Climate change poses significant challenges to agricultural productivity, making the efficient management of water resources essential for sustainable crop production. The assessment of plant water status is crucial for understanding plant physiological responses to water stress and optimizing water management practices in agriculture. Proximal and remote sensing techniques have emerged as powerful tools for the non-destructive, efficient, and spatially extensive monitoring of plant water status. This review aims to examine the recent advancements in proximal and remote sensing methodologies utilized for assessing the water status, consumption, and irrigation needs of fruit tree crops. Several proximal sensing tools have proved useful in the continuous estimation of tree water status but have strong limitations in terms of spatial variability. On the contrary, remote sensing technologies, although less precise in terms of water status estimates, can easily cover from medium to large areas with drone or satellite images. The integration of proximal and remote sensing would definitely improve plant water status assessment, resulting in higher accuracy by integrating temporal and spatial scales. This paper consists of three parts: the first part covers current plant-based proximal sensing tools, the second part covers remote sensing techniques, and the third part includes an update on the on the combined use of the two methodologies. Full article

Biological nanoparticles (NPs), such as extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosome-mimetic nanovesicles (EMNVs) and nanoghosts (NGs), are perspective non-viral delivery vehicles for all types of therapeutic cargo. Biological NPs are renowned for their exceptional biocompatibility and safety, alongside their ease of functionalization, but a significant challenge arises when attempting to load therapeutic payloads, such as nucleic acids (NAs). One effective strategy involves fusing biological NPs with liposomes loaded with NAs, resulting in hybrid carriers that offer the benefits of both biological NPs and the capacity for high cargo loads. Despite their unique parameters, one of the major issues of virtually any nanoformulation is the ability to escape degradation in the compartment of endosomes and lysosomes which determines the overall efficiency of nanotherapeutics. In this study, we fabricated all major types of biological and hybrid NPs and studied their response to the acidic environment observed in the endolysosomal compartment. In this study, we show that EMNVs display increased protonation and swelling relative to EVs and NGs in an acidic environment. Furthermore, the hybrid NPs exhibit an even greater response compared to EMNVs. Short-term incubation of EMNVs in acidic pH corresponding to late endosomes and lysosomes again induces protonation and swelling, whereas hybrid NPs are ruptured, resulting in the decline in their quantities. Our findings demonstrate that in an acidic environment, there is enhanced rupture and release of vesicular cargo observed in hybrid EMNVs that are fused with liposomes compared to EMNVs alone. This was confirmed through PAGE electrophoresis analysis of mCherry protein loaded into nanoparticles. In vitro analysis of NPs colocalization with lysosomes in HepG2 cells demonstrated that EMNVs mostly avoid the endolysosomal compartment, whereas hybrid NPs escape it over time. To conclude, (1) hybrid biological NPs fused with liposomes appear more efficient in the endolysosomal escape via the mechanism of proton sponge-associated scavenging of protons by NPs, influx of counterions and water, and rupture of endo/lysosomes, but (2) EMNVs are much more efficient than hybrid NPs in actually avoiding the endolysosomal compartment in human cells. These results reveal biochemical differences across four major types of biological and hybrid NPs and indicate that EMNVs are more efficient in escaping or avoiding the endolysosomal compartment. Full article

Over the past decade, remote monitoring (RM) has become an increasingly popular way to improve healthcare and health outcomes. Modern cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are capable of recording an increasing amount of data related to CIED function, arrhythmias, physiological status and hemodynamic parameters, providing in-depth and updated information on patient cardiovascular function. The extensive use of RM for patients with CIED allows for early diagnosis and rapid assessment of relevant issues, both clinical and technical, as well as replacing outpatient follow-up improving overall management without compromise safety. This approach is recommended by current guidelines for all eligible patients affected by different chronic cardiac conditions including either brady- and tachy-arrhythmias and heart failure. Beyond to clinical advantages, RM has demonstrated cost-effectiveness and is associated with elevated levels of patient satisfaction. Future perspectives include improving security, interoperability and diagnostic power as well as to engage patients with digital health technology. This review aims to update existing data concerning clinical outcomes in patients managed with RM in the wide spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias and Hear Failure (HF), disclosing also about safety, effectiveness, patient satisfaction and cost-saving. Full article

The construction sector of Pakistan is on a cross-growth trajectory, developing under the twin pressures of emerging infrastructure-based demands and sustainable practices that need to be inculcated urgently. This article focuses on the critical evaluation of sustainable waste management practices within the fast-developing construction industry of Pakistan, and clearly delineates a research gap in the current methodologies and use of data combined with the absence of a strategy for effective management of concrete waste. This research aims to utilize an algorithm based on machine learning that will provide accurate prediction in the generation of construction waste by harnessing the potential of real-time data for improved sustainability in the construction process. This research has identified fundamental factors leading systematically to the generation of concrete waste by creating an extensive dataset from construction firms all over Pakistan. This research study also identifies the potential concrete causes and proposed strategies towards the minimization of waste with a strong focus on the reuse and recycling of the same concrete material to enhance the adoption of sustainable practices. The prediction of the model indicates that the volumes of construction are to increase to 158 cubic meters by 2030 and 192 cubic meters by 2040. Further, it projects the increase in concrete construction waste volumes to 223 cubic meters by the year 2050 through historical wastage patterns. Full article

In this paper, we study the networks of financial institutions using textual data (i.e., news). We draw knowledge graphs after the textual data has been processed via various natural language processing and embedding methods, including use of the most recent version of ChatGPT (via OpenAI api). Our final graphs represent bank networks and further shed light on the systemic risk of the financial institutions. Financial news reflects live how financial institutions are connected, via graphs which provide information on conditional dependencies among the financial institutions. Our results show that in the year 2016, the chosen 22 top U.S. financial firms are not closely connected and, hence, present no systemic risk. Full article

In order to solve the ecological environment pollution caused by a large amount of coal gangue accumulation and the problems of poor conveying performance and low support strength of paste filling materials. Based on the standard slump test and uniaxial compressive strength test, the slump and compressive strength (post-coagulation) of gangue paste under different aggregate size aggregations were obtained through orthogonal experiments in this study. The results show that the slump of the gangue filling paste with four types of aggregate size gradations is negatively correlated with the mass fraction, and the slump of the filling paste with a coarser aggregate content is more obviously affected by the mass fraction The increase of fine aggregate content has a significant impact on the compressive strength of the filling paste, which shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. When the mixing ratio of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate is 5:5, the compressive strength of the paste reaches the best. In addition, different proportions of aggregate mixing cause the filling paste to form different skeleton structures, including the skeleton void structure at 7:3 or 6:4, the skeleton dense structure at 5:5, and the skeleton suspension structure at 4:6, which are decisive for the final performance of the paste. By analyzing the experimental results of the compressive strength and slump of the gangue filling paste, it was found that the relationship between the compressive strength and slump of the gangue filling paste is a power index function. Through data fitting, it was found that the regression coefficient of the fitting function is no less than 0.97, and the fitting effect is good for evaluating the strength of the filling paste under the aggregate size grading. Full article

In this study, we investigated the anti-hypertensive properties of mulberry products by modulating the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). Comparative analysis showed that the ethyl acetate fractions, particularly from the Cheongil and Daeshim cultivars, contained the highest levels of polyphenols and flavonoids, with concentrations reaching 110 mg gallic acid equivalent (GE)/g and 471 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g of extract, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction showed superior angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, mainly because of the presence of the prenylated flavonoids kuwanon G and H. UPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis identified kuwanon G and H as the primary active components, which significantly contributed to the pharmacological efficacy of the extract. In vivo testing of mice fed a high-salt diet showed that the ethyl acetate fraction substantially reduced the heart weight and lowered the serum renin and angiotensinogen levels by 34% and 25%, respectively, highlighting its potential to modulate the RAS. These results suggested that the ethyl acetate fraction of mulberry root bark is a promising candidate for the development of natural ACE inhibitors. This finding has significant implications for the management of hypertension through RAS regulation and the promotion of cardiovascular health in the functional food industry. Full article

In the dynamic landscape of tissue engineering, the integration of tissue-engineered constructs (TECs) faces a dual challenge—initiating beneficial inflammation for regeneration while avoiding the perils of prolonged immune activation. As TECs encounter the immediate reaction of the immune system upon implantation, the unique immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) emerge as key navigators. Harnessing the paracrine effects of MSCs, researchers aim to craft a localized microenvironment that not only enhances TEC integration but also holds therapeutic promise for inflammatory-driven pathologies. This review unravels the latest advancements, applications, obstacles, and future prospects surrounding the strategic alliance between MSCs and TECs, shedding light on the immunological symphony that guides the course of regenerative medicine. Full article

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) provides an alternative rapid detection method for pesticide residues in food, but fenvalerate possesses poor affinity to the novel metal substrate, thus restricting its analysis. To break this bottleneck, a SERS-active platform with an Ag/rGO composite structure was engineered using a facile method for fenvalerate detection. Ag nanoparticles with a 60 nm diameter can grow evenly on the top and bottom of rGO layers under intense ultrasonic oscillation, and rGO in hybrid material acts as an ideal hotspot holder between the gaps of Ag nanoparticles, not only allowing the interaction area to be enhanced both electromagnetically and chemically but also enabling the capture and enrichment of fenvalerate pesticide molecules into the “hotspot” area to improve detection sensitivity. Ag/rGO composite substrate possesses superior SERS performance with an ultralow detectable concentration of 4-aminothiophenol (10⁻¹⁰ M) and good reproducibility, endowing the material with a better enhancement effect than pure Ag nanoparticles. When used as the SERS substrate for fenvalerate detection, Ag/rGO composite material showed excellent performance in both experiments and theoretical calculation, with the limit of detection (LOD) of fenvalerate being as low as 1.69 × 10⁻⁵ mg/kg and a detection model with an R² of 99.2%, demonstrating its exciting potential as a SERS substrate for pesticides detection. Full article

Biodigestion in farming and agriculture offers environmental and economic benefits, but investing in biodigesters carries real-world risks for enterprises. This study analyzes methane (CH₄) emissions from a poultry farm biodigester in Tenerife Island, Canary Islands, Spain, conceptualized as a right-angled prism measuring 45 m wide, 25 m long, and 12 m tall, with an internal volume of approximately 13,500 m³. Using a Neon tracer gas technique, CH₄ emission rates were quantified in situ during two surveys in February 2021 and October 2022, capturing seasonal variability in ambient conditions. Biogas analysis was performed using a portable micro-gas chromatograph in less than 5 min, revealing stable CH₄ production rates of approximately 200 kg·d⁻¹ (~310 m³·d⁻¹) and 330 kg·d⁻¹ (~500 m³·d⁻¹) for the two experiments, respectively. The composition of biogas indicated CH₄ concentrations of around 38–43%, with the remaining composition consisting of carbon dioxide (19–26%), nitrogen (36–27%), oxygen (7–4%), and trace amounts of other gases. A comparison with a theoretical model showed a good correlation. This approach enhances biodigester investment attractiveness by enabling enterprises to optimize efficiency promptly. The obtained data were used to estimate the energy potential of biogas from chicken farms in the Canary Islands. Full article

Due to the prevalent challenges of inadequate accuracy, unstandardized parameters, and suboptimal efficiency with regard to icing prediction, this study introduces an innovative online method for icing prediction based on Robust STL–BTSF and IBWO–LSSVR. Firstly, this study adopts the Robust Seasonal Decomposition of Time Series and Bilinear Temporal–Spectral Fusion (Robust STL–BTSF) approach, which is demonstrably effective for short-term and limited sample data preprocessing. Subsequently, injecting a multi-faceted enhancement approach to the Beluga Whale Optimization algorithm (BWO), which integrates a nonlinear balancing factor, a population optimization strategy, a whale fall mechanism, and an ascendant elite learning scheme. Then, using the Improved BWO (IBWO) above to optimize the key hyperparameters of Least Squares Support Vector Regression (LSSVR), a superior offline predictive part is constructed based on this approach. In addition, an Incremental Online Learning algorithm (IOL) is imported. Integrating the two parts, the advanced online icing prediction model for transmission lines is built. Finally, simulations based on actual icing data unequivocally demonstrate that the proposed method markedly enhances both the accuracy and speed of predictions, thereby presenting a sophisticated solution for the icing prediction on the transmission lines. Full article

Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of lignocellulosic biomass is a promising pathway for the production of hydrogen. However, SCWG is a complex thermochemical process, the modeling of which is challenging via conventional methodologies. Therefore, eight machine learning models (linear regression (LR), Gaussian process regression (GPR), artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), and categorical boosting regressor (CatBoost)) with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a genetic algorithm (GA) optimizer were developed and evaluated for prediction of H₂, CO, CO₂, and CH₄ gas yields from SCWG of lignocellulosic biomass. A total of 12 input features of SCWG process conditions (temperature, time, concentration, pressure) and biomass properties (C, H, N, S, VM, moisture, ash, real feed) were utilized for the prediction of gas yields using 166 data points. Among machine learning models, boosting ensemble tree models such as XGB and CatBoost demonstrated the highest power for the prediction of gas yields. PSO-optimized XGB was the best performing model for H₂ yield with a test R² of 0.84 and PSO-optimized CatBoost was best for prediction of yields of CH₄, CO, and CO₂, with test R² values of 0.83, 0.94, and 0.92, respectively. The effectiveness of the PSO optimizer in improving the prediction ability of the unoptimized machine learning model was higher compared to the GA optimizer for all gas yields. Feature analysis using Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) based on best performing models showed that (21.93%) temperature, (24.85%) C, (16.93%) ash, and (29.73%) C were the most dominant features for the prediction of H₂, CH₄, CO, and CO₂ gas yields, respectively. Even though temperature was the most dominant feature, the cumulative feature importance of biomass characteristics variables (C, H, N, S, VM, moisture, ash, real feed) as a group was higher than that of the SCWG process condition variables (temperature, time, concentration, pressure) for the prediction of all gas yields. SHAP two-way analysis confirmed the strong interactive behavior of input features on the prediction of gas yields. Full article

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter spp. Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter freundii, Providencia spp., and Morganella morganii (CP-ESCPM) are increasingly identified as causative agents of nosocomial infections but are still not under systematic genomic surveillance. In this study, using a combination of whole-genome sequencing and conjugation experiments, we sought to elucidate the genomic characteristics and transferability of resistance genes in clinical CP-ESCPM isolates from Bulgaria. Among the 36 sequenced isolates, NDM-1 (12/36), VIM-4 (11/36), VIM-86 (8/36), and OXA-48 (7/36) carbapenemases were identified; two isolates carried both NDM-1 and VIM-86. The majority of carbapenemase genes were found on self-conjugative plasmids. IncL plasmids were responsible for the spread of OXA-48 among E. hormaechei, C. freundii, and S. marcescens. IncM2 plasmids were generally associated with the spread of NDM-1 in C. freundii and S. marcescens, and also of VIM-4 in C. freundii. IncC plasmids were involved in the spread of the recently described VIM-86 in P. stuartii isolates. IncC plasmids carrying bla_NDM-1 and bla_VIM-86 were observed too. bla_NDM-1 was also detected on IncX3 in S. marcescens and on IncT plasmid in M. morganii. The significant resistance transfer rates we observed highlight the role of the ESCPM group as a reservoir of resistance determinants and stress the need for strengthening infection control measures. Full article

Diarrhoea is a serious cause of mortality worldwide that can lead to dehydration, gut barrier function impairment, nutrient malabsorption, and alterations of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis). The current solutions for its management, such as oral rehydration salts (ORS), inhibitors of gut motility, antibiotics, and living probiotics, only partially counteract the mechanisms of the disease and do not provide a full coverage of the problem. The potential risks of the use of living probiotic strains, particularly in immunocompromised patients, can be eliminated with the use of tyndallized (heat-killed) postbiotic bacteria and yeast. ABB C22^® is a postbiotic combination of three tyndallized yeasts, namely Saccharomyces boulardii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Kluyveromyces marxianus. To assess the action of the postbiotic combination on diarrhoea, immune and gut epithelial cell signalling assays, the gut barrier formation assay, and the rotavirus gene expression assay were performed. ABB C22^® showed a strong anti-inflammatory effect, an induction of the build-up of the gut epithelium, and a degree of protection against rotavirus infection. These experimental studies support the use of the postbiotic ABB C22^® as a solution for the management of diarrhoea and gastrointestinal conditions, alone or in combination with existing but incomplete treatments. Full article

To explore the stability, electrical, and mechanical characteristics of undoped AgNi alongside AgNi doped with elemental Ge, V, and Ta, we performed calculations on their electronic structures using density functional theory from first-principles. We also prepared AgNi(17) and AgNi-x(Ge, V, Ta) electrical contact materials using the powder metallurgy technique, and they were subsequently assessed experimentally. The electrical properties of these materials were evaluated under a 24 V/15 A DC-resistive load using the JF04D contact material testing system. A three-dimensional morphology scanner was employed to examine the contact surface and investigate the erosion patterns of the materials. Our findings indicate that doping with metal elements significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of electrical contacts, including conductivity and hardness, and optimizes arc parameters while improving resistance to arc erosion. Notably, AgNi-Ge demonstrated superior conductivity and arc erosion resistance, showing significant improvements over the undoped AgNi contacts. This research provides a theoretical foundation for selecting doping elements aimed at enhancing the performance of AgNi electrical contact materials. Full article

Salmonella Enteritidis was the primary foodborne pathogen responsible for acute gastroenteritis. The growing ceftriaxone resistance poses a significant threat to public health. Infection with S. Enteritidis has emerged as a major public health concern, particularly in developing countries. However, research on ceftriaxone-resistant S. Enteritidis (CRO-RSE) remains limited, particularly concerning its resistance mechanism, plasmid structure, and transmission characteristics. This study aims to address these gaps comprehensively. We collected 235 S. Enteritidis isolates from Hangzhou First People’s Hospital between 2010 and 2020. Among these, 8.51% (20/235) exhibited resistance to ceftriaxone. Whole-genome analysis revealed that 20 CRO-RSE isolates harbored bla_CTX-M-55 or bla_CTX-M-14 on the plasmid. Moreover, the dissemination of the bla_CTX-M-type gene was associated with IS26 and ISEcp1. Plasmid fusion entailing the integration of the p1 plasmid with antibiotic resistance genes and the p2 (pSEV) virulence plasmid was observed in certain CRO-RSE. Additionally, the structural analysis of the plasmids unveiled two types carrying the bla_CTX-M-type gene: type A with multiple replicons and type B with IncI1 (Alpha) replicon. Type B plasmids exhibited superior adaptability and stability compared to type A plasmids within Enterobacteriaceae. Interestingly, although the type B (S808-p1) plasmid displayed the potential to spread to Acinetobacter baumannii, it failed to maintain stability in this species. Full article

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the influence of the root canal morphology and various treatment variables on the outcomes of root canal treatments (RCTs) in mandibular second molars, assessed through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging. Methods: A total of 150 CBCT images were examined, comprising 100 cases of persistent endodontic infections and 50 of previously treated root canals with normal apices in the mandibular second molars. CBCT was utilized to evaluate the root canal configuration, the radiographic quality of coronal restorations and treated canal systems, and the presence of periapical lesions. Statistical analyses were performed to explore the correlations between these factors. Results: The presence of a C-shaped root canal configuration did not demonstrate a significant correlation with periapical lesions (p = 0.05). Factors influencing endodontic treatment outcomes included missing canals (p = 0.018), underfilling or overfilling (p = 0.045), and inadequate coronal restoration (p = 0.006). Missing a canal was identified as the variable most significantly associated with periapical lesions (OR = 3.103). Inhomogeneous root canal obturation was more commonly observed in C-shaped root canals (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Regardless of the root canal morphology of mandibular second molars, successful RCT depends on thorough disinfection to eliminate any untreated canals, precise three-dimensional filling of the canals at the correct working length, and a securely sealed coronal restoration to prevent leakage. Full article

In this study, crumpled graphene oxide balls (CGBs) were prepared via capillary compression using a rapidly evaporating aerosol droplet method. The CGBs were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The size distributions of crumpled particles were obtained using a laser nanometer particle size analyzer (DLS). The dispersibility of the water and the ionic liquid (IL) was tested by ultrasonic dispersion. The tribological properties of water or ionic liquids containing crumpled graphene oxide ball additives (W/IL-CGB) were tested by a reciprocating friction tester and compared with water/ionic liquids with graphene oxide. The morphology of the wear scar was observed by a three-dimensional optical microscope and its lubrication mechanism was analyzed. The results show that the CGBs were successfully prepared by rapid evaporation of aerosol droplets, and the obtained CGBs were crumpled paper spheres. The CGBs had good water dispersion and ionic liquid dispersion, and IL-CGB has excellent anti-friction and anti-wear effects on steel–steel friction pairs. During the friction process, the CGB was adsorbed at the interface of the steel–steel friction pair to form a protective layer, which avoids the direct contact of the friction pair, thereby reducing friction and wear. Full article

Spinal alignment intricately influences functional independence, particularly in older women with osteopenia experiencing mild neck and back pain. This study elucidates the interplay between spinal alignment, bone mineral density (BMD), and muscle strength in elderly women presenting with mild neck and back pain. Focusing on a cohort of 189 older women, we examined the associations among global tilt (GT), coronal and sagittal alignment, BMD, grip strength, and functional independence as gauged by the Barthel index. Our findings indicate significant associations between functional capacity and grip strength, bone density, GT, and pelvic tilt (PT). Elderly women with a Barthel Index above 80 demonstrated higher grip strength and better bone quality, reflected by less negative average T scores. These individuals also exhibited lower values of GT and PT, suggesting a better sagittal alignment compared to those with a Barthel index of 80 or below. The results highlight that deviations in GT and PT are significantly associated with decreased functional independence. These insights emphasize the importance of maintaining optimal spinal alignment and muscle strength to support functional independence in elderly women. This study underscores the potential for targeted interventions that improve postural stability and manage pain effectively in this vulnerable population. Full article

Arguments inspired by algorithmic information theory predict an inverse relation between the probability and complexity of output patterns in a wide range of input–output maps. This phenomenon is known as simplicity bias. By viewing the parameters of dynamical systems as inputs, and the resulting (digitised) trajectories as outputs, we study simplicity bias in the logistic map, Gauss map, sine map, Bernoulli map, and tent map. We find that the logistic map, Gauss map, and sine map all exhibit simplicity bias upon sampling of map initial values and parameter values, but the Bernoulli map and tent map do not. The simplicity bias upper bound on the output pattern probability is used to make a priori predictions regarding the probability of output patterns. In some cases, the predictions are surprisingly accurate, given that almost no details of the underlying dynamical systems are assumed. More generally, we argue that studying probability–complexity relationships may be a useful tool when studying patterns in dynamical systems. Full article

Hydraulic fracturing is vital in recovering hydrocarbons from oil and gas reservoirs. It involves injecting a fluid under high pressure into reservoir rock. A significant part of fracturing fluids is the addition of polymers that become gels or gel-like under reservoir conditions. Polymers are employed as viscosifiers and friction reducers to provide proppants in fracturing fluids as a transport medium. There are numerous systems for fracturing fluids based on macromolecules. The employment of natural and man-made linear polymers, and also, to a lesser extent, synthetic hyperbranched polymers, as additives in fracturing fluids in the past one to two decades has shown great promise in enhancing the stability of fracturing fluids under various challenging reservoir conditions. Modern innovations demonstrate the importance of developing chemical structures and properties to improve performance. Key challenges include maintaining viscosity under reservoir conditions and achieving suitable shear-thinning behavior. The physical architecture of macromolecules and novel crosslinking processes are essential in addressing these issues. The effect of macromolecule interactions on reservoir conditions is very critical in regard to efficient fluid qualities and successful fracturing operations. In future, there is the potential for ongoing studies to produce specialized macromolecular solutions for increased efficiency and sustainability in oil and gas applications. Full article

In China’s mountainous coastal terrain, storms can badly damage low-rise buildings. At present, it is not clear how the relative position of buildings and mountains affects the surface of low-rise buildings. The study compared these results with the wind pressure distribution without the surrounding environment. The distribution of wind pressure in different hillside landforms is examined through a wind tunnel experiment, which is also compared with the distribution in an open environment. The study examined the fluctuating coefficient as the distance between the building and the hillside changed, specifically for wind blowing at a 0° angle. The investigation examined the power spectrum and wind pressure probability distribution while considering the proximity of the building to an adjacent hill. The findings indicated that as the distance between the slope and the mountain increases, the fluctuating wind pressure coefficient continues to increase, and the contour lines of the wind pressure distribution are relatively denser compared to where there is a mountain. The maximum value of the fluctuating wind pressure coefficient is 0.22, which appears at the windward roof. The roof’s wind pressure coefficient fluctuated and gradually increased until it reached its peak, unaffected by the surroundings. The wind pressure on the leeward side exhibited Gaussian characteristics in its probability distribution. Full article