Despite recent notable advancements in highlight image restoration techniques, the dearth of annotated data and the lightweight deployment of highlight removal networks pose significant impediments to further advancements in the field. In this paper, to the best of our knowledge, we first propose a semi-supervised learning paradigm for highlight removal, merging the fusion version of a teacher–student model and a generative adversarial network, featuring a lightweight network architecture. Initially, we establish a dependable repository to house optimal predictions as pseudo ground truth through empirical analyses guided by the most reliable No-Reference Image Quality Assessment (NR-IQA) method. This method serves to assess rigorously the quality of model predictions. Subsequently, addressing concerns regarding confirmation bias, we integrate contrastive regularization into the framework to curtail the risk of overfitting on inaccurate labels. Finally, we introduce a comprehensive feature aggregation module and an extensive attention mechanism within the generative network, considering a balance between network performance and computational efficiency. Our experimental evaluations encompass comprehensive assessments on both full-reference and non-reference highlight benchmarks. The results demonstrate conclusively the substantive quantitative and qualitative enhancements achieved by our proposed algorithm in comparison to state-of-the-art methodologies. Full article

Background and Objectives: Lower limb skeletal muscle ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and it is common in several clinical situations such as aortic aneurysms repairment, peripheral arterial surgery, vascular injury repairment, and shock. Although it is generally accepted that oxidative stress mediators have a significant role in IR injury, its precise mechanism is still unknown. Anecdotally, it is sustained not only by structural and functional changes in the organ it affects but also by damage to distant organs. The purpose of this report is to illustrate the effect of proanthocyanidin on IR injury. Materials and Methods: In our study, 18 male Wistar albino rats were used. The subjects were divided into three groups containing six mice each (control, C; ischemia–reperfusion, IR; ischemia–reperfusion and proanthocyanidin; IR-PRO). Intraperitoneal proanthocyanidin was given to the IR and proanthocyanidin groups 30 min before laparotomy, and 1 h ischemia led to these two groups. After one hour, reperfusion started. Muscle atrophy–hypertrophy, muscle degeneration–congestion, fragmentation–hyalinization, muscle oval-central nucleus ratio, leukocyte cell infiltration, catalase enzyme activity, and TBARS were all examined in lower-limb muscle samples after one hour of reperfusion. Results: When skeletal muscle samples were evaluated histopathologically, it was discovered that muscle atrophy–hypertrophy, muscle degeneration–congestion, fragmentation–hyalinization, and leukocyte cell infiltration with oval-central nucleus standardization were significantly higher in the IR group than in the C and IR-P groups. Oval-central nucleus standardization was significantly higher in the IR and IR-PRO groups than in the control group. TBARS levels were significantly higher in the IR group than in the control and IR-PRO groups, while catalase enzyme activity was found to be significantly lower in the IR group than in the control and IR-PRO groups. Conclusions: As a consequence of our research, we discovered that proanthocyanidins administered before IR have a protective impact on skeletal muscle in rats. Further research in this area is required. Full article

Walnuts are high in protein content and rich in nutrients and are susceptible to oxidation during production and processing, leading to a decrease in the stability of walnut protein emulsions. In this paper, the effect of alkyl peroxyl radical oxidation on the stability of walnut protein emulsions is investigated. With the increase of 2,2-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) concentration, both its protein and fat were oxidized to different degrees, and the droplets of the emulsion were first dispersed and then aggregated as seen from the laser confocal, and the stability of walnut protein emulsion was best at the AAPH concentration of 0.2 mmol/L. In addition to this, the adsorption rate of adsorbed proteins showed a decreasing and then an increasing trend with the increase in the oxidized concentration. The results showed that moderate oxidation (AAPH concentration: 0–0.2 mmol/L) promoted an increase in protein flexibility and a decrease in the protein interfacial tension, leading to the decrease in emulsion droplet size and the increase of walnut protein emulsion stability, and excessive oxidation (AAPH concentration: 1–25 mmmol/L) weakened protein flexibility and electrostatic repulsion, making the walnut protein emulsion less stable. The results of this study provide theoretical references for the quality control of walnut protein emulsions. Full article

Predicting electricity production from renewable energy sources, such as solar photovoltaic installations, is crucial for effective grid management and energy planning in the transition towards a sustainable future. This study proposes machine learning approaches for predicting electricity production from solar photovoltaic installations at a regional level in Italy, not using data on individual installations. Addressing the challenge of diverse data availability between pinpoint meteorological inputs and aggregated power data for entire regions, we propose leveraging meteorological data from the centroid of each Italian province within each region. Particular attention is given to the selection of the best input features, which leads to augmenting the input with 1-hour-lagged meteorological data and previous-hour power data. Several ML approaches were compared and examined, optimizing the hyperparameters through five-fold cross-validation. The hourly predictions encompass a time horizon ranging from 1 to 24 h. Among tested methods, Kernel Ridge Regression and Random Forest Regression emerge as the most effective models for our specific application. We also performed experiments to assess how frequently the models should be retrained and how frequently the hyperparameters should be optimized in order to comprise between accuracy and computational costs. Our results indicate that once trained, the model can provide accurate predictions for extended periods without frequent retraining, highlighting its long-term reliability. Full article

Marine shales from the Niutitang Formation and marine–continental transitional shales from the Longtan Formation are two sets of extremely important hydrocarbon source rocks in South China. In order to quantitatively compare the pore complexity characteristics between marine and marine–continental transitional shales, the shale and kerogen of the Niutitang Formation and the Longtan Formation are taken as our research subjects. Based on organic petrology, geochemistry, and low-temperature gas adsorption analyses, the fractal dimension of their pores is calculated by the Frenkel–Halsey–Hill (FHH) and Sierpinski models, and the influences of total organic carbon (TOC), vitrinite reflectance (R_o), and mineral composition on the pore fractals of the shale and kerogen are discussed. Our results show the following: (1) Marine shale predominantly has wedge-shaped and slit pores, while marine–continental transitional shale has inkpot-shaped and slit pores. (2) Cylindrical pores are common in organic matter of both shale types, with marine shale having a greater gas storage space (CRV) from organic matter pores, while marine–continental transitional shale relies more on inorganic pores, especially interlayer clay mineral pores, for gas storage due to their large specific surface area and high adsorption capacity (CRA). (3) The fractal characteristics of marine and marine–continental transitional shale pores are influenced differently. In marine shale, TOC positively correlates with fractal dimensions, while in marine–continental shale, R_o and clay minerals have a stronger influence. R_o is the primary factor affecting organic matter pore complexity. (4) Our two pore fractal models show that the complexity of the shale in the Longtan Formation surpasses that of the shale in the Niutitang Formation, and type I kerogen has more complex organic matter pores than type III, aiding in evaluating pore connectivity and flow effectiveness in shale reservoirs. Full article

In this article, a response of the complex-phase high-strength steel SZBS800 was modelled by considering the strain-rate influence. The material’s response was first measured with a series of standard tensile tests at lower strain rates. Higher strain rates were achieved using the unconventional test of shooting the ball into flat specimens. A viscoplastic formulation of the Cowper–Symonds material model was applied to consider the strain-rate effects. The parameters SIGY, p, and C of the material model were estimated using a step-wise procedure. First, rough estimates of the three parameters were obtained from the tensile tests using the grid search method. Then, the parameters p and C were fine-tuned using the reverse engineering approach. With the help of explicit dynamic simulations and all the experimental data, a multi-criteria cost function was defined and applied to obtain a smooth response function for the parameters p and C. Its optimum was determined by a real-valued genetic algorithm. The optimal values of the estimated parameters model the material response well, although a domain of optimum candidates spans two orders of magnitude for the parameter p and a few orders of magnitude for the parameter C. Full article

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which is associated with thickening of the left ventricular wall, is one of the most common heart pathologies in cats. This disease has a hereditary etiology and is primarily related to mutations in the MYBPC3 and MYH7 genes. This study aims to determine the effect of the presence of heterozygosity or homozygosity for the p. A31P mutation (c.91G > C) in the MYBPC3 gene in cats (Maine Coon) of different ages referring to the HCM severity and development, and to compare echocardiographic data and various clinical aspects for the most objective detection of disease in cats of different breeds. The incidence of HCM was 59% of the 103 cases of heart disease in cats in this study. In 23 cats diagnosed with HCM, cats heterozygous for the mutation accounted for 34%, and homozygous cats accounted for 26%. Cats homozygous for this mutation had moderate to severe HCM, suggesting an association with high penetrance of HCM and a significant risk of cardiac death in this group. The penetrance of the heterozygous type was lower than that of the homozygous genotype. This study also indicates that HCM has some age-related penetrance. The disease did not occur in the study group of cats aged up to 1 year, whereas at the age of 7 and older, the percentage of animals diagnosed with HCM was the highest and amounted to 44.3% of the total number of studied cats with HCM. Full article

Digitalization of agriculture is one of the priorities of the EU’s rural development strategy “From Field to Table”, which promotes the creation of more added value and climate change mitigation in agriculture. A growing body of the literature argues that digitalization enables better information management, reduces production costs, and increases the potential for farm income growth, but only a few papers provide empirical studies on how digitalization improves the performance of small farms. To fill this gap in the literature, this paper presents a case study as empirical evidence of the impact of digital innovation on smallholder performance through a sustainable development lens. This paper reports research based on a pilot digitalization project implemented on a small organic farm. It examines the identification of logical links between the digitalization processes introduced and the impact of digitalization on the economic, social, and environmental performance of the small farm. The case study data were collected through semi-structured interviews and based on the results of a pilot project. The findings of this study provide evidence that the introduction of digital technologies has improved the economic performance of the farm, including a reduction in labor costs, improved customer relations, improvements in farmers’ investment planning, and process redesign. Based on this study, recommendations are made to policymakers on how to promote the uptake of digital technologies in smallholder farming. Full article

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of XG addition on low-fat yogurt (LFY) properties. Pasteurized skimmed buffalo milk (SBM) was heated to 95 ± 2 °C for 16 s, cooled to 40 ± 1 °C, and then divided into six treatment lots. The treatments included the following: T1 (control), T2 (0.2% XG), T3 (0.4% XG), T4 (0.6% XG), T5 (0.8% XG), and T6 (1% XG). A proportion of 2% of a mixed starter culture from Streptococcus thermophilus (ST), Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LB), and Bifidobacterium bifidum (BB) in the ratio 1:1:1 was added. Yogurt was manufactured following the standard manufacturing protocol. Chemical composition and texture were determined at fresh time, while water-holding capacity (WHC), viscosity, and syneresis % were determined at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of storage. Total bacterial counts (TBC), lactobacilli, streptococci, and bifidobacteria counts were determined at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of storage. Sensory analysis was performed immediately upon the cooling stage (time zero) and then after 14 and 21 days of storage. The experiment was performed in trice. The results obtained showed that the addition of XG in LFY significantly (p < 0.05) decreases the pH, total protein (TP), and ash, and significantly (p < 0.05) increased the total solids (TS). Additionally, the addition of XG led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in hardness, WHC, and viscosity; however, syneresis significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. The addition of higher amounts of XG led to a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the TBC and led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in counts of ST, LB, and BB during the first two weeks of the storage period. Sensory evaluation revealed that increasing the XG concentration up to 0.8% increased the product’s acceptability among panelists; however, further increasing the concentration to 1% had a detrimental impact on its acceptability. To conclude, this study showed that XG can be used as a stabilizer in the manufacturing of LFY as well as a prebiotic for starter culture and improve the quality of LFY. Full article

The CCT gene family is present in plants and is involved in biological processes such as flowering, circadian rhythm regulation, plant growth and development, and stress resistance. We identified 87, 62, 46, and 40 CCTs at the whole-genome level in B. napus, B. rapa, B. oleracea, and A. thaliana, respectively. The CCTs can be classified into five groups based on evolutionary relationships, and each of these groups can be further subdivided into three subfamilies (COL, CMF, and PRR) based on function. Our analysis of chromosome localization, gene structure, collinearity, cis-acting elements, and expression patterns in B. napus revealed that the distribution of the 87 BnaCCTs on the chromosomes of B. napus was uneven. Analysis of gene structure and conserved motifs revealed that, with the exception of a few genes that may have lost structural domains, the majority of genes within the same group exhibited similar structures and conserved domains. The gene collinearity analysis identified 72 orthologous genes, indicating gene duplication and expansion during the evolution of BnaCCTs. Analysis of cis-acting elements identified several elements related to abiotic and biotic stress, plant hormone response, and plant growth and development in the promoter regions of BnaCCTs. Expression pattern and protein interaction network analysis showed that BnaCCTs are differentially expressed in various tissues and under stress conditions. The PRR subfamily genes have the highest number of interacting proteins, indicating their significant role in the growth, development, and response to abiotic stress of B. napus. Full article

This article provides an up-to-date overview of the problems associated with the detection of hot electrons escaping from laser-produced plasma and corresponding return current flowing from the ground to the target, which neutralises the positive charge occurring on the target due to the escaped electrons. In addition, the target holder system acts as an antenna emitting an electromagnetic pulse (EMP), which is powered by the return target. If the amount of positive charge generated on the target is equal to the amount of charge carried away from the plasma by the escaping electrons, the measurement of the return current makes it possible to determine this charge, and thus also the number of escaped electrons. Methods of return current detection in the mA–10 kA range is presented, and the corresponding charge is compared to the charge determined using calibrated magnetic electron energy analysers. The influence of grounded and insulated targets on the number of escaped electrons and EMP intensity is discussed. In addition to EMP detection, mapping of the electrical potential near the target is mentioned. Full article

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly altered consumer behavior and reshaped the tourism industry, particularly impacting travel destination choices. Pre-pandemic, travelers prioritized experiences and adventure, often overlooking health and safety concerns. However, during and after the pandemic, health, hygiene, and the COVID-19 situation emerged as crucial factors in choosing a rural destination, alongside economic considerations. The current study analyzed the tourists’ preferences in the North-West development region of Romania when choosing a rural destination. An online survey was conducted, and 563 questionnaires were validated in the end. The principal component analysis used to analyze the collected data led to a two-factor solution: “sanitary and administrative” and “economic and social”. Comparative analysis based on age showed significant differences in education, income, and family composition between Generation Y and Generation Z. Preferences for domestic destinations and participation in festivals were higher among Generation Z, while interest in international travel was comparable between the generations. These findings provide insights into the evolving travel behaviors and preferences of different age groups in the wake of the pandemic. Full article

Since the idea of the smart city was first introduced, over two decades ago, there has been an increasing focus on sustainability as a core strategic priority. However, as the relevance, importance and even definition of sustainability is a function of cultural context, planners must take account of local and regional cultural factors in the selection and adaption of digital infrastructures, as well as in the management and encouragement of public acceptance. Achieving this is not a sequential process, but a concurrent one, as these factors are interdependent. This raises the question of what factors affect and mediate the technology, choice, and public acceptance of smart sustainable cities. This paper attempts to address this question by proposing a new model which advances our current, and considerable, understanding of Technology Acceptance Modelling—using an analysis based on Structural Equation Modelling. This new model, called the Culturally Informed Technology Acceptance Model, was validated using data from a survey of residents of a variety of Saudi Arabian cities. The proposed model is designed around important factors that can be influenced by cultural context, such as digital literacy, process improvements, cost savings and privacy, and is a useful tool for understanding the role of culture in the public acceptance of smart sustainable technology. This design focus is for a number of reasons, such as helping development bodies ensure that the technologies used align with the socio-cultural context. It will also help in the management of at-scale technology roll out in a way that is resource-efficient. Although the Culturally Informed Technology Acceptance Model has been developed and validated using data from Saudi Arabia, the authors believe that it could be adapted to meet the needs of countries/cities that are looking to implement smart city strategies matched to their own distinct socio-cultural identity. Full article

A new praeaulacid genus and species, Azygdellitha nova gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated based on a male specimen from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber from Hukawng Valley, Myanmar. This newly discovered taxon increased the diversity of praeaulacid wasps during the Cretaceous period. While this new taxon shares similarities of wing venation with most species of the subfamily Praeaulacinae, it strongly differs from that of three genera previously described from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber: Mesevania, Paleosyncrasis, and Praegastrinus. We explore the possibility that these genera constitute a distinct tribe within the Praeaulacinae, distinguished by their wing venation. We provide illustrations and emphasize the potentially diagnostic traits supporting this classification. Full article

In order to enhance passenger willingness to choose buses for commuting and to reduce the operating costs and tailpipe emissions of bus companies, a bus scheduling model is established. The model aims to minimize the sum of the operating costs of the bus company, the costs associated with the loss of passengers’ interest, and the cost of tailpipe emissions. It considers constraints such as maintaining an average load factor of the buses above 60%, ensuring a departure interval of greater than 5 min during non-peak hours and less than 30 min during peak hours, and limiting the maximum number of buses allocated to a route. The passenger flow is divided into peak hours and nonpeak hours according to the survey of passenger flow during each period of a bus operation on a route in Nanjing City, China. A genetic algorithm is employed to solve the proposed bus scheduling model and determine the total costs during peak and non-peak hours. After designing the parameters of the genetic algorithm, optimal departure intervals and bus numbers for a day’s operation cycle on a given route are calculated using a weighting method. Full article

Epimedium koreanum is a perennial herb of the Berberidaceae family, which is a traditional tonic in Chinese medicine. Seed germination of E. koreanum is difficult. Dormancy is an intrinsic factor that affects seed germination. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of seed dormancy and the lifting process of E. koreanum is of great significance for the breeding, conservation, and utilization of E. koreanum. Previous studies have concluded that E. koreanum seed dormancy breakage requires warm-temperature stratification followed by low-temperature stratification treatments. Therefore, we performed transcriptome sequencing using freshly harvested, untreated seeds (NS), seeds that developed a cotyledonary embryo after 90 d of constant-temperature stratification at 15 °C (CS), and seeds that broke dormancy by 90 d of stratification at 15 °C and 60 d of stratification at 5 °C (ND) in order to find the responsive genes and regulatory genes that regulate dormancy. A total of 92,867 genes with differential expression were identified. GO enrichment analysis highlighted redox processes, as well as structural components of the nucleus and ribosomes. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed a significant enrichment of phytohormone signaling pathways, which play a crucial role in seed dormancy release. Additionally, protein–protein interactions (PPIs) were predicted with starch and sucrose metabolic pathways. This study introduces a novel concept for a more profound comprehension of the molecular regulatory mechanism of E. koreanum and lays a theoretical foundation for the screening of E. koreanum candidate genes. Full article

The present research proposes the implementation of an architecture for industrial process monitoring and control for a manufacturing execution system (MES) using an immersive digital twin (DT). For the design of the proposal, cyber–physical systems (CPS), MES, robotics, the Internet of Things, augmented reality, virtual reality, and open platform communication-unified architecture (OPC UA) communication protocols were used to integrate these technologies and enhance the functionalities of the DT by providing greater performance. The proposed work is implemented in an Industry 4.0 laboratory that is composed of Festo Cyber–Physical Factory and CP-Lab stations. The implementation of the architecture is based on ISO 23247, where the following requirements were considered for the design of DTs: (1) observable attributes and 3D design and visualization of all physical production lines in all of their stages, (2) a communication entity through the OPC UA protocol for the collection of state changes of manufacturing elements, (3) a DT entity where digital models are modeled and updated based on the collected data, and (4) user entities through the use of AR and VR to make manufacturing more efficient. The experimental results showed that the architecture enables interoperability between different platforms and control subsystems. It allows for the detection and diagnosis of problems during the execution of the production line; in addition, the high-fidelity simulation and AR and VR environments provided by the DT with data obtained in real time can improve the accuracy and efficiency of manufacturing through a more detailed analysis of the process, providing advantages such as interactive creation for customized products and continuous innovation. Full article

Protein ubiquitination is an enzymatic cascade reaction and serves as an important protein post-translational modification (PTM) that is involved in the vast majority of cellular life activities. The key enzyme in the ubiquitination process is E3 ubiquitin ligase (E3), which catalyzes the binding of ubiquitin (Ub) to the protein substrate and influences substrate specificity. In recent years, the relationship between the subfamily of neuron-expressed developmental downregulation 4 (NEDD4), which belongs to the E3 ligase system, and digestive diseases has drawn widespread attention. Numerous studies have shown that NEDD4 and NEDD4L of the NEDD4 family can regulate the digestive function, as well as a series of related physiological and pathological processes, by controlling the subsequent degradation of proteins such as PTEN, c-Myc, and P21, along with substrate ubiquitination. In this article, we reviewed the appropriate functions of NEDD4 and NEDD4L in digestive diseases including cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, chemotherapeutic drug resistance, and multiple signaling pathways, based on the currently available research evidence for the purpose of providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of digestive diseases. Full article

Low carbon operation of power systems is a key way to achieve the goal of energy power carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In order to promote the low carbon transition of energy and power and the coordinated and optimized operation of distributed energy sources in virtual power plants (VPP), this paper proposes a framework for collaborative utilization of pumped storage–carbon capture–power-to-gas (P2G) technologies. It also constructs a multi-time scale low carbon economic dispatch model for VPP to minimize the internal resource operation cost of VPP in each time period. During the intraday scheduling stage, the day-ahead scheduling results as the planned output and the energy flow is then dynamically corrected at a short-term resolution in the framework. This allows for the exploration of the low-carbon potential of each aggregation unit within the virtual power plant. The results of the simulation indicate that the strategy and model proposed in this paper can effectively encourage the consumption of renewable energy sources, promote the low-carbon operation of power system power, and serve as a valuable reference for the low-carbon economic operation of the power system. Full article

Enzyme-production microorganisms typically occupy a dominant position in composting, where cellulolytic microorganisms actively engage in the breakdown of lignocellulose. Exploring strains with high yields of cellulose-degrading enzymes holds substantial significance for the industrial production of related enzymes and the advancement of clean bioenergy. This study was inclined to screen cellulolytic bacteria, conduct genome analysis, mine cellulase-related genes, and optimize cellulase production. The potential carboxymethylcellulose-hydrolyzing bacterial strain Z2.6 was isolated from the maturation phase of pig manure-based compost with algae residuals as the feedstock and identified as Bacillus velezensis. In the draft genome of strain Z2.6, 31 related cellulolytic genes were annotated by the CAZy database, and further validation by cloning documented the existence of an endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) belonging to the GH5 family and a β-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) belonging to the GH1 family, which are predominant types of cellulases. Through the exploration of ten factors in fermentation medium with Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken design methodologies, maximum cellulase activity was predicted to reach 2.98 U/mL theoretically. The optimal conditions achieving this response were determined as 1.09% CMC-Na, 2.30% salinity, and 1.23% tryptone. Validation under these specified conditions yielded a cellulose activity of 3.02 U/mL, demonstrating a 3.43-fold degree of optimization. In conclusion, this comprehensive study underscored the significant capabilities of strain Z2.6 in lignocellulolytic saccharification and its potentialities for future in-depth exploration in biomass conversion. Full article

This article contextualizes the meaning of nāmamātra in the Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkārabhāṣya and explores the history of modifications of this term in the Yogācāra literature. The term already exists in the pre-Yogācāra literature, such as the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā and the Bhavasaṃkrāntisūtra, where it means name only. The chapter Bodhisattvabhūmi of the Yogācārabhūmi applies this meaning and explains how to interpret it to understand the true nature of the contemplative object; that is, what is named is nothing but a name, and what exists is the inexpressible thing (vastu). When people lack this understanding and regard for the expressed object as existent, they suffer subsequent afflictions and suffering. A similar but slightly modified explanation is also found in the Madhyāntavibhāgabhāṣya, where the author states that a single object has two intrinsic characteristics (svalakṣaṇas), the conventional and the ultimate, and that the former is expressed by a mere name and is non-existent, while the latter is ineffable and existent. However, the Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkārabhāṣya and Sthiramati’s commentary on it, the *Sūtrālaṃkāravṛttibhāṣya, insert another meaning of nāmamātra: there are only mental factors. They also describe two contemplation phases, whereby practitioners should first understand the non-existence of the expressed object before recollecting the term nāmarūpa in the context of the five constituents (pañcaskandha) and concluding that material and physical factors (rūpa) do not exist; rather, only the mental factors do (nāmamātra). Finally, this second meaning of nāmamātra should be further contemplated, and the mere mental factors should also be regarded as ultimately non-existent because the external objects causing them were already considered non-existent. This examination of various Yogācāra explanations of nāmamātra sheds light on the multiple phases of modifications of Buddhist terms that occurred in the Yogācāra literature during the systematization of Yogācāra contemplation. Full article

Nowadays, rumors spread more rapidly than before, leading to more panic and instability in society. Therefore, it is essential to seek out propagation law in order to prevent rumors from spreading further and avoid unnecessary harm. There is a connection between rumor models and symmetry. The consistency of a system or model is referred to as the level of symmetry under certain transformations. For this purpose, we propose a fractional-order Ignorant–Latent–Spreader–Remover (ILSR) rumor propagation model that incorporates media reports and a nonlinear inhibition mechanism. Firstly, the boundedness and non-negativeness of the solutions are derived under fractional differential equations. Secondly, the threshold is used to evaluate and illustrate the stability both locally and globally. Finally, by utilizing Pontryagin’s maximum principle, we obtain the necessary conditions for the optimal control in the fractional-order rumor propagation model, and we also obtain the associated optimal solutions. Furthermore, the numerical results indicate that media reports can decrease the spread of rumors in different dynamic regions, but they cannot completely prevent rumor dissemination. The results are also exhibited and corroborated by replicating the model with specific hypothetical parameter values. It can be inferred that fractional order yields more favorable outcomes when rumor permanence in the population is higher. The presented method facilitates the acquisition of profound insights into the dissemination dynamics and subsequent consequences of rumors within a societal network. Full article