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16 pages, 9261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incidence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation Cycle on the Existing Fundamental Niche and Establishment Risk of Some Anastrepha Species (Diptera-Tephritidae) of Horticultural Importance in the Neotropics and Panama

by Arturo Batista Degracia, Julián Ávila Jiménez, Anovel Barba Alvarado, Randy Atencio Valdespino and Mariano Altamiranda-Saavedra

Insects 2024, 15(5), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15050331 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

To compare the environmental space of four Anastrepha species in different ENSO episodes (El Niño, El Neutro and La Niña), we built ecological niche models with NicheA software. We analysed the fundamental niche and the combined establishment risk maps of these species developed [...] Read more.

To compare the environmental space of four Anastrepha species in different ENSO episodes (El Niño, El Neutro and La Niña), we built ecological niche models with NicheA software. We analysed the fundamental niche and the combined establishment risk maps of these species developed with the ArcGisPro combine geoprocess. A comparison of the ellipsoids that represent the fundamental niche existing for the species showed changes in the El Niño, El Neutro and La Niña episodes. For A. grandis in the El Niño vs. El Neutro episodes, there was a Jaccard index of 0.3841, while the comparison between the La Niña vs. El Neutro episodes presented a Jaccard index of 0.6192. A. serpentina in the El Niño vs. El Neutro and La Niña vs. El Neutro episodes presented Jaccard indices of 0.3281 and 0.6328, respectively. For A. obliqua, the comparison between the El Niño vs. El Neutro and La Niña vs. El Neutro episodes presented Jaccard indices of 0.3518 and 0.7472, respectively. For A. striata, comparisons between the episodes of El Niño vs. El Neutro and La Niña vs. El Neutro presented Jaccard indices of 0.3325 and 0.6022, respectively. When studying the comparison between Anastrepha species and the different ENSO climatic episodes, we found that in the El Niño episode, the comparisons with the best environmental similarity were A. obliqua vs. A. striata and A. obliqua vs. A. serpentina, with higher Jaccard indices (0.6064 and 0.6316, respectively). In the El Neutro episode, the comparisons with the best environmental similarity were A. serpentina vs. A. striata and A. obliqua vs. A. striata, which presented higher Jaccard indices (0.4616 and 0.6411, respectively). In the La Niña episode, the comparisons that presented the best environmental similarity were A. obliqua vs. A. serpentina and A. obliqua vs. A. striata, with higher Jaccard indices (0.5982 and 0.6228, respectively). Likewise, our results present the risk maps for the establishment of these species throughout the Neotropics, allowing us to predict the level of risk in order to develop integrated pest management plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)

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19 pages, 6658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Converter Based Standalone Wind Energy Conversion System Controlled with a New Simplified Line-to-Line Space Vector Modulation

by Tarak Ghennam, Lakhdar Belhadji, Nassim Rizoug, Bruno Francois and Seddik Bacha

Energies 2024, 17(9), 2214; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092214 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

Wind power systems, which are currently being constructed for the electricity worldwide market, are mostly based on Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs). To control such systems, multilevel converters are increasingly preferred due to the well-known benefits they provide. This paper deals with the [...] Read more.

Wind power systems, which are currently being constructed for the electricity worldwide market, are mostly based on Doubly Fed Induction Generators (DFIGs). To control such systems, multilevel converters are increasingly preferred due to the well-known benefits they provide. This paper deals with the control of a standalone DFIG-based Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) by using a three-level Neutral-Point-Clamped (NPC) converter. The frequency and magnitude of the stator output voltage of the DFIG are controlled and fixed at nominal values despite the variable rotor speed, ensuring a continuous AC supply for three-phase loads. This task is achieved by controlling the DFIG rotor currents via a PI controller combined with a new Simplified Direct Space Vector Modulation strategy (SDSVM), which is applied to the three-level NPC converter. This strategy is based on the use of a line-to-line three-level converter space vector diagram without using Park transformation and then simplifying it to that of a two-level converter. The performance of the proposed SDSVM technique in terms of controlling the three-level NPC-converter-based standalone WECS is demonstrated through simulation results. The whole WECS control and the SDSVM strategy are implemented on a dSPACE DS 1104 board that drives a DFIG-based wind system test bench. The obtained experimental results confirm the validity and performance in terms of control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects in DC–DC/DC–AC Converters and Their Control Techniques for Renewable Energy Applications)

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18 pages, 1805 KiB

Open AccessReview

Endophytic Fungi Volatile Organic Compounds as Crucial Biocontrol Agents Used for Controlling Fruit and Vegetable Postharvest Diseases

by Lijun Ling, Lijun Feng, Yao Li, Rui Yue, Yuanyuan Wang and Yongpeng Zhou

J. Fungi 2024, 10(5), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10050332 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

Fruits and vegetables are an important part of the human diet, but during transportation and storage, microbial pathogens attack and spoil fruits and vegetables, causing huge economic losses to agriculture. Traditionally used chemical fungicides leave chemical residues, leading to environmental pollution and health [...] Read more.

Fruits and vegetables are an important part of the human diet, but during transportation and storage, microbial pathogens attack and spoil fruits and vegetables, causing huge economic losses to agriculture. Traditionally used chemical fungicides leave chemical residues, leading to environmental pollution and health risks. With the emphasis on food safety, biocontrol agents are attracting more and more attention due to their environmental friendliness. Endophytic fungi are present in plant tissues and do not cause host disease. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) they produce are used to control postharvest diseases due to their significant antifungal activity, as well as their volatility, safety and environmental protection characteristics. This review provides the concept and characterization of endophytic fungal VOCs, concludes the types of endophytic fungi that release antifungal VOCs and their biological control mechanisms, as well as focuses on the practical applications and the challenges of applying VOCs as fumigants. Endophytic fungal VOCs can be used as emerging biocontrol resources to control postharvest diseases that affect fruits and vegetables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Postharvest Fungal Diseases)

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16 pages, 9832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of ZnO on Luminescence Performance of Terbium-Activated Zinc Borosilicate Glasses

by Sena Dayioglugil and Nuri Solak

Materials 2024, 17(9), 2154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092154 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

In this study, terbium-doped ZnO-SiO₂-B₂O₃-Na₂O glasses were fabricated with the conventional melt-quenching method. The effect of altering the concentration of the host matrix on luminescence performance was investigated in terms of different ZnO/B₂O [...] Read more.

In this study, terbium-doped ZnO-SiO₂-B₂O₃-Na₂O glasses were fabricated with the conventional melt-quenching method. The effect of altering the concentration of the host matrix on luminescence performance was investigated in terms of different ZnO/B₂O₃ and ZnO/SiO₂ ratios. FT-IR results indicate that bridging oxygens (Bos) were converted to non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) with increments of ZnO. Furthermore, the emission intensity and luminescence lifetime of samples were influenced by the amount of ZnO; this was proven with photoluminescence spectra results. The maximum emission intensity was observed at a 1.1 ZnO/B₂O₃ ratio and a 0.8 ZnO/SiO₂ ratio; however, the highest luminescence lifetime was observed at a 1.1 ZnO/SiO₂ ratio. The emission intensity and luminescence lifetime of glass samples were improved by heat treatment as a result of the formation of willemite and zinc oxide phases. An increase in the ZnO/SiO₂ ratio facilitated the formation of willemite and zinc oxide phases; therefore, crystallinity was directly related to the luminescence behavior of glass samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural and Luminescence Properties of Glass)

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23 pages, 4863 KiB

Open AccessReview

Negotiation of Calcified Canals

by Antonis Chaniotis, Hugo Sousa Dias and Anastasia Chanioti

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(9), 2703; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13092703 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

The gradual formation of hard tissue along the root canal walls is a natural process associated with aging, typically progressing slowly over time. In reaction to tooth wear, operative procedures, vital pulp treatments, or regenerative endodontic procedures, hard tissue may also accumulate within [...] Read more.

The gradual formation of hard tissue along the root canal walls is a natural process associated with aging, typically progressing slowly over time. In reaction to tooth wear, operative procedures, vital pulp treatments, or regenerative endodontic procedures, hard tissue may also accumulate within the pulp canal space at a slow rate. In certain cases, such as dental trauma, autotransplantation, or orthodontic treatment, this deposition of hard tissue can accelerate unexpectedly, resulting in rapid narrowing or complete closure of the root canal space. This situation is called calcific metamorphosis (CM), root canal calcification, or pulp canal obliteration (PCO). Performing conventional endodontic therapy on severely calcified canals presents significant challenges and increases the risk of procedural accidents. Calcified canals introduce such complexity that dedicated negotiation concepts and specially designed instruments have been developed to deal with the challenge. This article seeks to review the existing methods for effectively navigating calcified canals and to introduce the buckling resistance activation test (BRAT) technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surgical and Non-surgical Endodontics in 2024 and Beyond)

43 pages, 1011 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antioxidants and Mechanistic Insights for Managing Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration

by Deepak Basyal, Sooyeun Lee and Hye Jin Kim

Antioxidants 2024, 13(5), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13050568 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) severely affects central vision due to progressive macular degeneration and its staggering prevalence is rising globally, especially in the elderly population above 55 years. Increased oxidative stress with aging is considered an important contributor to AMD pathogenesis despite multifaceted [...] Read more.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) severely affects central vision due to progressive macular degeneration and its staggering prevalence is rising globally, especially in the elderly population above 55 years. Increased oxidative stress with aging is considered an important contributor to AMD pathogenesis despite multifaceted risk factors including genetic predisposition and environmental agents. Wet AMD can be managed with routine intra-vitreal injection of angiogenesis inhibitors, but no satisfactory medicine has been approved for the successful management of the dry form. The toxic carbonyls due to photo-oxidative degradation of accumulated bisretinoids within lysosomes initiate a series of events including protein adduct formation, impaired autophagy flux, complement activation, and chronic inflammation, which is implicated in dry AMD. Therapy based on antioxidants has been extensively studied for its promising effect in reducing the impact of oxidative stress. This paper reviews the dry AMD pathogenesis, delineates the effectiveness of dietary and nutrition supplements in clinical studies, and explores pre-clinical studies of antioxidant molecules, extracts, and formulations with their mechanistic insights. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular Responses of Antioxidants Related to Degenerative Eye Disease Research)

21 pages, 5009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Classification Method: Neighborhood-Based Positive Unlabeled Learning Using Decision Tree (NPULUD)

by Bita Ghasemkhani, Kadriye Filiz Balbal, Kokten Ulas Birant and Derya Birant

Entropy 2024, 26(5), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26050403 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

In a standard binary supervised classification task, the existence of both negative and positive samples in the training dataset are required to construct a classification model. However, this condition is not met in certain applications where only one class of samples is obtainable. [...] Read more.

In a standard binary supervised classification task, the existence of both negative and positive samples in the training dataset are required to construct a classification model. However, this condition is not met in certain applications where only one class of samples is obtainable. To overcome this problem, a different classification method, which learns from positive and unlabeled (PU) data, must be incorporated. In this study, a novel method is presented: neighborhood-based positive unlabeled learning using decision tree (NPULUD). First, NPULUD uses the nearest neighborhood approach for the PU strategy and then employs a decision tree algorithm for the classification task by utilizing the entropy measure. Entropy played a pivotal role in assessing the level of uncertainty in the training dataset, as a decision tree was developed with the purpose of classification. Through experiments, we validated our method over 24 real-world datasets. The proposed method attained an average accuracy of 87.24%, while the traditional supervised learning approach obtained an average accuracy of 83.99% on the datasets. Additionally, it is also demonstrated that our method obtained a statistically notable enhancement (7.74%), with respect to state-of-the-art peers, on average. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy in Real-World Datasets and Its Impact on Machine Learning II)

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11 pages, 1840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sex Determination, Evolution of Gonadal Stage in Females, and Seasonal Evolution of Sperm Production in Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1827)

by Ignacio Eduardo Martín-Montero, Juan Manuel Martínez-Vázquez, Inmaculada Rasines Perez, Miguel Torres, Juan Antonio Martos-Sitcha and Felipe Aguado-Giménez

Aquac. J. 2024, 4(2), 44-54; https://doi.org/10.3390/aquacj4020004 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

Chelon labrosus represents a promising species for current aquaculture to lean towards a more sustainable model. The control of reproduction in captivity is essential to develop the industrial production of new species. This work adds to the knowledge of the reproductive aspects of [...] Read more.

Chelon labrosus represents a promising species for current aquaculture to lean towards a more sustainable model. The control of reproduction in captivity is essential to develop the industrial production of new species. This work adds to the knowledge of the reproductive aspects of males and females of this species. We aim to (1) develop a methodology for sex identification of reproductive and prereproductive specimens of the studied species based on the plasma levels of steroid hormones—estradiol (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT); (2) determine the maturity evolution of the females throughout the spawning season by gonadal biopsy; and (3) describe sperm quality throughout the breeding season (volume, motility, density). The results show that an 11-KT/E2 ratio > 0.4 is 100% effective in distinguishing males from females, provided that individuals present a size greater than that of first sexual maturity. A double trend was observed in the development of oocytes, with an increase in the initial diameter until the middle of the spawning season, followed by a divergence of the group, with some females continuing the maturation process and others going into regression. Sperm data show stable quality at the beginning and in the middle of the spawning season and a significant loss of quality at the end of the reproductive period. The present study also shows that, between the beginning and the middle of the reproductive season, males of this species can recover sperm volume removed by stripping. Full article

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16 pages, 5291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ANN-Based LiDAR Positioning System for B5G

by Egidio Raimundo Neto, Matheus Ferreira Silva, Tomás P. V. Andrade and Arismar Cerqueira Sodré Junior

Micromachines 2024, 15(5), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15050620 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

This work reports the development of an efficient and precise indoor positioning system utilizing two-dimensional (2D) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology, aiming to address the challenging sensing and positioning requirements of the beyond fifth-generation (B5G) mobile networks. The core of this work [...] Read more.

This work reports the development of an efficient and precise indoor positioning system utilizing two-dimensional (2D) light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology, aiming to address the challenging sensing and positioning requirements of the beyond fifth-generation (B5G) mobile networks. The core of this work is the implementation of a 2D-LiDAR system enhanced by an artificial neural network (ANN), chosen due to its robustness against electromagnetic interference and higher accuracy over traditional radiofrequency signal-based methods. The proposed system uses 2D-LiDAR sensors for data acquisition and digital filters for signal improvement. Moreover, a camera and an image-processing algorithm are used to automate the labeling of samples that will be used to train the ANN by means of indicating the regions where the pedestrians are positioned. This accurate positioning information is essential for the optimization of B5G network operation, including the control of antenna arrays and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS). The experimental validation demonstrates the efficiency of mapping pedestrian locations with a precision of up to 98.787%, accuracy of 95.25%, recall of 98.537%, and an F1 score of 98.571%. These results show that the proposed system has the potential to solve the problem of sensing and positioning in indoor environments with high reliability and accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 20th SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC 2023))

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20 pages, 1827 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Crowd Anomaly Detection Using Sparse Feature Tracking and Neural Network

by Sarah Altowairqi, Suhuai Luo, Peter Greer and Shan Chen

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3928; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093928 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

Crowd anomaly detection is crucial in enhancing surveillance and crowd management. This paper proposes an efficient approach that combines spatial and temporal visual descriptors, sparse feature tracking, and neural networks for efficient crowd anomaly detection. The proposed approach utilises diverse local feature extraction [...] Read more.

Crowd anomaly detection is crucial in enhancing surveillance and crowd management. This paper proposes an efficient approach that combines spatial and temporal visual descriptors, sparse feature tracking, and neural networks for efficient crowd anomaly detection. The proposed approach utilises diverse local feature extraction methods, including SIFT, FAST, and AKAZE, with a sparse feature tracking technique to ensure accurate and consistent tracking. Delaunay triangulation is employed to represent the spatial distribution of features in an efficient way. Visual descriptors are categorised into individual behaviour descriptors and interactive descriptors to capture the temporal and spatial characteristics of crowd dynamics and behaviour, respectively. Neural networks are then utilised to classify these descriptors and pinpoint anomalies, making use of their strong learning capabilities. A significant component of our study is the assessment of how dimensionality reduction methods, particularly autoencoders and PCA, affect the feature set’s performance. This assessment aims to balance computational efficiency and detection accuracy. Tests conducted on benchmark crowd datasets highlight the effectiveness of our method in identifying anomalies. Our approach offers a nuanced understanding of crowd movement and patterns by emphasising both individual and collective characteristics. The visual and local descriptors facilitate high-level analysis by closely relating to semantic information and crowd behaviour. The analysis observed shows that this approach offers an efficient framework for crowd anomaly detection, contributing to improved crowd management and public safety. The proposed model achieves accuracy of 99.5 %, 96.1%, 99.0% and 88.5% in the UMN scenes 1, 2, and 3 and violence in crowds datasets, respectively. Full article

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19 pages, 4812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Diagnostic Chip for the Colorimetric Detection of Legionella pneumophila in Less than 3 h at the Point of Need

by Katerina Tsougeni, Anastasia Kanioura, Athina S. Kastania, Kosmas Ellinas, Antonios Stellas, Vassilios Constantoudis, Galatios Moschonas, Nikolaos D. Andritsos, Manolis Velonakis, Panagiota S. Petrou, Sotirios E. Kakabakos, Evangelos Gogolides and Angeliki Tserepi

Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050228 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

Legionella pneumophila has been pinpointed by the World Health Organization as the highest health burden of all waterborne pathogens in the European Union and is responsible for many disease outbreaks around the globe. Today, standard analysis methods (based on bacteria culturing onto agar [...] Read more.

Legionella pneumophila has been pinpointed by the World Health Organization as the highest health burden of all waterborne pathogens in the European Union and is responsible for many disease outbreaks around the globe. Today, standard analysis methods (based on bacteria culturing onto agar plates) need several days (~12) in specialized analytical laboratories to yield results, not allowing for timely actions to prevent outbreaks. Over the last decades, great efforts have been made to develop more efficient waterborne pathogen diagnostics and faster analysis methods, requiring further advancement of microfluidics and sensors for simple, rapid, accurate, inexpensive, real-time, and on-site methods. Herein, a lab-on-a-chip device integrating sample preparation by accommodating bacteria capture, lysis, and DNA isothermal amplification with fast (less than 3 h) and highly sensitive, colorimetric end-point detection of L. pneumophila in water samples is presented, for use at the point of need. The method is based on the selective capture of viable bacteria on on-chip-immobilized and -lyophilized antibodies, lysis, the loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) of DNA, and end-point detection by a color change, observable by the naked eye and semiquantified by computational image analysis. Competitive advantages are demonstrated, such as low reagent consumption, portability and disposability, color change, storage at RT, and compliance with current legislation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microfluidic Systems and Computational Imaging Methods in Lab-on-a-Chip Technologies)

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15 pages, 2327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomechanical Analysis of Human Gait When Changing Velocity and Carried Loads: Simulation Study with OpenSim

by Cristina Brambilla, Giulia Beltrame, Giorgia Marino, Valentina Lanzani, Roberto Gatti, Nicola Portinaro, Lorenzo Molinari Tosatti and Alessandro Scano

Biology 2024, 13(5), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13050321 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

Walking is one of the main activities of daily life and gait analysis can provide crucial data for the computation of biomechanics in many fields. In multiple applications, having reference data that include a variety of gait conditions could be useful for assessing [...] Read more.

Walking is one of the main activities of daily life and gait analysis can provide crucial data for the computation of biomechanics in many fields. In multiple applications, having reference data that include a variety of gait conditions could be useful for assessing walking performance. However, limited extensive reference data are available as many conditions cannot be easily tested experimentally. For this reason, a musculoskeletal model in OpenSim coupled with gait data (at seven different velocities) was used to simulate seven carried loads and all the combinations between the two parameters. The effects on lower limb biomechanics were measured with torque, power, and mechanical work. The results demonstrated that biomechanics was influenced by both speed and load. Our results expand the previous literature: in the majority of previous work, only a subset of the presented conditions was investigated. Moreover, our simulation approach provides comprehensive data that could be useful for applications in many areas, such as rehabilitation, orthopedics, medical care, and sports. Full article

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13 pages, 360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Utilization of Early Outpatient Care for Infants Following NICU Discharge among a National Sample

by Janine P. Bernardo, Lisa Yanek and Pamela Donohue

Children 2024, 11(5), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050550 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

Outpatient care following discharge from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is critical for streamlined transfer of care. Yet, information is lacking about the characteristics of early outpatient care. The objective of this secondary data analysis is to describe outpatient encounters (OPEs) within [...] Read more.

Outpatient care following discharge from a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is critical for streamlined transfer of care. Yet, information is lacking about the characteristics of early outpatient care. The objective of this secondary data analysis is to describe outpatient encounters (OPEs) within the first three months following the discharge of commercially insured infants admitted to NICUs in the MarketScan Research Database nationally from 2015 to 2017. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. A total of 22,214 NICU survivors were included, of whom half had an OPE within two days following discharge (quartiles 1, 3) and 90% within five days. The median number of OPEs in the first three months was five (quartiles 4, 7). A majority of first physician visits were with pediatricians (81.5%). A minority of infants with chronic conditions saw subspecialists. Term infants with delayed care had a lower risk of readmission. Spending was higher for preterm infants and those with chronic conditions. We conclude that most patients are seen shortly after discharge and by pediatricians; however, there is room for improvement. Frequent encounters and spending afflict high-risk groups with chronic conditions. Future work should examine the associations of early outpatient care with social determinants of health and other outcomes such as immunizations. Full article

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11 pages, 248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptions of Tobacco Price Policy among Students from Sapienza University of Rome: Can This Policy Mitigate Smoking Addiction and Its Health Impacts?

by Martina Antinozzi, Susanna Caminada, Mariano Amendola, Vittoria Cammalleri, Barbara Dorelli, Monica Giffi, Felice Giordano, Alessandra Marani, Roberta Noemi Pocino, Davide Renzi, Alessandro Sindoni and Maria Sofia Cattaruzza

Healthcare 2024, 12(9), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12090944 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

Tobacco use is one of the main risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Avoiding youth initiation and treating addiction are fundamental public health issues to ensure better health. Among tobacco control policies, increasing tobacco price is the single most effective intervention. It reduces tobacco [...] Read more.

Tobacco use is one of the main risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Avoiding youth initiation and treating addiction are fundamental public health issues to ensure better health. Among tobacco control policies, increasing tobacco price is the single most effective intervention. It reduces tobacco consumption, especially among youths, while representing a government financing source. This study aimed to assess the agreement with the proposal of a one-euro increase in tobacco price earmarked to health issues among students at Sapienza University. Two convenience samples were surveyed, five years apart, on World No Tobacco Days. Smoking habits, agreement with the proposal and reasons for it were collected. Results from the 208 questionnaires (107 in 2014, 101 in 2019) showed 46.6% of agreement with the proposal (53.3% in 2014, 39.2% in 2019, p = 0.044). Main predictive factor for agreement was being a non-smoker (OR = 6.33 p < 0.001), main reason (64.8%) was it could trigger smokers to quit or reduce consumption. Several factors might have influenced this finding, including the introduction of novel tobacco products and their increased advertisement on social media. In 2024, European Union is planning to update the Tobacco Taxation Directive which could greatly contribute to the reduction of non-communicable diseases and premature deaths. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Traditional and eHealth Research on Non-communicable Diseases)

26 pages, 662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Influencing the Satisfaction of Second Language Learners of Chinese in Online Courses

by Xingrong Guo, Xiang Li and Yiming Guo

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14050387 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

The study aims to investigate the relationship among the key factors affecting second language learners’ satisfaction with online Chinese courses and their willingness to continue utilizing them by constructing a Model of Chinese Learners’ Satisfaction in Online Courses. Additionally, the influence of participants’ [...] Read more.

The study aims to investigate the relationship among the key factors affecting second language learners’ satisfaction with online Chinese courses and their willingness to continue utilizing them by constructing a Model of Chinese Learners’ Satisfaction in Online Courses. Additionally, the influence of participants’ individual differences was also explored. A total of 203 second language learners of Chinese participated in the questionnaire survey, with 5 learners further participating in interviews. Learner expectations, learner perceived quality, and learner perceived value were identified as important factors influencing learner satisfaction and willingness to continue using the online course. The results of the questionnaire survey showed that (1) learner individual differences, such as age, Chinese proficiency, weekly study duration, and offline Chinese course experience, significantly influence learner satisfaction. (2) Learner expectations have a significant positive impact on perceived quality, while perceived quality positively affects perceived value. (3) Learner satisfaction significantly influences the willingness to continue using online courses. (4) The results of the interview revealed that most learners still prefer traditional offline courses, indicating that online teaching has several shortcomings and deficiencies. Overall, this study provides some scientific and reasonable decision-making references for improving online teaching methods, aiming to enhance learner satisfaction and promote the development of online education. Full article

13 pages, 12921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fractal Evolution Characteristics on the Three-Dimensional Fractures in Coal Induced by CO₂ Phase Transition Fracturing

by Zhen Zhang, Gaofeng Liu, Jia Lin, George Barakos and Ping Chang

Fractal Fract. 2024, 8(5), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8050273 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

To analyze the transformed effect of three-dimensional (3D) fracture in coal by CO₂ phase transition fracturing (CO₂-PTF), the CO₂-PTF experiment under a fracturing pressure of 185 MPa was carried out. Computed Tomography (CT) scanning and fractal theory were [...] Read more.

To analyze the transformed effect of three-dimensional (3D) fracture in coal by CO₂ phase transition fracturing (CO₂-PTF), the CO₂-PTF experiment under a fracturing pressure of 185 MPa was carried out. Computed Tomography (CT) scanning and fractal theory were used to analyze the 3D fracture structure parameters. The fractal evolution characteristics of the 3D fractures in coal induced by CO₂-PTF were analyzed. The results indicate that the CO₂ phase transition fracturing coal has the fracture generation effect and fracture expansion-transformation effect, causing the maximum fracture length, fracture number, fracture volume and fracture surface area to be increased by 71.25%, 161.94%, 3970.88% and 1330.03%. The fractal dimension (D_N) for fracture number increases from 2.3523 to 2.3668, and the fractal dimension (D_V) for fracture volume increases from 2.8440 to 2.9040. The early dynamic high-pressure gas jet stage of CO₂-PTF coal influences the fracture generation effect and promotes the generation of 3D fractures with a length greater than 140 μm. The subsequent quasi-static high-pressure gas stage influences the fracture expansion-transformation effect, which promotes the expansion transformation of 3D fractures with a length of less than 140 μm. The 140 μm is the critical value for the fracture expansion-transformation effect and fracture generation effect. Five indicators are proposed to evaluate the 3D fracture evolution in coal caused by CO₂-PTF, which can provide theoretical and methodological references for the study of fracture evolution characteristics of other unconventional natural gas reservoirs and their reservoir stimulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractal Analysis and Its Applications in Rock Engineering)

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16 pages, 19469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio−Temporal Changes and Key Driving Factors of Urban Green Space Configuration on Land Surface Temperature

by Junda Huang, Xinghao Lu and Yuncai Wang

Forests 2024, 15(5), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15050812 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

Changes in land cover by rapid urbanization have diminished the cooling effect of urban green spaces (UGS), exacerbating the upward trend of land surface temperature (LST). A thorough and precise understanding of the spatio-temporal characteristics of UGS and LST is essential for mitigating [...] Read more.

Changes in land cover by rapid urbanization have diminished the cooling effect of urban green spaces (UGS), exacerbating the upward trend of land surface temperature (LST). A thorough and precise understanding of the spatio-temporal characteristics of UGS and LST is essential for mitigating localized high temperatures in cities. This study identified the spatio-temporal changes in UGS configuration and LST in Shanghai from 2003 to 2022. The correlation between UGS configuration and LST was explored using spatial autocorrelation analysis and causal inference. The results show that (1) the high-temperature space had grown from 721 km² in 2003 to 3059 km² in 2022; (2) in suburbs, the largest area of UGS tended to decrease, while the number of patches tended to increase, indicating a distinct feature of suburbanization; (3) changes in the largest area of UGS had more significant spatial correlation, indicating that urban sprawl primarily impacts large UGSs; and (4) compared to the number and shape of UGS, changes in the largest area are the key factor influencing regional LST. These findings enrich the knowledge of the spatio−temporal relationship between the UGS configuration and its cooling effect in urbanization, offering valuable insights for building cooler cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning of Urban Green Space in Large Spatiotemporal Scales)

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14 pages, 4961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Phase Dynamic Range in Design of Reconfigurable Metasurface Reflect Array Antenna Using Two Types of Unit Cells for E Band Communication

by Daniel Rozban, Asaf Barom, Gil Kedar, Ariel Etinger, Tamir Rabinovitz and Amir Abramovich

Electronics 2024, 13(9), 1779; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13091779 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

The deployment of wireless communication networks in the E band (60–90 GHz) requires highly flexible, real-time, and precise tunability to optimize power transmission amidst diffraction, obstacles, and scattering challenges. This paper proposes an innovative reconfigurable metasurface reflect array design capable of achieving a [...] Read more.

The deployment of wireless communication networks in the E band (60–90 GHz) requires highly flexible, real-time, and precise tunability to optimize power transmission amidst diffraction, obstacles, and scattering challenges. This paper proposes an innovative reconfigurable metasurface reflect array design capable of achieving a dynamic phase range of 312 degrees with less than 1 dB of loss. The design integrates two types of unit cells and employs piezoelectric crystal as the tuning element. Simulation results illustrate the feasibility of beam focusing and accurate beam steering within a range of ±3 degrees. Furthermore, the proposed reconfigurable metasurface reflector demonstrates an antenna gain comparable to that of a dish antenna with the same aperture size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Devices: Analysis, Design, and Application)

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14 pages, 4778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Si Substitution with C on the Amorphous Forming Ability, Thermal Stability, and Magnetic Properties of an FeSiBPC Amorphous Alloy

by Wenzhong Zhu, Xiaoqian Jiang, Chen Chen, Shaojie Wu, Yongfu Cai, Fushan Li, Ran Wei and Tan Wang

Metals 2024, 14(5), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14050546 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

The industrialization of Fe-based amorphous alloys with high a saturation magnetic flux density (B_s) has been limited so far due to their inadequate amorphous forming ability (AFA). In this study, the effects of substituting Si with C on the AFA, [...] Read more.

The industrialization of Fe-based amorphous alloys with high a saturation magnetic flux density (B_s) has been limited so far due to their inadequate amorphous forming ability (AFA). In this study, the effects of substituting Si with C on the AFA, thermal stability, and magnetic properties of Fe₈₂Si_6−xB₉P₃C_x (x = 0–6) alloys were systematically investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the AFA, thermal stability, and soft magnetic properties can be significantly enhanced by the addition of C. Specifically, at a copper wheel velocity of 40 m/s, the Fe₈₂Si_6−xB₉P₃C_x (x = 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) alloy ribbons exhibit a fully amorphous structure in the as-spun state. The activation energy required for the α-Fe phase crystallization process in Fe₈₂Si_6−xB₉P₃C_x (x = 0, 2, 4, and 6) alloys is determined to be 326.74, 390.69, 441.06, and 183.87 kJ/mol, respectively. Among all of the compositions studied, the Fe₈₂Si₄B₉P₃C₂ alloy exhibits optimized soft magnetic properties, including a low coercivity (H_c) of 1.7 A/m, a high effective permeability (μ_e) of 10608 (f = 1 kHz), and a relatively high Bs of 1.61 T. These improvements may be attributed to a more homogeneous and optimized magnetic domain structure being achieved through proper C addition. This work holds significant implications for the advancement of Fe-based soft magnetic amorphous alloys with high B_s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Entropic Alloys and Meta-Metals)

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29 pages, 1649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of Fractional Pseudospectral Differentiation Matrices with Applications

by Wenbin Li, Hongjun Ma and Tinggang Zhao

Axioms 2024, 13(5), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13050305 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

Differentiation matrices are an important tool in the implementation of the spectral collocation method to solve various types of problems involving differential operators. Fractional differentiation of Jacobi orthogonal polynomials can be expressed explicitly through Jacobi–Jacobi transformations between two indexes. In the current paper, [...] Read more.

Differentiation matrices are an important tool in the implementation of the spectral collocation method to solve various types of problems involving differential operators. Fractional differentiation of Jacobi orthogonal polynomials can be expressed explicitly through Jacobi–Jacobi transformations between two indexes. In the current paper, an algorithm is presented to construct a fractional differentiation matrix with a matrix representation for Riemann–Liouville, Caputo and Riesz derivatives, which makes the computation stable and efficient. Applications of the fractional differentiation matrix with the spectral collocation method to various problems, including fractional eigenvalue problems and fractional ordinary and partial differential equations, are presented to show the effectiveness of the presented method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractional Calculus and the Applied Analysis)

21 pages, 1842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hemp Flour as a Functional Ingredient for the Partial Replacement of Nitrites in a Minced Meat Model: Effect on Nutrient Composition, Antioxidant Profile and Sensory Characteristics

by Georgios Papatzimos, Paraskevi Mitlianga, Zoitsa Basdagianni and Eleni Kasapidou

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(9), 3925; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093925 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

Consumers are becoming increasingly concerned about synthetic preservatives like nitrites in meat, prompting the meat industry to explore alternatives in order to lower nitrite levels. This study investigated the effects of incorporating hemp flour on the chemical and shelf-life characteristics of minced meat [...] Read more.

Consumers are becoming increasingly concerned about synthetic preservatives like nitrites in meat, prompting the meat industry to explore alternatives in order to lower nitrite levels. This study investigated the effects of incorporating hemp flour on the chemical and shelf-life characteristics of minced meat products with reduced nitrite content. Three types of products were prepared: HF0 (control) (0% hemp flour, 30 mg/kg NaNO₂), HF4 (4% hemp flour, 15 mg/kg NaNO₂), and HF6 (6% hemp flour, 15 mg/kg NaNO₂). Analyses were conducted on proximate composition, fatty acid composition, antioxidant properties, lipid oxidation, colour, texture, and sensory characteristics. The addition of hemp flour at 6% reduced moisture content and influenced ash and sodium chloride levels in minced meat products. Despite the favorable fatty acid profile of hemp flour, its inclusion did not significantly alter the composition of the products. However, it did lead to significantly lower levels of lipid oxidation and modified the antioxidant capacity. Colour attributes were affected, with a higher hemp flour content resulting in colour deterioration. Cooking loss increased with a higher hemp flour content, and the minced meat products were significantly harder. Visual and olfactory sensory evaluation indicated that there were no significant differences in most traits, suggesting consumer acceptance of hemp-flour-enriched minced meat products. Overall, this study highlights the potential of hemp as a functional ingredient in minced meat products, also exhibiting the ability to reduce lipid oxidation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Meat Quality and Processing)

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19 pages, 8198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Pipeline Conflict Resolution for Layered QC-LDPC Decoders in OFDM-PON

by Zhijie Wang, Zhengjun Xu, Kun Chen, Yuanzhe Qu, Xiaoqun Liu, Yingchun Li and Junjie Zhang

Photonics 2024, 11(5), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11050429 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

The high standard of communication quality in optical access networks makes forward error correction (FEC) schemes, such as LDPC, an integral part of the system. However, pipeline conflict arising from data dependencies is a common issue encountered in the hardware implementation of [...] Read more.

The high standard of communication quality in optical access networks makes forward error correction (FEC) schemes, such as LDPC, an integral part of the system. However, pipeline conflict arising from data dependencies is a common issue encountered in the hardware implementation of layered QC-LDPC decoders. This paper proposes an efficient layered decoding architecture to reduce pipeline conflicts without introducing stall cycles. It can solve some of the pipeline conflicts by flexibly reordering the processing order of inter-layer and intra-layer submatrices offline. In addition, the patch method, based on variable-to-check messages, allows for the delayed use of gains between layer iterations, which can further minimize the performance loss caused by the remaining pipeline conflicts. The experimental results on the LDPC code of the IEEE802.16 standard in the OFDM-PON system demonstrate that the proposed architecture has sensitivity improvements of 0.125 dBm and 0.375 dBm, respectively, compared with our previous work and the method described in the other work. The optimized architecture improves the reliability of the decoder and can also make a contribution to efficient PON systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical Communication and Network)

14 pages, 4056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nontraditional Roles of Magnesium Ions in Modulating Sav2152: Insight from a Haloacid Dehalogenase-like Superfamily Phosphatase from Staphylococcus aureus

by Jaeseok Bang, Jaehui Park, Sung-Hee Lee, Jinhwa Jang, Junwoo Hwang, Otabek Kamarov, Hae-Joon Park, Soo-Jae Lee, Min-Duk Seo, Hyung-Sik Won, Seung-Hyeon Seok and Ji-Hun Kim

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(9), 5021; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25095021 (registering DOI) - 04 May 2024

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection has rapidly spread through various routes. A genomic analysis of clinical MRSA samples revealed an unknown protein, Sav2152, predicted to be a haloacid dehalogenase (HAD)-like hydrolase, making it a potential candidate for a novel drug target. In this [...] Read more.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection has rapidly spread through various routes. A genomic analysis of clinical MRSA samples revealed an unknown protein, Sav2152, predicted to be a haloacid dehalogenase (HAD)-like hydrolase, making it a potential candidate for a novel drug target. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of Sav2152, which consists of a C2-type cap domain and a core domain. The core domain contains four motifs involved in phosphatase activity that depend on the presence of Mg²⁺ ions. Specifically, residues D10, D12, and D233, which closely correspond to key residues in structurally homolog proteins, are responsible for binding to the metal ion and are known to play critical roles in phosphatase activity. Our findings indicate that the Mg²⁺ ion known to stabilize local regions surrounding it, however, paradoxically, destabilizes the local region. Through mutant screening, we identified D10 and D12 as crucial residues for metal binding and maintaining structural stability via various uncharacterized intra-protein interactions, respectively. Substituting D10 with Ala effectively prevents the interaction with Mg²⁺ ions. The mutation of D12 disrupts important structural associations mediated by D12, leading to a decrease in the stability of Sav2152 and an enhancement in binding affinity to Mg²⁺ ions. Additionally, our study revealed that D237 can replace D12 and retain phosphatase activity. In summary, our work uncovers the novel role of metal ions in HAD-like phosphatase activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis: When Structure Meets Function)

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