This study endeavors to employ a balanced design methodology, aiming to equilibrate the resistance to rutting and cracking exhibited by hot in-place recycling asphalt mixtures containing a high dose of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). The primary goal is to ascertain the optimal amount of new binder necessary for practical engineering applications, ensuring a balanced rutting and crack resistance performance of recycled asphalt mixtures. The investigation mainly employed wheel-tracking tests and semi-circular bending tests to assess the rutting and cracking performance of recycled asphalt mixtures with a different dose of RAP (in China, it is common to use RAP with 80% and 90% content as additives for preparing hot in-place recycling asphalt mixtures), and varying quantities of new binders (10%, 20%, and 30% of the binder content in the total RAP added). The results indicated that the addition of new binder reduced the resistance to rutting of the recycling asphalt mixtures but improved their resistance to cracking. Furthermore, for the recycling asphalt mixture with 80% RAP content aged for 5 days, the optimal new binder content is 1.52%, while the mixture with 90% RAP content requires 1.23% of new binder. After 10 days of aging, the optimal new binder content for the recycling asphalt mixture with 80% RAP content is 1.55%, while the mixture with 90% RAP content requires 1.28% of new binder. Full article

Targeting translation factor proteins holds promise for developing innovative anti-tuberculosis drugs. During protein translation, many factors cause ribosomes to stall at messenger RNA (mRNA). To maintain protein homeostasis, bacteria have evolved various ribosome rescue mechanisms, including the predominant trans-translation process, to release stalled ribosomes and remove aberrant mRNAs. The rescue systems require the participation of translation elongation factor proteins (EFs) and are essential for bacterial physiology and reproduction. However, they disappear during eukaryotic evolution, which makes the essential proteins and translation elongation factors promising antimicrobial drug targets. Here, we review the structural and molecular mechanisms of the translation elongation factors EF-Tu, EF-Ts, and EF-G, which play essential roles in the normal translation and ribosome rescue mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We also briefly describe the structure-based, computer-assisted study of anti-tuberculosis drugs. Full article

Daily time series with continuous records of mean air and soil temperature from 127 meteorological stations—fairly distributed over the country—were used to compute monthly temperature trends, as well as changes in the timing of the first and the last frost days over Romania since 1961. Results show that the frequency of the number of days with daily temperature averages below 0 °C in case of air and soil surface temperature is stable for most months, except for January, when (for both soil and air temperature), the number of days with a temperature below 0 °C is decreasing in the majority of the stations. The occurrence of the first day with (mean air and soil surface) temperatures below 0 °C, presents a delay in the south, south-east, and west, and an earlier occurrence in eastern and central regions. The occurrence of the last day with a mean air and soil surface temperature below 0 °C shows a stable trend for most stations (except for some small areas in the north, south-east and south-west of Romania). The regime of the land temperature is more stable, due to the physical characteristics of the soil, compared to the more versatile atmosphere. Linkages between thermal parameters and large-scale atmospheric circulation are also discussed. Full article

Exploring the impact of economic modernization on carbon balance is an essential endeavor to achieve carbon neutrality and combat climate change. However, the spatial impact of economic modernization on carbon balance remains ambiguous. Therefore, this study aims to explore the spatial spillover effects of agricultural modernization, industrialization, and urbanization on carbon balance during the economic modernization process in China, taking 30 provinces and cities in China as examples from 2010 to 2021. This study utilizes the spatial Durbin model to derive the following results: In the past decade, the carbon balance ratio has shown a fluctuating and decreasing dynamic evolution trend. There is an increase in regions with serious carbon deficits. Further investigation into the spatial spillover effect of carbon balance unveils that for every 1% increase in the carbon balance ratio of a province, neighboring provinces experience a decrease of 0.833%. Additionally, the spatial spillover effects of the three modernizations in China on the carbon balance ratio behave differently. Agricultural modernization and urbanization demonstrate negative spatial spillover effects on the carbon balance in neighboring regions, while industrialization exerts a significant positive spatial spillover effect on the carbon balance of neighboring regions. Regarding control variables, the level of innovation solely contributes to local carbon balance realization without generating a trickle-down effect, whereas infrastructure development operates inversely. At the same time, there are differences in the spatial effects of agricultural modernization and industrialization on the carbon balance between the eastern region and the central and western regions. The study underscores the importance of economic modernization and development processes focusing on fostering synergistic growth between economic and environmental benefits within both local and neighboring areas. Full article

Heat-treated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum nF1 (HT-nF1) increases immune cell activation and the production of various immunomodulators (e.g., interleukin (IL)-12) as well as immunoglobulin (Ig) G, which plays an important role in humoral immunity, and IgA, which activates mucosal immunity. To determine the effect of HT-nF1 intake on improving immune function, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 100 subjects with normal white blood cell counts. The HT-nF1 group was administered capsules containing 5 × 10¹¹ cells of HT-nF1 once a day for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of HT-nF1 intake, significant changes in IL-12 were observed in the HT-nF1 group (p = 0.045). In particular, the change in natural killer (NK) cell activity significantly increased in subjects with low secretory (s) IgA (≤49.61 μg/mL) and low NK activity (E:T = 10:1) (≤3.59%). These results suggest that HT-nF1 has no safety issues and improves the innate immune function by regulating T helper (Th)1-related immune factors. Therefore, we confirmed that HT-nF1 not only has a positive effect on regulating the body’s immunity, but it is also a safe material for the human body, which confirms its potential as a functional health food ingredient. Full article

Little is discussed regarding the meaning of “definition” in primary school, where children often memorize definitions. In geometry, students frequently confuse “definition” with the “description” of a geometric object. The aim of this study is to verify whether a new hybrid methodology between storytelling and game-based learning called Geometrikoland exercises skills that fall within what we understand as “definitory thinking”, which the set of competencies and meta-competencies is associated with acquiring a true mastery of definitions in geometry. This goal can be achieved because the dynamics of Geometrikoland alter the approach to definitions. The methodology applied is a hybrid of storytelling and adventure game-based learning applied to a “engine” of quadrilateral theory. The experiment took place in a fifth-grade class in an Italian school. The analysis of some data based on the accuracy of geometry actions during workshops and qualitative analysis based on the analysis of oral arguments produced during the labs lead to the conclusion that, on average, children have gained a greater awareness of what it means to define a geometric object and a better understanding of the relationships between various subsets of the set of quadrilaterals, previously seen as separate sets. Further confirmation has been provided by comparing the results of two mini-tests (a placement test and an exit test), which are useful for assessing the skills associated with the criterion of arbitrariness, the criterion of uniqueness, and classificatory thinking. Full article

Plexiform fibromyxoma (PF), also referred to as plexiform angiomyxoid myofibroblast tumor, is an exceedingly rare mesenchymal neoplasm primarily affecting the stomach. Herein, we present a case of PF diagnosed in a 71-year-old male with a history of lung cancer, initially suspected to have a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) of the stomach, who subsequently underwent subtotal gastrectomy. The histopathological and molecular features of the tumor, including mutations in ABL1, CCND1, CSF1R, FGFR4, KDR, and MALAT1-GLI1 fusion, are elucidated and discussed in the context of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic considerations. Full article

Background: Acute compartment syndrome is a major surgical emergency with complex pathophysiology and a highly unpredictable pattern of evolution. We hypothesized that the onset of acute compartment syndrome of the leg or forearm is associated with variations in the surface temperature of the distal segment (foot or hand) with a distinct pattern, which acts as an early warning sign. Materials and Methods: We developed a monitoring device that consists of two thermic sensors attached to a modular limb splint, which continuously measure the temperature difference between the proximal and distal regions of the limb (i.e., arm–hand, thigh–foot). Firstly, we investigated both the arm–hand and thigh–foot temperature gradients of hospitalized patients’ healthy limbs (43 patients, 56 upper limbs, 64 lower limbs) in order to establish a baseline. Secondly, we examined the correlation between the thermic gradients and intracompartmental pressure values in compartment syndrome limbs (20 patients, 6 upper limbs, 14 lower limbs). Results: For the control group, the mean values for the normal limb thermic gradients were −0.17 °C for the upper limbs. and 0.03 °C for the lower limbs. In the impending compartment syndrome group (defined by intracompartmental pressure values), the mean index was −0.38 °C. In the fully developed compartment syndrome group, the mean value was 4.11 °C. Discussions: Analysis was performed using the ANOVA one-way statistical method. This showed significant differences between the compartment syndrome group and the impending and control groups. A decreasing trend in the thermic gradient in patients with impending compartment syndrome compared with the control group was noted. Conclusions: The thermic gradient of limbs presenting signs of impending compartment syndrome decreases as a result of the increased temperature of the distal segment. This pattern can be used as an early diagnostic method for acute compartment syndrome. This technique is non-invasive and bears no risk to the patient, allowing facile continuous monitoring during immobilization. Full article

Recent studies of Cardiovascular–Kidney–Metabolic Syndrome (CKMS) indicate that elevated concentrations of derivatives of phospholipids (ceramide, sphingosine), oxidized LDL, and lipoproteins (a, b) are toxic to kidney and heart function. Energy production for renal proximal tubule resorption of critical fuels and electrolytes is required for homeostasis. Cardiac energy for ventricular contraction/relaxation is preferentially supplied by long chain fatty acids. Metabolism of long chain fatty acids is accomplished within the cardiomyocyte cytoplasm and mitochondria by means of the glycolytic, tricarboxylic acid, and electron transport cycles. Toxic lipids and excessive lipid concentrations may inhibit cardiac function. Cardiac contraction requires calcium movement from the sarcoplasmic reticulum from a high to a low concentration at relatively low energy cost. Cardiac relaxation involves calcium return to the sarcoplasmic reticulum from a lower to a higher concentration and requires more energy consumption. Diastolic cardiac dysfunction occurs when cardiomyocyte energy conversion is inadequate. Diastolic dysfunction from diminished ATP availability occurs in the presence of inadequate blood pressure, glycemia, or lipid control and may lead to heart failure. Similar disruption of renal proximal tubular resorption of fuels/electrolytes has been found to be associated with phospholipid (sphingolipid) accumulation. Elevated concentrations of tissue oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterols are associated with loss of filtration efficiency at the level of the renal glomerular podocyte. Macroscopically excessive deposits of epicardial and intra-nephric adipose are associated with vascular pathology, fibrosis, and inhibition of essential functions in both heart and kidney. Chronic triglyceride accumulation is associated with fibrosis of the liver, cardiac and renal structures. Successful liver, kidney, or cardiac allograft of these vital organs does not eliminate the risk of lipid toxicity. Lipid lowering therapy may assist in protecting vital organ function before and after allograft transplantation. Full article

The Environmentally Sensitive Areas Index (ESAI) is a comprehensive tool for assessing the susceptibility of areas to desertification. This index analyzes various parameters that are vital for environmental health. Through this index, factors such as human activities, geology, soil quality, vegetation and climate patterns are scrutinized. The analysis assigns weights to each participating factor. Thus, the index is derived from the aggregation of four categories (vegetation, climate, soil quality and management practices), and each of them is independently assessed to understand ecological health. In this way, the level of vulnerability to desertification is effectively measured. The application of the index in Greece (for a period of 20 years, 1984–2004) showed signs of environmental degradation and identified many areas with a high risk of desertification. Notably, there was a substantial increase in cultivated land within rural areas, contributing to shifts in the environmental landscape. Furthermore, this period is distinguished as the driest in the last century, with a peak between 1988 and 1993. The consequential rise in irrigation demand, driven by the simultaneous growth of crops and the intensification of agricultural practices, underscores the intricate interplay between human activities and environmental vulnerability. Full article

Monitoring the health status of aerospace structures during their service lives is a critical endeavor, aimed at precisely evaluating their operational condition through observation data and physical modeling. This study proposes a probabilistic assessment approach utilizing Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs), enhanced by an improved adaptive particle filtering technique. This approach combines physical modeling with various predictive sources, encompassing cognitive uncertainties inherent in stochastic predictions and crack propagation forecasts. By employing crack observation data, it facilitates predictions of crack growth and the residual life of metal structure. To demonstrate the efficacy of this method, the research leverages data from three-point bending and single-edge tension fatigue tests. It gathers data on crack length during the fatigue crack progression, integrating these findings with digital twin theory to forecast the residual fatigue life of the specimens. The outcomes show that the adaptive DBN model can precisely predict fatigue crack propagation in test specimens, offering a potential tool for the online health assessment and life evaluation for aerospace structures. Full article

Background: Dyskinesias and freezing of gait are episodic disorders in Parkinson’s disease, characterized by a fluctuating and unpredictable nature. This cross-sectional study aims to objectively monitor Parkinsonian patients experiencing dyskinesias and/or freezing of gait during activities of daily living and assess possible changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters. Methods: Seventy-one patients with Parkinson’s disease (40 with dyskinesias and 33 with freezing of gait) were continuously monitored at home for a minimum of 5 days using a single wearable sensor. Dedicated machine-learning algorithms were used to categorize patients based on the occurrence of dyskinesias and freezing of gait. Additionally, specific spatiotemporal gait parameters were compared among patients with and without dyskinesias and/or freezing of gait. Results: The wearable sensor algorithms accurately classified patients with and without dyskinesias as well as those with and without freezing of gait based on the recorded dyskinesias and freezing of gait episodes. Standard spatiotemporal gait parameters did not differ significantly between patients with and without dyskinesias or freezing of gait. Both the time spent with dyskinesias and the number of freezing of gait episodes positively correlated with the disease severity and medication dosage. Conclusions: A single inertial wearable sensor shows promise in monitoring complex, episodic movement patterns, such as dyskinesias and freezing of gait, during daily activities. This approach may help implement targeted therapeutic and preventive strategies for Parkinson’s disease. Full article

The continuous deterioration of the ecological environment and the increasing scarcity of resources have posed a serious challenge to the survival and development of human beings, and the implementation of green supply chain management (GSCM) in this context is an effective means to ensure the sustainable development of society and the economy. In order to seek the optimal strategy of evolutionary game in the implementation of green supply chain management and explore the influence of environmental regulation intensity and public preference degree on the evolution process of green supply chain management diffusion development, this paper takes the study of green supply chain management diffusion as the core innovation point, and under the premise of environmental regulation, selects the government, the core enterprise, and the public as the participating bodies of green supply chain management diffusion, and uses the theory of evolutionary game to construct a diffusion model of green supply chain management. Using evolutionary game theory to construct a diffusion model, and with the help of MATLAB and other mathematical tools for numerical simulation analysis, we discuss the diffusion of the green supply chain and derive the optimal combination strategy. The results of the study show that: (1) there are four evolutionary stable states in the process of green supply chain management diffusion: preliminary diffusion, extinction, semi-diffusion, and full diffusion; (2) it will be beneficial for the government to promote the evolutionary diffusion of green supply chain management by implementing a higher intensity of pollution tax policy while implementing green supply chain incentive strategies; (3) the government, while implementing environmental regulation policies, should also pay attention to the guidance of the public’s awareness of environmental friendliness and greenness, and focus on the role of the comprehensive strategy selection of the three parties of the game in reaching the optimal state. The conclusions of the study provide theoretical guidance and decision support for the implementation and diffusion of green supply chain management under environmental regulation. Full article

Gallium (Ga) and germanium (Ge) critical elements have a wide range of applications and market value. Extracting critical elements from coal gangue and combustion products can alleviate pressures on primary mining resources. Understanding the transformation behavior of Ga and Ge during coal gangue combustion processes is significant for resource utilization and environmental protection. Coal gangue from Xing’an League, Inner Mongolia, was chosen to explore how combustion temperatures (600 °C to 1000 °C) and particle sizes (50, 80, 10, 140, and 200 mesh) influence Ga and Ge migration during combustion. Techniques such as ICP-MS, XRD, XRF, SEM, TG−DSC, and sequential chemical extraction were employed to analyze the transformation of minerals and to quantify the contents and occurrence forms of Ga and Ge. Smaller gangue particle sizes were associated with higher concentrations of Ga and Ge. Approximately 99.19% of Ga and Ge in coal gangue were found in the residual, organic/sulfide-bound, and metal-oxide-bound modes. High temperatures promoted element volatilization and changed the reactions and interactions between elements and minerals. As combustion temperatures rose from 600 °C to 1000 °C, Ga and Ge contents in the products declined progressively. Under high temperatures, minerals like kaolinite, illite, and pyrite in gangue converted to silicate glass phases, mullite, and hematite. Minerals like kaolinite, calcite, and pyrite melted, leading to increased cohesion and agglomeration in the products. Over 90% of Ga and Ge in the combustion products existed in the residual, organic/sulfide-bound, and metal-oxide-bound forms. Moreover, Ga was enriched in combustion products, with its content exceeding critical extraction levels. The results may provide a useful reference for developing critical elements enrichment, extraction, and separation technologies from coal gangue. Full article

Modern low-voltage distribution lines, especially those linked with renewable energy sources, face technical hurdles like unaccounted and illegal electricity use, increased power losses, voltage control issues, and overheating. Tackling these challenges effectively requires continuously monitoring power flows and identifying problematic network spots. This study introduces a method involving ongoing energy flow monitoring from distribution transformers and other sources to end-users through auxiliary facilities. The algorithm seamlessly integrates with consumers’ existing smart power meters and supporting infrastructure, eliminating the need for extra equipment or data. Deployed in several distribution networks totaling about 40 GWh/year over two years, this diagnostic system showed promising results. It notably cut total power consumption by around 6% by detecting and mitigating illegal energy waste and addressing technical issues. Additionally, it reduced technical personnel involvement in operational tasks by approximately twentyfold, significantly enhancing network profitability overall. Full article

Background and Objectives: Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the potential oncogenic effects of cumulative radiation exposure, particularly during childhood. One group experiencing repeated exposure to radiation at an early age for multiple years is patients treated for idiopathic scoliosis (IS). This study aimed to determine the relationship between childhood radiological exposure and adult cancer prevalence in children treated for IS. Materials and Methods: Data from 337 predominantly female patients treated at our hospital between January 1981 and January 1995 were gathered and compared to the Dutch national cancer rates. The standardized prevalence ratios for cancer in IS patients were compared with the cancer prevalence rates from the general Dutch population. Results: The overall cancer prevalence in women was 5.0%, with no significant difference compared to the general population (p = 0.425). The results of this study do not suggest that female patients treated for idiopathic scoliosis during childhood have an increased risk of cancer later in life. Conclusion: Despite being the largest recent study in its field, the modest participant number limits its ability to draw conclusions. However, the detailed data collected over a long observation period, alongside data from a period with comparable radiation rates, contributes to refining clinical practice and laying the groundwork for future systematic reviews. Full article

Accelerating the transformation of the rural energy structure is an indispensable part of energy transformation in developing countries. In this novel study, the transformation effect of China’s rural energy structure from 2001 to 2020 was evaluated. Further, this paper also identified the decoupling state between the rural energy structure transition and carbon emissions, and decomposed the spatial–temporal effects of rural carbon decoupling through efficiency measures. According to the survey, the dual substitution index of the rural energy structure in China increased from 0.466 to 1.828, and showed a decreasing trend in spatial distribution from the east to the central and western regions. Economic development and climate characteristics have become important influencing factors for the dual substitution of the rural energy structure. The decoupling relationship between the dual substitution of the rural energy structure and carbon emissions was mainly characterized in the strong decoupling, expansion negative decoupling, and strong negative decoupling states. Regional imbalances have deepened as the efficiency of rural energy carbon decoupling has gradually increased. The annual average efficiency of rural energy carbon decoupling in a dynamic perspective has increased by 10.579%, and the dual substitution of the energy structure has a significant driving effect on rural carbon reduction. Full article

The landslide hazard assessment plays a crucial role in landslide risk mitigation and land use planning. The result of landslide hazard assessment corrected by surface deformation, obtained through time-series InSAR, has usually proven to have good application capabilities. However, the issue lies in the uncertainty of InSAR results, where some deformations cannot be calculated, and some are not true deformations. This uncertainty of InSAR results will lead to errors in landslide hazard assessment. Here, we attempt to evaluate landslide hazards by considering combined rainfall and surface deformation. The main objective of this research was to mitigate the impact of bias and explore the accurate landslide hazard assessment method. A total of 201 landslides and 11 geo-environment factors were utilized for landslide susceptibility assessment by support vector machine (SVM) model in Wanzhou District, Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA). The preliminary hazard is obtained by analyzing the statistical data of landslides and rainfall. Based on the SAR image data of Sentinel-1A satellites from September 2019 to October 2021, the SBAS-InSAR method was used to analyze surface deformation. The correlation between surface deformation and rainfall was analyzed, and the deformation factor variables were applied to landslide hazard assessment. The research results demonstrate that the error caused by the uncertainty of InSAR results can be effectively avoided by analyzing the relationship between rainfall and surface deformation. Our results can effectively adjust and correct the hazard results and eliminate the errors in the general hazard assessment. Our proposed method can be used to assess the landslide hazard in more detail and provide a reference for fine risk management and control. Full article

Currently, great emphasis is being placed on the electrification of means of transportation, including aviation. The use of electric motors reduces operating and maintenance costs. Electric motors are subjected to various types of damage during operation, of which rolling bearing defects are statistically the most common. This article focuses on presenting a diagnostic tool for bearing conditions based on mechanic vibration signals using convolutional neural networks (CNN). This article presents an alternative to the well-known classical diagnostic tools based on advanced signal processing methods such as the short-time Fourier transform, the Hilbert–Huang transform, etc. The approach described in the article provides fault detection and classification in less than 0.03 s. The proposed structures achieved a classification accuracy of 99.8% on the test set. Special attention was paid to the process of optimizing the CNN structure to achieve the highest possible accuracy with the fewest number of network parameters. Full article

Composite polymer materials have high strength and lightness, which makes them attractive for use in a variety of structures and products. The present article contains an overview of modern works devoted to the production of composite materials based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with improved characteristics. The possibility of obtaining such materials can be a key area for creating more efficient and durable products in various industries. Various methods were considered to improve the characteristics of PMMA by doping the polymer matrix with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphite, nanohydroxyapatite particles, micro-zirconia nanoparticles, titanium dioxide, etc. The possibilities of using the obtained composite materials in various industries such as aviation, automotive, construction, medical and others are discussed. This article also presents the results of our own research on the mechanisms of interaction of PMMA with single-layer CNTs, leading to the creation of a composite polymer system “PMMA+CNT”, achieved using the modern quantum chemical method DFT. This article presents a review of the recent research on the effect of CNTs on the mechanical and electrically conductive properties of nanocomposite materials. The outcomes of this study can be important for the development of science and technology in various fields, from fundamental chemistry to applied scientific research. Full article

Sub-Nyquist synthetic aperture radar (SAR) based on pseudo-random time–space modulation has been proposed to increase the swath width while preserving the azimuthal resolution. Due to the sub-Nyquist sampling, the scene can be recovered by an optimization-based algorithm. However, these methods suffer from some issues, e.g., manually tuning difficulty and the pre-definition of optimization parameters, and a low signal–noise ratio (SNR) resistance. To address these issues, a reweighted optimization algorithm, named pseudo-ℒ₀-norm optimization algorithm, is proposed for the sub-Nyquist SAR system in this paper. A modified regularization model is first built by applying the scene prior information to nearly acquire the number of nonzero elements based on Bayesian estimation, and then this model is solved by the Cauchy–Newton method. Additionally, an error correction method combined with our proposed pseudo-ℒ₀-norm optimization algorithm is also present to eliminate defocusing in the motion-induced model. Finally, experiments with simulated signals and strip-map TerraSAR-X images are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of our proposed algorithm. Full article

This study investigates the effect of scaffold architecture on bone regeneration, focusing on 3D-printed polylactic acid–bioceramic calcium phosphate (PLA-bioCaP) composite scaffolds in rabbit femoral condyle critical defects. We explored two distinct scaffold designs to assess their influence on bone healing and scaffold performance. Structures with alternate (0°/90°) and helical (0°/45°/90°/135°/180°) laydown patterns were manufactured with a 3D printer using a fused deposition modeling technique. The scaffolds were meticulously characterized for pore size, strut thickness, porosity, pore accessibility, and mechanical properties. The in vivo efficacy of these scaffolds was evaluated using a femoral condyle critical defect model in eight skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits. Then, the results were analyzed micro-tomographically, histologically, and histomorphometrically. Our findings indicate that both scaffold architectures are biocompatible and support bone formation. The helical scaffolds, characterized by larger pore sizes and higher porosity, demonstrated significantly greater bone regeneration than the alternate structures. However, their lower mechanical strength presented limitations for use in load-bearing sites. Full article