies of Plant Breeding)
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13 pages, 678 KiB  
Article
CSN1S1, CSN3 and LPL: Three Validated Gene Polymorphisms Useful for More Sustainable Dairy Production in the Mediterranean River Buffalo
by Alfredo Pauciullo, Giustino Gaspa, Yi Zhang, Qingyou Liu and Gianfranco Cosenza
Animals 2024, 14(10), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101414 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The search for DNA polymorphisms useful for the genetic improvement of dairy farm animals has spanned more than 40 years, yielding relevant findings in cattle for milk traits, where the best combination of alleles for dairy processing has been found in casein genes [...] Read more.
The search for DNA polymorphisms useful for the genetic improvement of dairy farm animals has spanned more than 40 years, yielding relevant findings in cattle for milk traits, where the best combination of alleles for dairy processing has been found in casein genes and in DGAT1. Nowadays, similar results have not yet been reached in river buffaloes, despite the availability of advanced genomic technologies and accurate phenotype records. The aim of the present study was to investigate and validate the effect of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the CSN1S1, CSN3, SCD and LPL genes on seven milk traits in a larger buffalo population. These SNPs have previously been reported to be associated with, or affect, dairy traits in smaller populations often belonging to one farm. A total of 800 buffaloes were genotyped. The following traits were individually recorded, monthly, throughout each whole lactation period from 2010 to 2021: daily milk yield (dMY, kg), protein yield (dPY, kg) and fat yield (dFY, kg), fat and protein contents (dFP, % and dPP, %), somatic cell count (SCC, 103 cell/mL) and urea (mg/dL). A total of 15,742 individual milk test day records (2496 lactations) were available for 680 buffalo cows, with 3.6 ± 1.7 parities (from 1 to 13) and an average of 6.1 ± 1.2 test day records per lactation. Three out four SNPs in the CSN1S1, CSN3 and LPL genes were associated with at least one of analyzed traits. In particular, the CSN1S1 (AJ005430:c.578C>T) gave favorable associations with all yield traits (dMY, p = 0.022; dPY, p = 0.014; dFY, p = 0.029) and somatic cell score (SCS, p = 0.032). The CSN3 (HQ677596: c.536C>T) was positively associated with SCS (p = 0.005) and milk urea (p = 0.04). Favorable effects on daily milk yield (dMY, p = 0.028), fat (dFP, p = 0.027) and protein (dPP, p = 0.050) percentages were observed for the LPL. Conversely, the SCD did not show any association with milk traits. This is the first example of a confirmation study carried out in the Mediterranean river buffalo for genes of economic interest in the dairy field, and it represents a very important indication for the preselection of young bulls destined for breeding programs aimed at more sustainable dairy production. Full article
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11 pages, 1581 KiB  
Article
Exploring Consumer Preferences and Challenges in Hybrid Meat Products: A Conjoint Analysis of Hotdogs
by Kashmira Salgaonkar and Alissa A. Nolden
Foods 2024, 13(10), 1460; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13101460 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Plant-based meat has been the primary strategy to reducing meat consumption. While this category has demonstrated success, with the market value estimated to reach USD 20 billion by 2023, the subsequent reduction in meat consumption has not been proportionate. An alternative approach is [...] Read more.
Plant-based meat has been the primary strategy to reducing meat consumption. While this category has demonstrated success, with the market value estimated to reach USD 20 billion by 2023, the subsequent reduction in meat consumption has not been proportionate. An alternative approach is hybrid products, which are thought to produce products that more closely resemble meat products. However, whether consumers will be willing to purchase hybrid products remains uncertain. Therefore, the present study uses a conjoint analysis approach to assess the product features driving the selection of a hybrid hotdog. This approach uncovers factors driving consumers’ purchase intentions for hybrid meat products when offered as a choice against 100% plant-based and 100% beef products. In an online survey, participants (n = 454; 45.6% female) were asked to select the product they would be most willing to purchase, varying in four characteristics: protein source, price, fat content, and price. Following this task, participants answered questions related to meat attachment, food neophobia, health, ecological, social, and moral motives regarding food consumption. The results revealed that protein source was the most important factor driving product selection, followed by price, fat, and packaging claims (35%, 24%, 21%, and 20% relative importance, respectively). In this study, hybrid hotdogs were the least preferred to beef and plant-based (−16, −2.5, and 18 part-worth utility, respectively). These product-specific attributes (protein, fat, and price) had distinct relationships with the choices of hybrid, plant-based, and hybrid hotdogs, with these factors together explaining slightly more variability in the selection of hybrid (9%) compared to plant-based (7%) and beef hotdogs (4%). For hybrid hotdogs, protein had the greatest influence (B = −1.2) followed by fat (B = −0.8) and price (B = −0.5). Interestingly, person-related parameters (health, meat attachment, ethics, and food neophobia) had no relationship with the selection of hybrid hotdogs, contrary to plant-based (7%) and beef hotdogs (5%). This influence of the different parameters on the selection of hybrid meat is thought to be due to the lack of consumer knowledge and familiarity with hybrid products. The current understanding of plant-based products may not correspond to hybrid products. Engaging with consumers during the development of these products is critical to ensure consumer acceptance and thus support the transition to a more sustainable diet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory Analysis of Plant-Based Products: Series II)
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14 pages, 2020 KiB  
Article
Enterobacteriaceae as a Key Indicator of Huanglongbing Infection in Diaphorina citri
by Xing-Zhi Duan, Guo-Sen Guo, Ling-Fei Zhou, Le Li, Ze-Min Liu, Cheng Chen, Bin-Hua Wang and Lan Wu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105136 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Extensive microbial interactions occur within insect hosts. However, the interactions between the Huanglongbing (HLB) pathogen and endosymbiotic bacteria within the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) in wild populations remain elusive. Thus, this study aimed to detect the infection rates of HLB [...] Read more.
Extensive microbial interactions occur within insect hosts. However, the interactions between the Huanglongbing (HLB) pathogen and endosymbiotic bacteria within the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) in wild populations remain elusive. Thus, this study aimed to detect the infection rates of HLB in the ACP across five localities in China, with a widespread prevalence in Ruijin (RJ, 58%), Huidong (HD, 28%), and Lingui (LG, 15%) populations. Next, microbial communities of RJ and LG populations collected from citrus were analyzed via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The results revealed a markedly higher microbial diversity in the RJ population compared to the LG population. Moreover, the PCoA analysis identified significant differences in microbial communities between the two populations. Considering that the inter-population differences of Bray–Curtis dissimilarity in the RJ population exceeded those between populations, separate analyses were performed. Our findings indicated an increased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae in individuals infected with HLB in both populations. Random forest analysis also identified Enterobacteriaceae as a crucial indicator of HLB infection. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis suggested a potential regulatory role of ASV4017 in Enterobacteriaceae for ACP, suggesting its possible attractant activity. This research contributes to expanding the understanding of microbial communities associated with HLB infection, holding significant implications for HLB prevention and treatment. Full article
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16 pages, 4248 KiB  
Article
Molecular Composition of Humic Acids of Different Aged Fallow Lands and Soils of Different Types of Use in Northwest of Russia
by Vyacheslav Polyakov, Timur Nizamutdinov and Evgeny Abakumov
Agronomy 2024, 14(5), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050996 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Post-agrogenic transformation of fallow soils leads to changes in soil carbon content, the molecular composition of humic substances, and rates of organic matter stabilization, which can affect climate change on the planet. In this regard, we analyzed the molecular composition of humic acids [...] Read more.
Post-agrogenic transformation of fallow soils leads to changes in soil carbon content, the molecular composition of humic substances, and rates of organic matter stabilization, which can affect climate change on the planet. In this regard, we analyzed the molecular composition of humic acids isolated from natural and fallow soils in the southern Taiga zone of northwest Russia. Different-aged soils on fallow lands represent a model of soil transformation in time, and data on the transformation of soil humic acid molecular composition make a significant contribution to the understanding of soil organic matter stabilization aspect issues. In this case, the molecular structure of humic acids isolated from natural and fallow soils in northwest Russia was analyzed. To study the molecular composition of HAs, the elemental composition was analyzed, and 13C (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy of HAs isolated from different aged abandoned soils and soils of different types of use was carried out. The obtained data showed that with the increasing age of soils in the fallow state, there is an increase in the carbon content of humic acids as well as a decrease in nitrogen content. As a result of the increasing age of soils in the fallow state, there are dynamics in the content of aromatic structural fragments in humic acids: 34% for 40 years old, 28% for 80 years old, and 31% for 120 years old. This is due to changes in the precursors of humification and the further transformation of plant residues in the soil. Re-involved fallow land soils lead to an increase in the content of aromatic structural fragments in the composition of HA in relation to HA extracted from mature soils. The lowest content of aromatic structural fragments was observed in the humic acids of 130-year-old agricultural soil, which is associated with the long-term application of organic fertilizers. Full article
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